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cpp(1)									cpp(1)

Name
       cpp - the C language preprocessor

Syntax
       /lib/cpp [ option ...  ] [ ifile [ ofile ] ]

Description
       The  command  is	 the  C	 language preprocessor which is invoked as the
       first pass of any C compilation using the command.  Thus, the output of
       is designed to be in a form acceptable as input to the next pass of the
       C compiler.

       The preferred way to invoke however, is through the command.  See for a
       general macro processor.

Arguments
       The  command optionally accepts two file names as arguments.  The ifile
       and ofile are, respectively, the input and output for the preprocessor.
       They  default  to  standard input and standard output if no argument is
       supplied.

Options
       -B		   Strips C++-style comments (begin with  //  and  end
			   with newline).

       -C		   Passes  along  all  comments, except those found on
			   directive lines.  By default, strips	 C-style  com‐
			   ments.

       -M		   Generates  dependency  lists	 suitable for use with
			   instead of the normal output.

       -P		   Preprocesses the input without producing  the  line
			   control  information used by the next pass of the C
			   compiler.

       -R		   Permits recursion when a macro is expanded.

       -Uname		   Removes any initial definition of name, where  name
			   is a reserved symbol that is predefined by the pre‐
			   processor.  The symbols predefined by  this	imple‐
			   mentation are bsd4_2, ultrix, unix, and vax.

       -Dname
       -Dname=def	   Defines  name  as if by a #define directive.	 If no
			   =def is given, name is defined as 1.	 The -D option
			   has	lower precedence than the -U option.  That is,
			   if the same name is used in both a -U option and  a
			   -D option, the name remains undefined regardless of
			   the order of the options.

       -Idir		   Changes the algorithm for  searching	 for  #include
			   files whose names do not begin with a backslash ( /
			   ) to look in dir before looking in the  directories
			   on  the  standard list.  Thus, #include files whose
			   names are  enclosed	in  quotes  (  ""  )  will  be
			   searched  for  first	 in  the directory of the file
			   with the #include line, then in  directories	 named
			   in  -I  options,  and, finally, in directories on a
			   standard list.  For #include files whose names  are
			   enclosed  in braces (<>), the directory of the file
			   with the #include line is not searched.

Directives
       All directives start with lines that begin with a pound sign (#).   Any
       number  of  blanks and tabs are allowed between the pound signs and the
       directive.  The following is a list of the directives:

       #define name(arg, ...,arg ) token-string
			   Replaces subsequent instances of name and the  fol‐
			   lowing  set of tokens that is enclosed in parenthe‐
			   ses by token-string.	 Each occurrence of an arg  in
			   the	token-string  is replaced by the corresponding
			   set of tokens in the	 comma-separated  list.	  Note
			   that	 spaces	 between name and the left parenthesis
			   (() are not allowed.	 When a macro  with  arguments
			   is  expanded,  the  arguments  are placed unchanged
			   into the expanded token-string .  After the	entire
			   token-string	 has been expanded, re-starts its scan
			   for names to expand at the beginning of  the	 newly
			   created token-string.

       #undef name	   Causes  the	definition of name (if any) to be for‐
			   gotten.

       #include "filename"
       #include <filename> Includes the contents of filename , which will then
			   be  run  through  When  the	<filename> notation is
			   used, filename is  searched	for  in	 the  standard
			   places.  See the -I option above for more detail.

       #line integer-constant "filename"
			   Causes to generate line control information for the
			   next pass of the C compiler.	  Integer-constant  is
			   the	line  number  of the next line and filename is
			   the file that it comes from.	 If "filename" is  not
			   given, the current file name is unchanged.

       #endif
			   Ends	 a  section of lines begun by a test directive
			   (#if, #ifdef, or  #ifndef).	 Each  test  directive
			   must have a matching #endif.

       #ifdef name	   Defines text that will appear in the output if name
			   has been the subject of a previous #define  without
			   being the subject of an intervening #undef.

       #ifndef name	   Defines  text that will not appear in the output if
			   name has been the subject  of  a  previous  #define
			   without being the subject of an intervening #undef.

       #if constant-expression
			   Defines text that will appear in the output if con‐
			   stant-expression is	not  zero.   All  binary  non-
			   assignment  C  operators,  which  include  the ?: ,
			   minus sign (−), exclamation mark (!), and tilde (~)
			   are	legal  in constant-expression.	The precedence
			   of the operators is the same as defined  by	the  C
			   language.   There is also a unary operator defined,
			   which can be used in constant-expression  in	 these
			   two	forms: defined ( name ) or defined name.  This
			   allows the utility of #ifdef and #ifndef in	a  #if
			   directive.	Only  these  operators,	 integer  con‐
			   stants, and names which are known by should be used
			   in  constant-expression.  In particular, the sizeof
			   operator is not available.

       #else		   Reverses the notion of  the	test  directive	 which
			   matches  this directive.  So if lines prior to this
			   directive are ignored,  the	following  lines  will
			   appear in the output.  The reverse is also true.

       #elif constant-expression
			   Defines  text that will appear in the output if the
			   preceding test directive and all intervening	 #elif
			   directives  equalled	 zero and the constant-expres‐
			   sion did not equal zero.  The rules	for  constant-
			   expression are the same as for the #if directive.

       The  test directives and the possible #else and #elif directives can be
       nested.

       In addition to these directives, the System V #ident directive is  rec‐
       ognized and ignored.

       Two  special names are understood by __LINE__ is defined as the current
       line number (as a decimal integer) and __FILE__ is defined as the  cur‐
       rent  file  name	 (as  a C string).  They can be used in any situations
       where you would use other defined names, including in macros.

Diagnostics
       The error messages produced by are self-explanatory.  The  line	number
       and  filename where the error occurred are printed along with the diag‐
       nostic.

Files
       /usr/include   standard directory for #include files

See Also
       cc(1), m4(1).

				      VAX				cpp(1)
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