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     ED(1)	     UNIX System V (10 November 1994)		 ED(1)

     NAME
	  ed, red - text editor

     SYNOPSIS
	  ed [-] [-Gs] [-p string] [file]

	  red [-] [-Gs] [-p string] [file]

     DESCRIPTION
	  ed is a line-oriented text editor.  It is used to create,
	  display, modify and otherwise manipulate text files.	red is
	  a restricted ed:  it can only edit files in the current
	  directory and cannot execute shell commands.

	  If invoked with a file argument, then a copy of file is read
	  into the editor's buffer.  Changes are made to this copy and
	  not directly to file itself.	Upon quitting ed, any changes
	  not explicitly saved	with a `w' command are lost.

	  Editing is done in two distinct modes:  command and input.
	  When first invoked, ed is in command mode.  In this mode
	  commands are read from the standard input and executed to
	  manipulate the contents of the editor buffer.	 A typical
	  command might look like:

	       ,s/old/new/g

	  which replaces all occurences of the string old with new.

	  When an input command, such as `a' (append), `i' (insert) or
	  `c' (change), is given, ed enters input mode.	 This is the
	  primary means of adding text to a file.  In this mode, no
	  commands are available; instead, the standard input is
	  written directly to the editor buffer.  Lines consist of
	  text up to and including a newline character.	 Input mode is
	  terminated by entering a single period  (.) on a line.

	  All ed commands operate on whole lines or ranges of lines;
	  e.g., the `d' command deletes lines; the `m' command moves
	  lines, and so on.  It is possible to modify only a portion
	  of a line by means of replacement, as in the example above.
	  However even here, the `s' command is applied to whole lines
	  at a time.

	  In general, ed commands consist of zero or more line
	  addresses, followed by a single character command and
	  possibly additional parameters; i.e., commands have the
	  structure:

	       [address [,address]]command[parameters]

	  The address(es) indicate the line or range of lines to be

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     ED(1)	     UNIX System V (10 November 1994)		 ED(1)

	  affected by the command.  If fewer addresses are given than
	  the command accepts, then default addresses are supplied.

	OPTIONS
	  -G	  Forces backwards compatibility.  Affects the
		  commands `G', `V', `f', `l', `m', `t', and `!!'.

	  -s	  Suppresses diagnostics. This should be used if ed's
		  standard input is from a script.

	  -p string
		  Specifies a command prompt.  This may be toggled on
		  and off with the `P' command.

	  file	  Specifies the name of a file to read.	 If file is
		  prefixed with a bang (!), then it is interpreted as
		  a shell command.  In this case, what is read is the
		  standard output of file executed via sh(1).  To read
		  a file whose name begins with a bang, prefix the
		  name with a backslash (\).  The default filename is
		  set to file only if it is not prefixed with a bang.

	LINE ADDRESSING
	  An address represents the number of a line in the buffer.
	  ed maintains a current address which is typically supplied
	  to commands as the default address when none is specified.
	  When a file is first read,  the current address is set to
	  the last line of the file.  In general, the current address
	  is set to the last line affected by a command.

	  A line address is constructed from one of the bases in the
	  list below, optionally followed by a numeric offset.	The
	  offset may include any combination of digits, operators
	  (i.e., +, - and ^) and whitespace.  Addresses are read from
	  left to right, and their values are computed relative to the
	  current address.

	  One exception to the rule that addresses represent line
	  numbers is the address 0 (zero).  This means "before the
	  first line," and is legal wherever it makes sense.

	  An address range is two addresses separated either by a
	  comma or semicolon. The value of the first address in a
	  range cannot exceed the value of the the second.  If only
	  one address is given in a range, then the second address is
	  set to the given address.  If an n-tuple of addresses is
	  given where n > 2, then the corresponding range is
	  determined by the last two addresses in the n-tuple.	If

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     ED(1)	     UNIX System V (10 November 1994)		 ED(1)

	  only one address is expected, then the last address is used.

	  Each address in a comma-delimited range is interpreted
	  relative to the current address.  In a semicolon-delimited
	  range, the first address is used to set the current address,
	  and the second address is interpreted relative to the first.

	  The following address symbols are recognized.

	  .	  The current line (address) in the buffer.

