DIRNAME(P) POSIX Programmer's Manual DIRNAME(P)PROLOG
This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The Linux
implementation of this interface may differ (consult the corresponding
Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface may
not be implemented on Linux.
NAMEdirname - report the parent directory name of a file pathname
SYNOPSIS
#include <libgen.h>
char *dirname(char *path);
DESCRIPTION
The dirname() function shall take a pointer to a character string that
contains a pathname, and return a pointer to a string that is a path‐
name of the parent directory of that file. Trailing '/' characters in
the path are not counted as part of the path.
If path does not contain a '/' , then dirname() shall return a pointer
to the string "." . If path is a null pointer or points to an empty
string, dirname() shall return a pointer to the string "." .
The dirname() function need not be reentrant. A function that is not
required to be reentrant is not required to be thread-safe.
RETURN VALUE
The dirname() function shall return a pointer to a string that is the
parent directory of path. If path is a null pointer or points to an
empty string, a pointer to a string "." is returned.
The dirname() function may modify the string pointed to by path, and
may return a pointer to static storage that may then be overwritten by
subsequent calls to dirname().
ERRORS
No errors are defined.
The following sections are informative.
EXAMPLES
The following code fragment reads a pathname, changes the current work‐
ing directory to the parent directory, and opens the file.
char path[PATH_MAX], *pathcopy;
int fd;
fgets(path, PATH_MAX, stdin);
pathcopy = strdup(path);
chdir(dirname(pathcopy));
fd = open(basename(path), O_RDONLY);
Sample Input and Output Strings for dirname()
In the following table, the input string is the value pointed to by
path, and the output string is the return value of the dirname() func‐
tion.
Input String Output String
"/usr/lib" "/usr"
"/usr/" "/"
"usr" "."
"/" "/"
"." "."
".." "."
Changing the Current Directory to the Parent Directory
The following program fragment reads a pathname, changes the current
working directory to the parent directory, and opens the file.
#include <unistd.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <libgen.h>
...
char path[PATH_MAX], *pathcopy;
int fd;
...
fgets(path, PATH_MAX, stdin);
pathcopy = strdup(path);
chdir(dirname(pathcopy));
fd = open(basename(path), O_RDONLY);
APPLICATION USAGE
The dirname() and basename() functions together yield a complete path‐
name. The expression dirname(path) obtains the pathname of the direc‐
tory where basename(path) is found.
Since the meaning of the leading "//" is implementation-defined,
dirname(" //foo) may return either "//" or '/' (but nothing else).
RATIONALE
None.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSObasename() , the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, <lib‐
gen.h>
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online
at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .
IEEE/The Open Group 2003 DIRNAME(P)
