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AR(1)			  BSD General Commands Manual			 AR(1)

NAME
     ar — create and maintain library archives

SYNOPSIS
     ar -d [-Tv] archive file ...
     ar -m [-Tv] archive file ...
     ar -m [-abiTv] position archive file ...
     ar -p [-Tv] archive [file ...]
     ar -q [-cTv] archive file ...
     ar -r [-cuTv] archive file ...
     ar -r [-abciuTv] position archive file ...
     ar -t [-Tv] archive [file ...]
     ar -x [-ouTv] archive [file ...]

DESCRIPTION
     The ar utility creates and maintains groups of files combined into an ar‐
     chive.  Once an archive has been created, new files can be added and
     existing files can be extracted, deleted, or replaced.

     Files are named in the archive by a single component, i.e., if a file
     referenced by a path containing a slash (``/'') is archived it will be
     named by the last component of that path.	When matching paths listed on
     the command line against file names stored in the archive, only the last
     component of the path will be compared.

     All informational and error messages use the path listed on the command
     line, if any was specified; otherwise the name in the archive is used.
     If multiple files in the archive have the same name, and paths are listed
     on the command line to ``select'' archive files for an operation, only
     the first file with a matching name will be selected.

     The normal use of ar is for the creation and maintenance of libraries
     suitable for use with the loader (see ld(1) ), although it is not
     restricted to this purpose.  The options are as follows:

     -a	     A positioning modifier used with the options -r and -m.  The
	     files are entered or moved after the archive member position,
	     which must be specified.

     -b	     A positioning modifier used with the options -r and -m.  The
	     files are entered or moved before the archive member position,
	     which must be specified.

     -c	     Whenever an archive is created, an informational message to that
	     effect is written to standard error.  If the -c option is speci‐
	     fied, ar creates the archive silently.

     -d	     Delete the specified archive files.

     -i	     Identical to the -b option.

     -m	     Move the specified archive files within the archive.  If one of
	     the options -a, -b or -i is specified, the files are moved before
	     or after the position file in the archive.	 If none of those
	     options are specified, the files are moved to the end of the ar‐
	     chive.

     -o	     Set the access and modification times of extracted files to the
	     modification time of the file when it was entered into the ar‐
	     chive.  This will fail if the user is not the owner of the
	     extracted file or the super-user.

     -p	     Write the contents of the specified archive files to the standard
	     output.  If no files are specified, the contents of all the files
	     in the archive are written in the order they appear in the ar‐
	     chive.

     -q	     (Quickly) append the specified files to the archive.  If the ar‐
	     chive does not exist a new archive file is created.  Much faster
	     than the -r option, when creating a large archive piece-by-piece,
	     as no checking is done to see if the files already exist in the
	     archive.

     -r	     Replace or add the specified files to the archive.	 If the ar‐
	     chive does not exist a new archive file is created.  Files that
	     replace existing files do not change the order of the files
	     within the archive.  New files are appended to the archive unless
	     one of the options -a, -b or -i is specified.

     -T	     Select and/or name archive members using only the first fifteen
	     characters of the archive member or command line file name.  The
	     historic archive format had sixteen bytes for the name, but some
	     historic archiver and loader implementations were unable to han‐
	     dle names that used the entire space.  This means that file names
	     that are not unique in their first fifteen characters can subse‐
	     quently be confused.  A warning message is printed to the stan‐
	     dard error output if any file names are truncated.	 (See ar(5)
	     for more information.)

     -t	     List the specified files in the order in which they appear in the
	     archive, each on a separate line.	If no files are specified, all
	     files in the archive are listed.

     -u	     Update files.  When used with the -r option, files in the archive
	     will be replaced only if the disk file has a newer modification
	     time than the file in the archive.	 When used with the -x option,
	     files in the archive will be extracted only if the archive file
	     has a newer modification time than the file on disk.

     -v	     Provide verbose output.  When used with the -d, -m, -q or -x
	     options, ar gives a file-by-file description of the archive modi‐
	     fication.	This description consists of three, white-space sepa‐
	     rated fields: the option letter, a dash (``-'') and the file
	     name.  When used with the -r option, ar displays the description
	     as above, but the initial letter is an ``a'' if the file is added
	     to the archive and an ``r'' if the file replaces a file already
	     in the archive.

	     When used with the -p option, the name of each printed file,
	     enclosed in less-than (``<'') and greater-than (``>'') charac‐
	     ters, is written to the standard output before the contents of
	     the file; it is preceded by a single newline character, and fol‐
	     lowed by two newline characters.

	     When used with the -t option, ar displays an ``ls -l'' style
	     listing of information about the members of the archive.  This
	     listing consists of eight, white-space separated fields: the file
	     permissions (see strmode(3) ), the decimal user and group ID's
	     separated by a single slash (``/''), the file size (in bytes),
	     the file modification time (in the date(1) format ``%b %e %H:%M
	     %Y''), and the name of the file.

     -x	     Extract the specified archive members into the files named by the
	     command line arguments.  If no members are specified, all the
	     members of the archive are extracted into the current directory.

	     If the file does not exist, it is created; if it does exist, the
	     owner and group will be unchanged.	 The file access and modifica‐
	     tion times are the time of the extraction (but see the -o
	     option).  The file permissions will be set to those of the file
	     when it was entered into the archive; this will fail if the user
	     is not the owner of the extracted file or the super-user.

     The ar utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.

ENVIRONMENT
     TMPDIR  The pathname of the directory to use when creating temporary
	     files.

FILES
     /tmp    default temporary file directory
     ar.XXXXXX
	     temporary file names

COMPATIBILITY
     By default, ar writes archives that may be incompatible with historic ar‐
     chives, as the format used for storing archive members with names longer
     than fifteen characters has changed.  This implementation of ar is back‐
     ward compatible with previous versions of ar in that it can read and
     write (using the -T option) historic archives.  The -T option is provided
     for compatibility only, and will be deleted in a future release.  See
     ar(5) for more information.  The ar utility is expected to offer a super‐
     set of the IEEE Std 1003.2 (“POSIX.2”) functionality.

SEE ALSO
     ld(1), ranlib(1), strmode(3), ar(5)

BSD				March 19, 2024				   BSD
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