	  $	  The last line in the buffer.

	  n	  The nth, line in the buffer where n is a number in
		  the range [0,$].

	  -

	  ^	  The previous line.  This is equivalent to -1 and may
		  be repeated with cumulative effect.

	  -n

	  ^n	  The nth previous line, where n is a non-negative
		  number.

	  +	  The next line.  This is equivalent to +1 and may be
		  repeated with cumulative effect.

	  +n

	  whitespace n
		  The nth next line, where n is a non-negative number.
		  Whitespace followed by a number n is interpreted as
		  +n.

	  ,

	  %	  The first through last lines in the buffer.  This is
		  equivalent to the address range 1,$.

	  ;	  The current through last lines in the buffer.	 This

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		  is equivalent to the address range .,$.

	  /re/	  The next line containing the regular expression re.
		  The search wraps to the beginning of the buffer and
		  continues down to the current line, if necessary.
		  // repeats the last search.

	  ?re?	  The previous line containing the regular expression
		  re.  The search wraps to the end of the buffer and
		  continues up to the current line, if necessary.  ??
		  repeats the last search.

	  'lc	  The line previously marked by a `k' (mark) command,
		  where lc is a lower case letter.

	REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
	  Regular expressions are patterns used in selecting text.
	  For example, the ed command

	       g/string/

	  prints all lines containing string.  Regular expressions are
	  also used by the `s' command for selecting old text to be
	  replaced with new.

	  In addition to a specifying string literals, regular
	  expressions can represent classes of strings.	 Strings thus
	  represented are said to be matched by the corresponding
	  regular expression.  If it is possible for a regular
	  expression to match several strings in a line, then the
	  left-most longest match is the one selected.

	  The following symbols are used in constructing regular
	  expressions:

	  c	  Any character c not listed below, including `{',
		  '}', `(', `)', `<' and `>', matches itself.

	  \c	  A backslash-escaped character c other than `{', '}',
		  `(', `)', `<', `>', `b', 'B', `w', `W', `+', and `?'
		  matches itself.

	  Matches any single character.

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	  [char-class]
		  Matches any single character in char-class.  To
		  include a  `]' in char-class, it must be the first
		  character.  A range of characters may be specified
		  by separating the end characters of the range with a
		  `-', e.g., `a-z' specifies the lower case
		  characters.  The following literal expressions can
		  also be used in char-class to specify sets of
		  characters:

		    [:alnum:]  [:cntrl:]  [:lower:]  [:space:]
		    [:alpha:]  [:digit:]  [:print:]  [:upper:]
		    [:blank:]  [:graph:]  [:punct:]  [:xdigit:]

		  If `-' appears as the first or last character of
		  char-class, then it matches itself.  All other
		  characters in char-class match themselves.

		  Patterns in char-class of the form:

		    [.col-elm.] or,   [=col-elm=]

		  where col-elm is a collating element are interpreted
		  according to locale(5) (not currently supported).
		  See regex(3) for an explanation of these constructs.

	  [^char-class]
		  Matches any single character, other than newline,
		  not in char-class.  char-class is defined as above.

	  ^	  If `^' is the first character of a regular
		  expression, then it anchors the regular expression
		  to the beginning of a line.  Otherwise, it matches
		  itself.

	  $	  If `$' is the last character of a regular
		  expression, it anchors the regular expression to the
		  end of a line.  Otherwise, it matches itself.

	  \(re\)  Defines a (possibly null) subexpression re.
		  Subexpressions may be nested.	 A subsequent
		  backreference of the form `\n', where n is a number
		  in the range [1,9], expands to the text matched by
		  the nth subexpression.  For example, the regular
		  expression `\(a.c\)\1' matches the string `abcabc',
		  but not `abcadc'.  Subexpressions are ordered
		  relative to their left delimiter.

	  *	  Matches the single character regular expression or
		  subexpression immediately preceding it zero or more
		  times.  If '*' is the first character of a regular
		  expression or subexpression, then it matches itself.

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		  The `*' operator sometimes yields unexpected
		  results.  For example, the regular expression `b*'
		  matches the beginning of the string `abbb', as
		  opposed to the substring `bbb', since a null match
		  is the only left-most match.

