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DEBUGFS(8)							    DEBUGFS(8)

NAME
       debugfs - ext2/ext3 file system debugger

SYNOPSIS
       debugfs	[ -Vwci ] [ -b blocksize ] [ -s superblock ] [ -f cmd_file ] [
       -R request ] [ -d data_source_device ] [ device ]

DESCRIPTION
       The debugfs program is an interactive file system debugger. It  can  be
       used to examine and change the state of an ext2 file system.
       device  is  the special file corresponding to the device containing the
       ext2 file system (e.g /dev/hdXX).

OPTIONS
       -w     Specifies that the file system should be	opened	in  read-write
	      mode.   Without  this option, the file system is opened in read-
	      only mode.

       -c     Specifies that the file system should be opened in  catastrophic
	      mode,  in	 which	the  inode and group bitmaps are not read ini‐
	      tially.  This can be useful  for	filesystems  with  significant
	      corruption,  but	because	 of this, catastrophic mode forces the
	      filesystem to be opened read-only.

       -i     Specifies that device represents an ext2 image file  created  by
	      the  e2image  program.   Since the ext2 image file only contains
	      the superblock, block group descriptor, block and inode  alloca‐
	      tion  bitmaps,  and  the inode table, many debugfs commands will
	      not function properly.  Warning: no safety checks are in	place,
	      and debugfs may fail in interesting ways if commands such as ls,
	      dump, etc. are tried without specifying  the  data_source_device
	      using the -d option.  debugfs is a debugging tool.  It has rough
	      edges!

       -d data_source_device
	      Used with	 the  -i  option,  specifies  that  data_source_device
	      should  be  used when reading blocks not found in the ext2 image
	      file.  This includes data, directory, and indirect blocks.

       -b blocksize
	      Forces the use of the given block	 size  for  the	 file  system,
	      rather than detecting the correct block size as normal.

       -s superblock
	      Causes  the  file	 system	 superblock  to be read from the given
	      block number, rather than the default (1).  If  you  give	 a  -s
	      option, you must also give a -b option.

       -f cmd_file
	      Causes  debugfs  to  read in commands from cmd_file, and execute
	      them.  When debugfs is finished  executing  those	 commands,  it
	      will exit.

       -R request
	      Causes  debugfs  to execute the single command request, and then
	      exit.

       -V     print the version number of debugfs and exit.

SPECIFYING FILES
       Many debugfs commands take a filespec as	 an  argument  to  specify  an
       inode  (as  opposed to a pathname) in the filesystem which is currently
       opened by debugfs.  The filespec	 argument  may	be  specified  in  two
       forms.  The first form is an inode number surrounded by angle brackets,
       e.g., <2>.  The second form is a pathname; if the pathname is  prefixed
       by  a  forward slash ('/'), then it is interpreted relative to the root
       of the filesystem which is currently opened by debugfs.	 If  not,  the
       pathname	 is  interpreted  relative to the current working directory as
       maintained by debugfs.  This may be modified by using the debugfs  com‐
       mand cd.

COMMANDS
       This is a list of the commands which debugfs supports.

       bmap filespec logical_block
	      Print  the  physical  block  number corresponding to the logical
	      block number logical_block in the inode filespec.

       cat filespec
	      Dump the contents of the inode filespec to stdout.

       cd filespec
	      Change the current working directory to filespec.

       chroot filespec
	      Change the root directory to be the directory filespec.

       close  Close the currently open file system.

       clri file
	      Clear the contents of the inode file.

       dump [-p] filspec out_file
	      Dump the contents of the	inode  filespec	 to  the  output  file
	      out_file.	  If  the  -p option is given set the owner, group and
	      permissions information on out_file to match filespec.

       expand_dir filespec
	      Expand the directory filespec.

       feature [fs_feature] [-fs_feature] ...
	      Set or clear various  filesystem	features  in  the  superblock.
	      After  setting  or  clearing  any	 filesystem features that were
	      requested, print the current state  of  the  filesystem  feature
	      set.

       find_free_block [count [goal]]
	      Find  the	 first count free blocks, starting from goal and allo‐
	      cate it.

       find_free_inode [dir [mode]]
	      Find a free inode and allocate it.  If  present,	dir  specifies
	      the  inode  number  of  the  directory  which the inode is to be
	      located.	The second optional argument mode specifies  the  per‐
	      missions	of the new inode.  (If the directory bit is set on the
	      mode, the allocation routine will function differently.)

       freeb block [count]
	      Mark the block number block as not allocated.  If	 the  optional
	      argument	count  is present, then count blocks starting at block
	      number block will be marked as not allocated.

       freei filespec
	      Free the inode specified by filespec.

       help   Print a list of commands understood by debugfs(8).

       icheck block ...
	      Print a listing of the inodes which use the one or  more	blocks
	      specified on the command line.

       imap filespec
	      Print the location of the inode data structure (in the inode ta‐
	      ble) of the inode filespec.

       init_filesys device blocksize
	      Create an ext2 file system on device with device size blocksize.
	      Note  that this does not fully initialize all of the data struc‐
	      tures; to do this, use the mke2fs(8) program.  This  is  just  a
	      call  to the low-level library, which sets up the superblock and
	      block descriptors.

