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ED(1)									 ED(1)

NAME
       ed - line oriented text editor

SYNOPSIS
       ed [ -p prompt-string ] [ -s ] [ -v ] [ filename ]

DESCRIPTION
       Ed is a standard text editor.

       Ed is a powerful line oriented editor. Although ex(1)/vi(1) have gained
       popularity, ed still  maintains	advantages  over  them.	 Most  notable
       points	are   the  W  command  (see  below)  (which  is	 not  part  of
       ex(1)/vi(1)), the smaller executable size (you  can  often  be  editing
       before the others finish loading), and the better response when editing
       from slow terminals or across low baud data lines. Ed continues	to  be
       used by many system utilities.

OPTIONS
       When  a	filename  is present ed starts by simulating an e command (see
       below) If no filename is present ed starts with an empty	 buffer.   The
       option  -p allows for the setting of a prompt string in ed.  The option
       -s suppresses the printing of explanatory output (from the commands  e,
       E, r, w, W and wq; see below) and should be used with a script.	The -v
       option will display a message of which mode (BSD or POSIX) ed  as  been
       set  locally.  This  is	useful	for determining the described behavior
       below.

       Ed performs all changes to a copy of the file which is contained	 in  a
       buffer.	 For the changes to have an effect one of the write commands (
       w, W, wq, or Wq) must be issued.

       The contents of the buffer can changed by  issuing  commands  that  are
       lead  by	 zero,	one, or two addresses. All commands are alphabetically
       listed below with their parameter structures  if	 applicable;  trailing
       structures  not described with commands are regarded as erroneous. Com‐
       mands that accept zero addresses regard the presence of any address  as
       an error.

       Ed  works in two modes: command, and input. The two modes are exclusive
       of each other. While in command mode ed accepts commands that  display,
       modify,	or  give information about the buffer.	While in input mode ed
       accepts lines of text to be added to the buffer.

       Addressing in ed specifies one or more lines contained in  the  buffer.
       For  commands  that  expect  at	least one address, and none are given,
       default addresses will be used.	Using addresses in ed involves	under‐
       standing	 that  during the execution of most ed commands that a current
       line ( current) exists.	Current (as a rule of thumb) is	 the  location
       in  the	buffer that the last command issued affected; some commands do
       not affect current.  Each command  description  (below)	describes  its
       affects	on  current as the affect will vary depending under which com‐
       pile option (BSD or POSIX) ed was compiled  under.   Addresses  can  be
       divided	into  three cases: one address (single address), two addresses
       (an address pair), and special address forms.

       For the first two cases an address is formed with the use of:

       1.     A positive decimal integer (e.g. 123) indicating a  line	number
	      in the buffer.  Line number 1 is the first line in the buffer.

       2.     The `.' character indicating the current line (current).

       3.     The `$' character which indicates the last line in the buffer.

       4.     A regular expression (RE) enclosed with `/'s as delimiters (i.e.
	      /RE/).  This causes a forward search to the first occurrence  of
	      the  specified  RE. The address will then become this line.  The
	      character sequence \/ escapes  the  forwardslash	from  being  a
	      delimiter.   The	search will wrap from the bottom of the buffer
	      to the top of the buffer if need be.  Ed RE's  are,  outside  of
	      this  document,  now  refered  to	 as basic regular expressions.
	      Basic regular expressions (BRE's),  traditionally	 described  in
	      ed(1)  are  now  fully described in regex(7). BRE's are, for the
	      most part, the same as the old RE's - the name has  changed  and
	      the  expressions	extended  to meet POSIX 1003.2 specifications.
	      (See the search command for more details.)

       5.     A RE enclosed with `?'s as delimiters (i.e.  ?RE?).   This  will
	      cause a backward search to the first occurrence of the specified
	      BRE. The address will then  become  this	line.	The  character
	      sequence	\?  escapes  the  questionmark from being a delimiter.
	      The search will wrap from the top of the buffer to the bottom of
	      the  buffer  if  need  be.  (See	the  search  command  for more
	      details.)

       6.     A line previously marked by the  `k'  command  (see  below).  `x
	      addresses	 the  line  marked by the single lower-case letter `x'
	      (from the portable character set in the range a-z).