	  \{n,m\}
	  \{n,\}
	  \{n\}	  Matches the single character regular expression or
		  subexpression immediately preceding it at least n
		  and at most m times.	If m is omitted, then it
		  matches at least n times.  If the comma is also
		  omitted, then it matches exactly n times.  If	 any
		  of these forms occurs first in a regular expression
		  or subexpression, then it is interpreted literally
		  (i.e., the regular expression `\{2\}' matches the
		  string `{2}', and so on).

	  \<
	  \>	  Anchors the single character regular expression or
		  subexpression immediately following it to the
		  beginning (\<) or ending (\>) of a word, i.e., in
		  ASCII, a maximal string of alphanumeric characters,
		  including the underscore (_).

	  The following extended operators are preceded by a backslash
	  (\) to distinguish them from traditional ed syntax.

	  \`
	  \'	  Unconditionally matches the beginning (\`) or ending
		  (\') of a line.

	  \?	  Optionally matches the single character regular
		  expression or subexpression immediately preceding
		  it.  For example, the regular expression `a[bd]\?c'
		  matches the strings `abc', `adc' and `ac'.  If \?
		  occurs at the beginning of a regular expressions or
		  subexpression, then it matches a literal `?'.

	  \+	  Matches the single character regular expression or
		  subexpression immediately preceding it one or more
		  times.  So the regular expression `a+' is shorthand
		  for `aa*'.  If \+ occurs at the beginning of a
		  regular expression or subexpression, then it matches
		  a literal `+'.

	  \b	  Matches the beginning or ending (null string) of a
		  word.	 Thus the regular expression `\bhello\b' is
		  equivalent to `\<hello\>'.  However, `\b\b' is a
		  valid regular expression whereas `\<\>' is not.

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	  \B	  Matches (a null string) inside a word.

	  \w	  Matches any character in a word.

	  \W	  Matches any character not in a word.

	COMMANDS
	  All ed commands are single characters, though some require
	  additonal parameters.	 If a command's parameters extend over
	  several lines, then each line except for the last must be
	  terminated with a backslash (\).

	  In general, at most one command is allowed per line.
	  However, most commands accept a print suffix, which is any
	  of `p' (print), `l' (list) , or `n' (enumerate), to print
	  the last line affected by the command.

	  An interrupt (typically ^C) has the effect of aborting the
	  current command and returning the editor to command mode.

	  ed recognizes the following commands.	 The commands are
	  shown together with the default address or address range
	  supplied if none is specified (in parenthesis).

	  (.)a	  Appends text to the buffer after the addressed line,
		  which may be the address 0 (zero).  Text is entered
		  in input mode.  The current address is set to last
		  line entered.

	  (.,.)c  Changes lines in the buffer.	The addressed lines
		  are deleted from the buffer, and text is appended in
		  their place.	Text is entered in input mode.	The
		  current address is set to last line entered.

	  (.,.)d  Deletes the addressed lines from the buffer.	If
		  there is a line after the deleted range, then the
		  current address is set to this line. Otherwise the
		  current address is set to the line before the
		  deleted range.

	  e file  Edits file, and sets the default filename.  If file
		  is not specified, then the  default filename is
		  used.	 Any lines in the buffer are deleted before
		  the new file is read.	 The current address is set to
		  the last line read.

	  e !command
		  Edits the standard output of `!command', (see
		  !command below).  The default filename is unchanged.
		  Any lines in the buffer are deleted before the
		  output of command is read.  The current address is
		  set to the last line read.

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	  E file  Edits file unconditionally.  This is similar to the
		  e command, except that unwritten changes are
		  discarded without warning.  The current address is
		  set to the last line read.

	  f file  Sets the default filename to file.  If file is not
		  specified, then the default unescaped filename is
		  printed.

	  (1,$)g/re/command-list
		  Applies command-list to each of the addressed lines
		  matching a regular expression re.  The current
		  address is set to the line currently matched before
		  command-list is executed.  At the end of the `g'
		  command, the current address is set to the last line
		  affected by command-list.

		  Each command in command-list must be on a separate
		  line, and every line except for the last must be
		  terminated by a backslash (\).  Any commands are
		  allowed, except for `g', `G', `v', and `V'.  A
		  newline alone in command-list is equivalent to a `p'
		  command.