       kill_file filespec
	      Deallocate the inode filespec and its blocks.   Note  that  this
	      does  not	 remove	 any directory entries (if any) to this inode.
	      See the rm(1) command if you wish to unlink a file.

       lcd directory
	      Change the current working directory of the debugfs  process  to
	      directory on the native filesystem.

       ln filespec dest_file
	      Create a link named dest_file which is a link to filespec.  Note
	      this does not adjust the inode reference counts.

       logdump	[-acs]	[-b<block>]  [-i<filespec>]  [-f<journal_file>]	 [out‐
       put_file]
	      Dump  the contents of the ext3 journal.  By default, the journal
	      inode as specified in the	 superblock.   However,	 this  can  be
	      overridden  with the -i option, which uses an inode specifier to
	      specify the journal to be used.  A file containing journal  data
	      can  be  specified using the -f option.	Finally, the -s option
	      utilizes the backup information in the superblock to locate  the
	      journal.

	      The  -a  option causes the logdump program to print the contents
	      of all of the descriptor blocks.	The -b option  causes  logdump
	      to  print	 all  journal  records that are refer to the specified
	      block.  The -c option will print out the contents of all of  the
	      data blocks selected by the -a and -b options.

       ls [-l] [-d] filespec
	      Print  a listing of the files in the directory filespec.	The -l
	      flag will list files using a more verbose format.	 The  -d  flag
	      will list deleted entries in the directory.

       modify_inode filespec
	      Modify  the  contents  of the inode structure in the inode file‐
	      spec.

       mkdir filespec
	      Make a directory.

       mknod filespec [p|[[c|b] major minor]]
	      Create a special device file (a named pipe, character  or	 block
	      device).	 If  a	character  or  block device is to be made, the
	      major and minor device numbers must be specified.

       ncheck inode_num ...
	      Take the requested list of inode numbers, and print a listing of
	      pathnames to those inodes.

       open [-w] [-e] [-f] [-i] [-c] [-b blocksize] [-s superblock] device
	      Open  a filesystem for editing.  The -f flag forces the filesys‐
	      tem to be opened even if there are some unknown or  incompatible
	      filesystem  features which would normally prevent the filesystem
	      from being opened.  The -e flag  causes  the  filesystem	to  be
	      opened  in  exclusive  mode.  The -b, -c, -i, -s, and -w options
	      behave the same as the command-line options to debugfs.

       pwd    Print the current working directory.

       quit   Quit debugfs

       rdump directory destination
	      Recursively dump directory and all its contents (including regu‐
	      lar files, symbolic links, and other directories) into the named
	      destination which should be an existing directory on the	native
	      filesystem.

       rm pathname
	      Unlink  pathname.	  If this causes the inode pointed to by path‐
	      name to have no other references,	 deallocate  the  file.	  This
	      command functions as the unlink() system call.

       rmdir filespec
	      Remove the directory filespec.

       setb block [count]
	      Mark the block number block as allocated.	 If the optional argu‐
	      ment count is present, then count blocks starting at block  num‐
	      ber block will be marked as allocated.

       seti filespec
	      Mark inode filespec as in use in the inode bitmap.

       set_inode_field filespec field value
	      Modify  the  inode specified by filespec so that the inode field
	      field has value value.  The list of valid inode fields which can
	      be  set  via this command can be displayed by using the command:
	      set_inode_field -l

       set_super_value field value
	      Set the superblock field field to	 value.	  The  list  of	 valid
	      superblock  fields which can be set via this command can be dis‐
	      played by using the command: set_super_value -l

       show_super_stats [-h]
	      List the contents	 of  the  super	 block	and  the  block	 group
	      descriptors.   If	 the  -h  flag	is  given,  only print out the
	      superblock contents.

       stat filespec
	      Display the contents of the inode structure of the  inode	 file‐
	      spec.

       testb block [count]
	      Test  if	the  block  number block is marked as allocated in the
	      block bitmap.  If the optional argument count is	present,  then
	      count blocks starting at block number block will be tested.

       testi filespec
	      Test  if	the inode filespec is marked as allocated in the inode
	      bitmap.

       unlink pathname
	      Remove the link specified by pathname to an  inode.   Note  this
	      does not adjust the inode reference counts.

       write source_file out_file
	      Create  a	 file  in  the filesystem named out_file, and copy the
	      contents of source_file into the destination file.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
       DEBUGFS_PAGER, PAGER
	      The debugfs(8) program always pipes the output of the some  com‐
	      mands   through	a  pager  program.   These  commands  include:
	      show_super_stats,	       list_directory,	      show_inode_info,
	      list_deleted_inodes,  and	 htree_dump.   The  specific pager can
	      explicitly specified by the DEBUGFS_PAGER environment  variable,
	      and if it is not set, by the PAGER environment variable.

	      Note that since a pager is always used, the less(1) pager is not
	      particularly appropriate, since it clears the screen before dis‐
	      playing  the  output  of	the  command and clears the output the
	      screen when the pager is exited.	Many users prefer to  use  the
	      less(1)  pager for most purposes, which is why the DEBUGFS_PAGER
	      environment variable is available to override the	 more  general
	      PAGER environment variable.

AUTHOR
       debugfs was written by Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>.

SEE ALSO
       dumpe2fs(8), e2fsck(8), mke2fs(8)

E2fsprogs version 1.39		   May 2006			    DEBUGFS(8)
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