       7.     An address of the form 1-6 followed by  a	 `+'  followed	by  an
	      integer number, n, specifies the line to be addressed is n lines
	      after the address of the form 1-6.  If the address starts with a
	      `+'  then by default the addressed line is taken with respect to
	      current (equivalent to `.'; form 2).  If no  integer  number  is
	      given  then  1 is added to the address.  Hence, if more than one
	      `+' is given in a sequence, with no integer number following,  1
	      is  added	 to the address for each `+'. Therefore, +++ is eqiva‐
	      lent to +3, but +++1 is equivalent to +1.

       8.     An address of the form 1-6 followed by  a	 `-'  followed	by  an
	      integer number, n, specifies the line to be addressed is n lines
	      before the address of the form 1-6.  If the address starts  with
	      a	 `-'  then by default the addressed line is taken with respect
	      to current (`.'; form 1).	 If no integer number is given then  1
	      is  subtracted from the address.	Hence, if more than one `-' is
	      given in a sequence, with no integer number following, 1 is sub‐
	      tracted  from the address for each `-'. Therefore, --- is eqiva‐
	      lent to -3, but ---1 is equivalent to -1.	 For backward compati‐
	      bility `^' is the equivalent to `-'.

       9.     A	 `,' (comma) may be used to separate two addresses of the form
	      1-8 to create an address pair.  The first address must occur  no
	      later in the buffer than the second address to be legal.

       10.    A	 `;'  (semicolon) may be used to separate two addresses of the
	      form 1-8 to create an address pair.  With this form  the	second
	      address is evaluated with respect to and after the first address
	      has been evaluated. This is useful when addresses of  the	 forms
	      2-8 are used.  The first address must occur no later in the buf‐
	      fer than the second address to be legal.

       NOTE:  Addresses of the forms 7 and 8 cannot be followed	 by  addresses
	      of forms 2-6; it is an error.

       The  following  are  special address forms that cannot be combined with
       any of the address forms listed above.  A `,' by itself represents  the
       address pair `1,$'.  Likewise `%' by itself represents the address pair
       `1,$'.  A `;' by itself represents the address pair `.,$'.

       The ed commands listed below default to	the  addresses	prefixing  the
       commands.  Commands  without  default  addresses accept zero addresses.
       The parentheses with the default addresses are not part of the address;
       they are used to show that the addresses are default.

       Generally  only one command appears on a line at a time.	 However, many
       of the commands may be suffixed by `l', `n', or `p', in which case  the
       current	line is printed in the manner discussed below.	These suffixes
       may be combined in any order.

       (.)a
       <text>
       .
	    Append text after the addressed line. A `.' in  the	 first	column
	    followed immediately by a <newline> places ed back in command mode
	    - the `.' is not included in the text. Line 0 is  legal  for  this
	    command; text will be placed at the top of the buffer.  Current is
	    the last line appended (or the addressed line if no text given).

       (.,.)c
       <text>
       .
	    Change text on the addressed  line(s).  The	 addressed  lines  are
	    deleted before ed is placed in input mode. A `.' in the first col‐
	    umn followed immediately by a <newline> places ed back in  command
	    mode  -  the  `.' is not included in the text.  Current is the new
	    last line appended (or if no text is  given	 the  line  after  the
	    addressed line deleted).

       (.,.)d
	    Delete the addressed line(s) from the buffer. Deleted lines may be
	    recovered with the undo command (u; see below).   Current  is  the
	    line after the last addressed line deleted.

       e [filename]
	    Edit  the  new  file `filename'. The buffer is cleared and the new
	    file is placed in the buffer.  If the  buffer  has	been  modified
	    since the last write command ed will issue a warning (`?'); a sec‐
	    ond issuing of the command will be obeyed regardless.  The	number
	    of characters read is printed (unless -s is specified at startup).
	    If `filename' is missing, the remembered name is used.  If	`file‐
	    name' is lead by ! then it shall be interpreted as a shell command
	    to be executed, from which the standard output will be placed into
	    the	 buffer;  `filename'  will  be	non-remembered.	 Undo will not
	    restore the buffer to its state before the edit command.   Current
	    is the last line in the buffer (`$').

       E [filename]
	    E  works  the  same as e except if the buffer has been modified no
	    warning is issued.

       f [filename]
	    Print the remembered filename.  If	`filename'  is	specified  the
	    remembered	filename  will be set to `filename'.  If `filename' is
	    lead by ! then it shall be interpreted as a shell  command	to  be
	    executed,  from  which the standard output will be used as the new
	    remembered filename.  Current is unchanged.