	  (1,$)G/re/
		  Interactively edits the addressed lines matching a
		  regular expression re.  For each matching line, the
		  line is printed, the current address is set, and the
		  user is prompted to enter a command-list.  At the
		  end of the `G' command, the current address is set
		  to the last line affected by (the last) command-
		  list.

		  The format of command-list is the same as that of
		  the `g' command.  A newline alone acts as a null
		  command list.	 A single `&' repeats the last non-
		  null command list.

	  H	  Toggles the printing of error explanations.  By
		  default, explanations are not printed.  It is
		  recommended that ed scripts begin with this command
		  to aid in debugging.

	  h	  Prints an explanation of the last error.

	  (.)i	  Inserts text in the buffer before the current line.
		  Text is entered in input mode.  The current address
		  is set to the last line entered.

	  (.,.+1)j
		  Joins the addressed lines.  The addressed lines are
		  deleted from the buffer and replaced by a single

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		  line containing their joined text.  The current
		  address is set to the resultant line.

	  (.)klc  Marks a line with a lower case letter lc.  The  line
		  can then be addressed as 'lc (i.e., a single quote
		  followed by lc ) in subsequent commands.  The mark
		  is not cleared until the line is deleted or
		  otherwise modified.

	  (.,.)l  Prints the addressed lines unambiguously.  If
		  invoked from a terminal, ed pauses at the end of
		  each page until a newline is entered.	 The current
		  address is set to the last line printed.

	  (.,.)m(.)
		  Moves lines in the buffer.  The addressed lines are
		  moved to after the right-hand destination address,
		  which may be the address 0 (zero).  The current
		  address is set to the last line moved.

	  (.,.)n  Prints the addressed lines along with their line
		  numbers.  The current address is set to the last
		  line printed.

	  (.,.)p  Prints the addressed lines.	 If invoked from a
		  terminal, ed pauses at the end of each page until a
		  newline is entered.  The current address is set to
		  the last line printed.

	  P	  Toggles the command prompt on and off.  Unless a
		  prompt was specified by with command-line option -p
		  string, the command prompt is by default turned off.

	  q	  Quits ed.

	  Q	  Quits ed unconditionally.  This is similar to the q
		  command, except that unwritten changes are discarded
		  without warning.

	  ($)r file
		  Reads file to after the addressed line.  If file is
		  not specified, then the default filename is used.
		  If there was no default filename prior to the
		  command, then the default filename is set to file.
		  Otherwise, the default filename is unchanged.	 The
		  current address is set to the last line read.

	  ($)r !command
		  Reads to after the addressed line the standard
		  output of `!command', (see the !command below).  The
		  default filename is unchanged.  The current address
		  is set to the last line read.

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	  (.,.)s/re/replacement/
	  (.,.)s/re/replacement/g
	  (.,.)s/re/replacement/n
		  Replaces text in the addressed lines matching a
		  regular expression re with replacement.  By default,
		  only the first match in each line is replaced.  If
		  the `g' (global) suffix is given, then every match
		  to be replaced.  The `n' suffix, where n is a
		  postive number, causes only the nth match to be
		  replaced.  It is an error if no substitutions are
		  performed on any of the addressed lines.  The
		  current address is set the last line affected.

		  re and replacement may be delimited by any character
		  other than space and newline (see the `s' command
		  below).  If one or two of the last delimiters is
		  omitted, then the last line affected is printed as
		  though the print suffix `p' were specified.

		  An unescaped `&' in replacement is replaced by the
		  currently matched text.  The character sequence
		  `\m', where m is a number in the range [1,9], is
		  replaced by the mth backreference expression of the
		  matched text.	 If replacement consists of a single
		  `%', then replacement from the last substitution is
		  used.	 Newlines may be embedded in replacement if
		  they are escaped with a backslash (\).

	  (.,.)s  Repeats the last substitution.  This form of the `s'
		  command accepts a count suffix `n', or any
		  combination of the characters `r', `g', and `p'.  If
		  a count suffix `n' is given, then only the nth match
		  is replaced.	The `r' suffix causes the regular
		  expression of the last search to be used instead of
		  the that of the last substitution.  The `g' suffix
		  toggles the global suffix of the last substitution.
		  The `p' suffix toggles the print suffix of the last
		  substitution The current address is set to the last
		  line affected.

