Moose::Manual::Types(3User Contributed Perl DocumentatiMoose::Manual::Types(3)NAMEMoose::Manual::Types - Moose's type system
VERSION
version 2.1005
TYPES IN PERL?
Moose provides its own type system for attributes. You can also use
these types to validate method parameters with the help of a MooseX
module.
Moose's type system is based on a combination of Perl 5's own implicit
types and some Perl 6 concepts. You can create your own subtypes with
custom constraints, making it easy to express any sort of validation.
Types have names, and you can re-use them by name, making it easy to
share types throughout a large application.
However, this is not a "real" type system. Moose does not magically
make Perl start associating types with variables. This is just an
advanced parameter checking system which allows you to associate a name
with a constraint.
That said, it's still pretty damn useful, and we think it's one of the
things that makes Moose both fun and powerful. Taking advantage of the
type system makes it much easier to ensure that you are getting valid
data, and it also contributes greatly to code maintainability.
THE TYPES
The basic Moose type hierarchy looks like this
Any
Item
Bool
Maybe[`a]
Undef
Defined
Value
Str
Num
Int
ClassName
RoleName
Ref
ScalarRef[`a]
ArrayRef[`a]
HashRef[`a]
CodeRef
RegexpRef
GlobRef
FileHandle
Object
In practice, the only difference between "Any" and "Item" is
conceptual. "Item" is used as the top-level type in the hierarchy.
The rest of these types correspond to existing Perl concepts. In
particular:
· "Bool" accepts 1 for true, and undef, 0, or the empty string as
false.
· "Maybe[`a]" accepts either "`a" or "undef".
· "Num" accepts integers, floating point numbers (both in decimal
notation & exponential notation), 0, .0, 0.0 etc. It doesn't accept
numbers with whitespace, Inf, Infinity, "0 but true", NaN & other
such strings.
· "ClassName" and "RoleName" accept strings that are either the name
of a class or the name of a role. The class/role must already be
loaded when the constraint is checked.
· "FileHandle" accepts either an IO::Handle object or a builtin perl
filehandle (see "openhandle" in Scalar::Util).
· "Object" accepts any blessed reference.
The types followed by "[`a]" can be parameterized. So instead of just
plain "ArrayRef" we can say that we want "ArrayRef[Int]" instead. We
can even do something like "HashRef[ArrayRef[Str]]".
The "Maybe[`a]" type deserves a special mention. Used by itself, it
doesn't really mean anything (and is equivalent to "Item"). When it is
parameterized, it means that the value is either "undef" or the
parameterized type. So "Maybe[Int]" means an integer or "undef".
For more details on the type hierarchy, see
Moose::Util::TypeConstraints.
WHAT IS A TYPE?
It's important to realize that types are not classes (or packages).
Types are just objects (Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint objects, to be
exact) with a name and a constraint. Moose maintains a global type
registry that lets it convert names like "Num" into the appropriate
object.
However, class names can be type names. When you define a new class
using Moose, it defines an associated type name behind the scenes:
package MyApp::User;
use Moose;
Now you can use 'MyApp::User' as a type name:
has creator => (
is => 'ro',
isa => 'MyApp::User',
);
However, for non-Moose classes there's no magic. You may have to
explicitly declare the class type. This is a bit muddled because Moose
assumes that any unknown type name passed as the "isa" value for an
attribute is a class. So this works:
has 'birth_date' => (
is => 'ro',
isa => 'DateTime',
);
In general, when Moose is presented with an unknown name, it assumes
that the name is a class:
subtype 'ModernDateTime'
=> as 'DateTime'
=> where { $_->year() >= 1980 }
=> message { 'The date you provided is not modern enough' };
has 'valid_dates' => (
is => 'ro',
isa => 'ArrayRef[DateTime]',
);
Moose will assume that "DateTime" is a class name in both of these
instances.
SUBTYPES
Moose uses subtypes in its built-in hierarchy. For example, "Int" is a
child of "Num".
A subtype is defined in terms of a parent type and a constraint. Any
constraints defined by the parent(s) will be checked first, followed by
constraints defined by the subtype. A value must pass all of these
checks to be valid for the subtype.
Typically, a subtype takes the parent's constraint and makes it more
specific.
A subtype can also define its own constraint failure message. This lets
you do things like have an error "The value you provided (20), was not
a valid rating, which must be a number from 1-10." This is much
friendlier than the default error, which just says that the value
failed a validation check for the type. The default error can, however,
be made more friendly by installing Devel::PartialDump (version 0.14 or
higher), which Moose will use if possible to display the invalid value.
Here's a simple (and useful) subtype example:
subtype 'PositiveInt',
as 'Int',
where { $_ > 0 },
message { "The number you provided, $_, was not a positive number" };
Note that the sugar functions for working with types are all exported
by Moose::Util::TypeConstraints.
TYPE NAMES
Type names are global throughout the current Perl interpreter.
Internally, Moose maps names to type objects via a registry.
If you have multiple apps or libraries all using Moose in the same
process, you could have problems with collisions. We recommend that you
prefix names with some sort of namespace indicator to prevent these
sorts of collisions.
For example, instead of calling a type "PositiveInt", call it
"MyApp::Type::PositiveInt" or "MyApp::Types::PositiveInt". We recommend
that you centralize all of these definitions in a single package,
"MyApp::Types", which can be loaded by other classes in your
application.
However, before you do this, you should look at the MooseX::Types
module. This module makes it easy to create a "type library" module,
which can export your types as perl constants.
has 'counter' => (is => 'rw', isa => PositiveInt);
This lets you use a short name rather than needing to fully qualify the
name everywhere. It also allows you to easily create parameterized
types:
has 'counts' => (is => 'ro', isa => HashRef[PositiveInt]);
This module will check your names at compile time, and is generally
more robust than the string type parsing for complex cases.