       (1,$)g/regular expression/command list
	    The global command first marks  all	 lines	matching  the  regular
	    expression.	 For each matching line, the command list is executed.
	    At the start of each command list execution,  current  is  set  to
	    equal that line; current may change as each command in the command
	    list is executed for that line.  The first command of the  command
	    list begins on the same line as the global command.	 Generally, in
	    the command list one command occupies a line. Thus to have	multi‐
	    ple	 commands  in  the  command list it is necessary to escape the
	    <newline> at the end of each line so that the global command  does
	    not	 interpret it as an indication that the command list entry has
	    ended.  The <newline> is escaped by proceeding it with a backslash
	    (`\').   Similarly	with  the commands that set ed into input mode
	    the <newlines> of the entered text need to be escaped. If the  `.'
	    used  to  end  input mode is the last line of the command list the
	    <newline> following the `.' need not be escaped, or the `.' may be
	    omitted  entirely.	 Commands  in  the command list can affect any
	    line in the buffer.	 For the behaviour of each ed command within a
	    command  list  refer to the information on the individual command,
	    particularly s and !.  The commands g, G, v, V, and !  are permit‐
	    ted	 in  the  command  list, but should be used with caution.  The
	    command list defaults to p if left empty (i.e. g/RE/p).   For  the
	    regular expression the delimiters can be any characters except for
	    <space> and <newline>; delimiters within a regular expression  can
	    be escaped with a backslash preceeding it.

       (1,$)G/regular expression/
	    The	 interactive global command works similar to g. The first step
	    is to mark every line which matches the given regular  expression.
	    For	 every	line  matched  it will print this line, set current to
	    this line, and accept one command (not including a, c, i, g, G, v,
	    and V) for execution.  The command can affect any line in the buf‐
	    fer. `%' by itself executes the last non-null command.   A	return
	    by	itself	will act as a null command. Current will be set to the
	    last line affected by the last successful  command	input.	If  no
	    match  or an input command error occurs current will be set to the
	    last line searched by G. G can be prematurely  ended  by  `ctrl-C'
	    (SIGINT).	For  the behaviour of each ed command within a command
	    list refer to the information on the individual command,  particu‐
	    larly s and !.

       h
	    The	 help  command	displays  a message explaining the most recent
	    command error (indicated by `?'). Current is unchanged.

       H
	    This toggles on or off the automatic display of messages  explain‐
	    ing	 the  most  recent  command  error in place of `?'. Current is
	    unchanged.

       (.)i

       <text>

       .
	    The insert command places ed in input mode	with  the  text	 being
	    placed  before the addressed line. Line 0 is invalid for this com‐
	    mand.  A `.' in the first column followed immediately by a	return
	    places  ed	back  in command mode - the `.' is not included in the
	    text.  Current is the last line inserted. If no text  is  inserted
	    then  current is the addressed when ed is compiled for POSIX; com‐
	    piled for BSD, current is the addressed line -1.

       (.,.+1)j
	    The join command joins the addressed lines together	 to  make  one
	    line.  If  no  addresses are specified current and current+1 lines
	    are joined.	 If one address only is given then  no	join  is  per‐
	    formed.   Current  becomes that line if ed has been compiled under
	    the BSD option; if compiled under  the  POSIX  option  current  is
	    unchanged.

       ( . )kx
	    The mark command marks the addressed line with label x, where x is
	    a lowercase letter from the portable  character  set  (a-z).   The
	    address  form  `x  will refer to this line (address form 6 above).
	    Current is unchanged.

       (.,.)l
	    The list command prints the addressed lines in an unambiguous way:
	    non-graphic	 characters  are printed in three-digit octal preceded
	    by a \ unless they are one of the following	 in  which  case  they
	    will  be  printed  as indicated in the brackets: backslash (`\\'),
	    horizontal tab (\t), form feed (\f).  return  (\r),	 vertical  tab
	    (\v),  and backspace (\b).	Long lines will be broken based on the
	    type of terminal currently in use and will likely be ragged at the
	    right  side if text and octal are mixed on the same line.  Current
	    is set to the last line printed.  The l command may be  placed  on
	    the same line after any command except (e, E, f, q, Q, r, w, W, or
	    !).