	  (.,.)t(.)
		  Copies (i.e., transfers) the addressed lines to
		  after the right-hand destination address, which may
		  be the address 0 (zero).  The current address is set
		  to the last line copied.

	  u	  Undoes the last command and restores the current
		  address to what it was before the command.  The
		  global commands `g', `G', `v', and `V'.  are treated
		  as a single command by undo.	`u' is its own
		  inverse.

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	  (1,$)v/re/command-list
		  Applies command-list to each of the addressed lines
		  not matching a regular expression re.	 This is
		  similar to the `g' command.

	  (1,$)V/re/
		  Interactively edits the addressed lines not matching
		  a regular expression re.  This is similar to the `G'
		  command.

	  (1,$)w file
		  Writes the addressed lines to file.  Any previous
		  contents of file is lost without warning.  If there
		  is no default filename, then the default filename is
		  set to file, otherwise it is unchanged.  If no
		  filename is specified, then the default filename is
		  used.	 The current address is unchanged.

	  (1,$)wq file
		  Writes the addressed lines to file, and then
		  executes a `q' command.

	  (1,$)w !command
		  Writes the addressed lines to the standard input of
		  `!command', (see the !command below).	 The default
		  filename and current address are unchanged.

	  (1,$)W file
		  Appends the addressed lines to the end of file.
		  This is similar to the `w' command, expect that the
		  previous contents of file is not clobbered.  The
		  current address is unchanged.

	  (.)x	  Copies (puts) the contents of the cut buffer to
		  after the addressed line.  The current address is
		  set to the last line copied.

	  (.,.)y  Copies (yanks) the addressed lines to the cut
		  buffer.  The cut buffer is overwritten by subsequent
		  `y', `s', `j', `d', or `c' commands.	The current
		  address is unchanged.

	  (.+1)zn Scrolls n lines at a time starting at addressed
		  line.	 If n is not specified, then the current
		  window size is used.	The current address is set to
		  the last line printed.

	  !command
		  Executes command via sh(1).  If the first character
		  of command is `!', then it is replaced by text of
		  the previous `!command'.  ed does not process
		  command for backslash (\) escapes.  However, an

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		  unescaped `%' is replaced by the default filename.
		  When the shell returns from execution, a `!'	is
		  printed to the standard output.  The current line is
		  unchanged.

	  (.,.)#  Begins a comment;  the rest of the line, up to a
		  newline, is ignored.	If a line address followed by
		  a semicolon is given, then the current address is
		  set to that address.	Otherwise, the current address
		  is unchanged.

	  ($)=	  Prints the line number of the addressed line.

	  (.+1)newline
		  Prints the addressed line, and sets the current
		  address to that line.

     FILES
	  /tmp/ed.*	      Buffer file
	  ed.hup	      The file to which ed attempts to write
			      the  buffer if the terminal hangs up.

     SEE ALSO
	  vi(1), sed(1), regex(3), sh(1).

	  USD:12-13

	  B. W. Kernighan and P. J. Plauger, Software Tools in Pascal
	  , Addison-Wesley, 1981.

     LIMITATIONS
	  ed processes file arguments for backslash escapes, i.e.,  in
	  a filename, any characters preceded by a backslash (\) are
	  interpreted literally.

	  If a text (non-binary) file is not terminated by a newline
	  character, then ed appends one on reading/writing it.	 In
	  the case of a binary file, ed does not append a newline on
	  reading/writing.

	  per line overhead: 4 ints

     DIAGNOSTICS
	  When an error occurs, if ed's input is from a regular file
	  or here document, then it exits, otherwise it prints a `?'
	  and returns to command mode.	An explanation of the last
	  error can be printed with the `h' (help) command.

	  Attempting to quit ed or edit another file before writing a
	  modified buffer results in an error.	If the command is
	  entered a second time, it succeeds, but any changes to the
	  buffer are lost.

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     ED(1)	     UNIX System V (10 November 1994)		 ED(1)

	  ed exits with 0 if no errors occurred; otherwise >0.

     Page 13					     (printed 4/13/00)

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