COERCION
A coercion lets you tell Moose to automatically convert one type to
another.
subtype 'ArrayRefOfInts',
as 'ArrayRef[Int]';
coerce 'ArrayRefOfInts',
from 'Int',
via { [ $_ ] };
You'll note that we created a subtype rather than coercing
"ArrayRef[Int]" directly. It's a bad idea to add coercions to the raw
built in types.
Coercions are global, just like type names, so a coercion applied to a
built in type is seen by all modules using Moose types. This is another
reason why it is good to namespace your types.
Moose will never try to coerce a value unless you explicitly ask for
it. This is done by setting the "coerce" attribute option to a true
value:
package Foo;
has 'sizes' => (
is => 'ro',
isa => 'ArrayRefOfInts',
coerce => 1,
);
Foo->new( sizes => 42 );
This code example will do the right thing, and the newly created object
will have "[ 42 ]" as its "sizes" attribute.
Deep coercion
Deep coercion is the coercion of type parameters for parameterized
types. Let's take these types as an example:
subtype 'HexNum',
as 'Str',
where { /[a-f0-9]/i };
coerce 'Int',
from 'HexNum',
via { hex $_ };
has 'sizes' => (
is => 'ro',
isa => 'ArrayRef[Int]',
coerce => 1,
);
If we try passing an array reference of hex numbers for the "sizes"
attribute, Moose will not do any coercion.
However, you can define a set of subtypes to enable coercion between
two parameterized types.
subtype 'ArrayRefOfHexNums',
as 'ArrayRef[HexNum]';
subtype 'ArrayRefOfInts',
as 'ArrayRef[Int]';
coerce 'ArrayRefOfInts',
from 'ArrayRefOfHexNums',
via { [ map { hex } @{$_} ] };
Foo->new( sizes => [ 'a1', 'ff', '22' ] );
Now Moose will coerce the hex numbers to integers.
Moose does not attempt to chain coercions, so it will not coerce a
single hex number. To do that, we need to define a separate coercion:
coerce 'ArrayRefOfInts',
from 'HexNum',
via { [ hex $_ ] };
Yes, this can all get verbose, but coercion is tricky magic, and we
think it's best to make it explicit.
TYPE UNIONS
Moose allows you to say that an attribute can be of two or more
disparate types. For example, we might allow an "Object" or
"FileHandle":
has 'output' => (
is => 'rw',
isa => 'Object | FileHandle',
);
Moose actually parses that string and recognizes that you are creating
a type union. The "output" attribute will accept any sort of object, as
well as an unblessed file handle. It is up to you to do the right thing
for each of them in your code.
Whenever you use a type union, you should consider whether or not
coercion might be a better answer.
For our example above, we might want to be more specific, and insist
that output be an object with a "print" method:
duck_type 'CanPrint', [qw(print)];
We can coerce file handles to an object that satisfies this condition
with a simple wrapper class:
package FHWrapper;
use Moose;
has 'handle' => (
is => 'rw',
isa => 'FileHandle',
);
sub print {
my $self = shift;
my $fh = $self->handle();
print {$fh} @_;
}
Now we can define a coercion from "FileHandle" to our wrapper class:
coerce 'CanPrint'
=> from 'FileHandle'
=> via { FHWrapper->new( handle => $_ ) };
has 'output' => (
is => 'rw',
isa => 'CanPrint',
coerce => 1,
);
This pattern of using a coercion instead of a type union will help make
your class internals simpler.
TYPE CREATION HELPERS
The Moose::Util::TypeConstraints module exports a number of helper
functions for creating specific kinds of types. These include
"class_type", "role_type", "maybe_type", and "duck_type". See the docs
for details.
One helper worth noting is "enum", which allows you to create a subtype
of "Str" that only allows the specified values:
enum 'RGB', [qw( red green blue )];
This creates a type named "RGB".
ANONYMOUS TYPES
All of the type creation functions return a type object. This type
object can be used wherever you would use a type name, as a parent
type, or as the value for an attribute's "isa" option:
has 'size' => (
is => 'ro',
isa => subtype( 'Int' => where { $_ > 0 } ),
);
This is handy when you want to create a one-off type and don't want to
"pollute" the global namespace registry.
VALIDATING METHOD PARAMETERS
Moose does not provide any means of validating method parameters.
However, there are several MooseX extensions on CPAN which let you do
this.
The simplest and least sugary is MooseX::Params::Validate. This lets
you validate a set of named parameters using Moose types:
use Moose;
use MooseX::Params::Validate;
sub foo {
my $self = shift;
my %params = validated_hash(
\@_,
bar => { isa => 'Str', default => 'Moose' },
);
...
}
MooseX::Params::Validate also supports coercions.
There are several more powerful extensions that support method
parameter validation using Moose types, including
MooseX::Method::Signatures, which gives you a full-blown "method"
keyword.
method morning ( Str $name ) {
$self->say("Good morning ${name}!");
}
LOAD ORDER ISSUES
Because Moose types are defined at runtime, you may run into load order
problems. In particular, you may want to use a class's type constraint
before that type has been defined.
In order to ameliorate this problem, we recommend defining all of your
custom types in one module, "MyApp::Types", and then loading this
module in all of your other modules.
AUTHOR
Moose is maintained by the Moose Cabal, along with the help of many
contributors. See "CABAL" in Moose and "CONTRIBUTORS" in Moose for
details.
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
This software is copyright (c) 2013 by Infinity Interactive, Inc..
This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.
perl v5.18.1 2013-08-07 Moose::Manual::Types(3)