       (.,.)ma
	    The move command moves the addressed lines in the buffer to	 after
	    the address a.  Line 0 is valid as the address a for this command.
	    Current is the location in the buffer of the last line moved.

       (.,.)n
	    The number command prints the addressed lines preceding  the  text
	    with  the  line  number.   The n command may be placed on the same
	    line after any command except (e, E, f, q, Q,  r,  w,  W,  or  !).
	    Current is the last line printed.

       (.,.)p
	    The	 print	command prints the addressed lines.  The p command may
	    be placed on the same line after any command except (e, E,	f,  q,
	    Q, r, w, W, or !).	Current is the last line printed.

       (.,.)P
	    This  command is a synonym for p if ed has been compiled under the
	    BSD option. If ed has been compiled under the  POSIX  option  then
	    the	 prompt	 is toggled on or off.	Current is unchanged when com‐
	    piled under the POSIX option.  The default prompt is  "*"  if  not
	    specified  with the -p option at startup.  The prompt is initially
	    off unless the -p option is specified.

       q    The quit command causes ed to exit. If the entire buffer (1,$) has
	    not been written since the last modification ed will issue a warn‐
	    ing once (`?'); a second issuing of the  command  will  be	obeyed
	    regardless.

       Q    Q  works  the  same as q except if the buffer has been modified no
	    warning is issued.

       ($)r [filename]
	    The read command reads in the file `filename' after the  addressed
	    line.  If  no `filename' is specified then the remembered filename
	    is used. Address 0 is valid for this command.  If read is success‐
	    ful	 then  the number of characters read is printed (unless the -s
	    option is specified).  If `filename' is lead by ! then it shall be
	    interpreted	 as  a	shell  command	to be executed, from which the
	    standard output will be placed in the buffer; `filename'  will  be
	    non-remembered.  Current is the last line read.

       ( ., .)s/regular expression/replacement/flags
	    The	 substitute command searches for the regular expression in the
	    addressed lines.  On each line in which a match is found,  matched
	    strings  are replaced by the replacement as specified by the flags
	    (see below).  If no flags appear, by default only the first occur‐
	    rence  of  the  matched string in each line is replaced.  It is an
	    error if no matches to the RE occur.

	    The delimiters may be any character except <space>	or  <newline>.
	    The delimiter lead by a \ will escape it to be a literal in the RE
	    or replacement.

	    An ampersand, `&', appearing in the	 replacement  will  equal  the
	    string  matching  the RE.  The `&'s special meaning is supressable
	    by leading it with a `\'.  When `%' is the only replacement	 char‐
	    acter  in  replacement  the	 most recent replacement is used.  The
	    `%'s special meaning is supressable by leading it with a `\'.

	    The characters `\n' (where n is a digit 1-9) is  replaced  by  the
	    text  matching  the RE subexpression n (known as backreferencing).
	    S may be used to break lines by including a <newline> in  replace‐
	    ment preceeded by a backslash (`\') to escape it.  Replacement can
	    continue on the next line and can include  another	escaped	 <new‐
	    line>.

	    The	 following  extention  should  not  be	included  in  portable
	    scripts.  When spliting lines using s within the  global  commands
	    (g,	 G,  v,	 or V) the <newline> in the replacement string must be
	    escaped by preceding it with `\\\'	(three	adjacent  `\'s	-  the
	    first  `\'	escapes	 the  second  `\' so that it is passed to s to
	    escape the <newline> passed by the global command; the  third  `\'
	    is to escape the <newline> so that the global command list contin‐
	    ues).  [N.B. Other ed's do not allow  line	splitting  within  the
	    global commands].

	    The flags may be any combination of:

	    count  in each addressed line replace the count-th matching occur‐
		   rence.

	    g	   in each addressed line replace  all	matching  occurrences.
		   When count and g are specified together inclusively replace
		   in each addressed line all matches from the count-th	 match
		   to the end of line.

	    l	   write the line after replacement in the manner specified by
		   the l command.

	    n	   write the line after replacement in the manner specified by
		   the n command.

	    p	   write the line after replacement in the manner specified by
		   the p command.

	    The following special form should  not  be	included  in  portable
	    scripts.   This  form is maintained for backward compatibility and
	    is extended to dovetail into the above forms of s.	S followed  by
	    no	delimiters  repeats  the most recent substitute command on the
	    addressed lines.  S may be suffixed with the letters  r  (use  the
	    most recent RE rather than the last RE used with s), p (complement
	    the setting of the any print command (l, n,	 p)  suffix  from  the
	    previous substitution), g (complement the setting of the g suffix)
	    or N (negate the previous count flag).   These  modifying  letters
	    may	 be  combined in any order (N.B. multiple use of the modifying
	    letters may cause them to be interpreted as delimiters).

	    Current is set to the last line search (BSD)  or  where  the  last
	    replacement occurred (POSIX).

       (.,.)ta
	    The transcribe command copies the addressed lines in the buffer to
	    after the address a.  Address 0 is valid as the address a for this
	    command.  Current is the last line transcribed.

       (.,.)u
	    The	 undo  command nullifies the most recent buffer modifying com‐
	    mand.  Buffer modifying commands undo works on are a, c, d, g,  G,
	    i,	j,  m,	r, s, t, u, v, and V.  Marks set by the k command will
	    also be restored.  All commands (including nested g, G, v,	and  V
	    commands  within  the  g or v) that undo works on are treated as a
	    single buffer  modification.   Current  is	set  to	 the  line  it
	    addressed before the last buffer modification.

       (1, $)v/regular expression/command list
	    The	 global	 non-matching  command	performs as the g command does
	    except that the command list is executed for every line that  does
	    not match the RE.

       (1, $)V/regular expression/
	    The	 interactive  global non-matching command is the same as the G
	    except that one command will be accepted  as  input	 with  current
	    initially set to every line that does not match the RE.

       (1, $)w [filename]
	    The	 write	command	 writes the addressed lines to the file `file‐
	    name'.  If no `filename' is specified then the remembered filename
	    is	used.  If no addresses are specified the whole buffer is writ‐
	    ten.  If the command is successful, the number of characters writ‐
	    ten is printed (unless the -s option is specified).	 If `filename'
	    is lead by ! then it shall be interpreted as a shell command to be
	    executed  which  will  accept on its standard input the section of
	    the buffer specified for writting.	Current is unchanged.

       (1, $)W [filename]
	    W works as the w command does except the addressed contents of the
	    buffer  are	 appended to `filename' (or the remembered filename if
	    `filename' is not specified). If `filename' is lead by  !  then  W
	    will act exactly as the w command.	Current is unchanged.

       (1, $)wq [filename]
	    wq	works  as  the	w command does with the addition that ed exits
	    immediately after the write is complete.  Current is unchanged.

       (1,$)Wq [filename]
	    Wq works as the W command does with the  addition  that  ed	 exits
	    immediately	 after	the  appended  write  is complete.  Current is
	    unchanged.

       (.+1)z	 or,

       (.+1)zn
	    Scroll through the buffer.	Starting from the addressed  line  (or
	    current+1)	print  the next 22 (by default or n) lines. The n is a
	    sticky value; it becomes the default number of lines  printed  for
	    successive scrolls.	 Current is the last line printed.

       ($)= Print  the	number	of lines in the buffer.	 If an address is pro‐
	    vided (in the forms 1-8 above) then the line number for that  line
	    will be printed.  Current is unchanged.

       !<shell command>
	    The	 command after the !  is executed by sh(1) and the results are
	    printed. A `!' is printed in the first column when	execution  has
	    completed  (unless the -s option has been specified).  A `!' imme‐
	    diately after ! repeats the last shell command.  An unescaped  `%'
	    represents	the  remembered	 filename.  Commands to sh(1) can have
	    several lines by escaping the <newline>  with  a  `\'  immediately
	    before  it. The line continuation character for sh(1), `\', can be
	    included on a line provided that it is escaped by  a  `\'  immedi‐
	    ately  before so that ed passes it literally to sh(1): `\\'. It is
	    implicit that for the command line that the sh(1)  line  continua‐
	    tion  character  is	 on  that  the <newline> will be escaped (e.g.
	    `\\\<newline>').  This behavior can be used within global  command
	    lists. However, an additional `\' must be added so that the ! com‐
	    mand continuor is passed to ! - it must occur  immediately	before
	    the global command's continuor. Therefore, the ! command continua‐
	    tion sequence in a	global	command	 list  will  appear  as	 `\\\'
	    (explanation  as  with  sfR).  The line continuation character for
	    sh(1) needs no additional escaping (since it it not	 dependant  on
	    <newline>  being  adjacent) - hence, the sequence in a global com‐
	    mand list with a line  continuation	 will  appear  as  `\\\\\<new‐
	    line>'.

	    Current is unchanged.

       /regular expression/or,

       ?regular expression?
	    The	 search	 command  searches  forward,  `/',  (or backward, `?')
	    through the buffer attempting to find a line that matches the  RE.
	    The search will wrap to the top  (or bottom) of the buffer if nec‐
	    essary. Search returns the line number that the match occurs on  -
	    combined with the null command (see below) this causes the line to
	    be printed.	 Current is the matching line.

       (.+1,.+1)<newline>
	    The null command is equivalent to asking for the line current+1 to
	    be printed according to the p command. This is a useful command to
	    quickly print the next couple of lines. If more than a  couple  of
	    lines  are needed the z command (see above) is much better to use.
	    Current is the last line printed.

OTHER
       If an interrupt signal (SIGINT) is sent, ed prints `?'  and returns  to
       command mode.

       BSD command pairs (pp, ll, etc.) are permitted. Additionally any single
       print command may follow any of the non-I/O commands (I/O commands:  e,
       E,  f,  r,  w,  W,  wq,	and !). This will cause the current line to be
       printed in the specified manner after the command has completed.

       Previous limitations on the number of characters per line and per  com‐
       mand  list  have	 been  lifted; there is now no maximum.	 File name and
       path length is restricted to the maximum length that the	 current  file
       system  supports.   The	undo  command  now  restores marks to affected
       lines.  The temporary buffer method will vary dependent on  the	method
       selected	 at compile. Two methods work with a temporary file (stdio and
       db), while the third uses memory.  The limit on	the  number  of	 lines
       depends on the amount of memory.

FILES
       /tmp/_bsd44_ed*
       ed.hup:	the buffer is written to this file in the current directory if
       possible and in the  HOME  directory  is	 not  (if  the	signal	SIGHUP
       (hangup) is received).

SEE ALSO
       B. W. Kernighan, A Tutorial Introduction to the ED Text Editor
       B. W. Kernighan, Advanced editing on UNIX
       ex(1), learn(1), regex(3), regex(7), sed(1), vi(1), POSIX 1003.2 (4.20)

AUTHOR
       Rodney Ruddock

DIAGNOSTICS
       `?name' for a file that is either inaccessible, does not exist, or is a
       directory. `?'  for all other errors unless the help messages have been
       toggled	on  (with  the	H command) in which case a descriptive message
       will be printed.

       EOF is treated as a newline during input so that characters  after  the
       last  <newline>	are  included  into the buffer; the message "<newline>
       added at end of line" is printed.

       Ed Returns an exit status of 0 on successful completion. A value >0  is
       returned to indicate an ed error: 1 for a command line error, 2 for HUP
       signal received, 4 for an ed command error; these error values will  be
       or'd together when appropriate.

NOTES
       Regular	expressions  are  now described on regex(7).  Ed follows basic
       regular expressions (BRE's) as described on regex(7).  BRE's,  for  the
       most  part,  are	 the same as previous ed RE's. The changes to the RE's
       are extensions for internationalization under POSIX 1003.2. Old scripts
       with RE's should work without modification.

       Regular expression logic is very tight. If you believe a command with a
       regular expression in it has performed erroneously then a close reading
       of regex(7) is likely required.

       Address	`0'  is	 legal	only for those commands which explicitly state
       that it may be used; its use is illegal for all other commands.

       The special form of substitute has been maintained  for	backward  com‐
       patability and should not be used in scripts if they are to portable.

       Help  messages  may  appear  ambiguous to beginners - particularly when
       BRE's form part of the command.

       For backward compatability,  when  more	addresses  are	provided  than
       required	 by  a command the one or two addresses closest to the command
       are used (depending on how may addresses the command accepts).	Porta‐
       ble scripts should not rely on this feature.

       For  backward  compatibility  the  option `-' is equivalent to the `-s'
       option at the startup of ed.

				 May 31, 1993				 ED(1)
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