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EXIFTOOL(1)	      User Contributed Perl Documentation	   EXIFTOOL(1)

NAME
       exiftool - Read and write meta information in files

SYNOPSIS
       exiftool [OPTIONS] [-TAG...] [--TAG...] FILE...
       exiftool [OPTIONS] -TAG[+-<]=[VALUE]... FILE...
       exiftool [OPTIONS] -tagsFromFile SRCFILE [-SRCTAG[>DSTTAG]...] FILE...
       exiftool [ -ver | -list[w|f|r|wf|g[NUM]|d|x] ]

       For specific examples, see the EXAMPLES sections below.

       This documentation is displayed if exiftool is run without an input
       FILE when one is expected.

DESCRIPTION
       A command-line interface to Image::ExifTool, used for reading and
       writing meta information in a variety of file types.  FILE is one or
       more source file names, directory names, or "-" for the standard input.
       Metadata is read from source files and printed in readable form to the
       console (or written to output text files with -w).

       To write or delete metadata, tag values are assigned using the
       -TAG=[VALUE] syntax, or the -geotag option.  To copy or move metadata,
       the -tagsFromFile feature is used.  By default the original files are
       preserved with "_original" appended to their names -- be sure to verify
       that the new files are OK before erasing the originals.	Once in write
       mode, exiftool will ignore any read-specific options.

       Note:  If FILE is a directory name then only supported file types in
       the directory are processed (in write mode only writable types are
       processed).  However, files may be specified by name, or the -ext
       option may be used to force processing of files with any extension.

       Below is a list of file types and meta information formats currently
       supported by ExifTool (r = read, w = write, c = create):

	 File Types
	 ------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------
	 3FR   r     | EIP   r	   | LA	   r	 | OTF	 r     | RW2   r/w
	 3G2   r/w   | EPS   r/w   | LNK   r	 | PAC	 r     | RWL   r/w
	 3GP   r/w   | ERF   r/w   | M2TS  r	 | PAGES r     | RWZ   r
	 ACR   r     | EXE   r	   | M4A/V r/w	 | PBM	 r/w   | RM    r
	 AFM   r     | EXIF  r/w/c | MEF   r/w	 | PCD	 r     | SEQ   r
	 AI    r/w   | EXR   r	   | MIE   r/w/c | PDF	 r/w   | SO    r
	 AIFF  r     | EXV   r/w/c | MIFF  r	 | PEF	 r/w   | SR2   r/w
	 APE   r     | F4A/V r/w   | MKA   r	 | PFA	 r     | SRF   r
	 ARW   r/w   | FFF   r/w   | MKS   r	 | PFB	 r     | SRW   r/w
	 ASF   r     | FLA   r	   | MKV   r	 | PFM	 r     | SVG   r
	 AVI   r     | FLAC  r	   | MNG   r/w	 | PGF	 r     | SWF   r
	 BMP   r     | FLV   r	   | MODD  r	 | PGM	 r/w   | THM   r/w
	 BTF   r     | FPF   r	   | MOS   r/w	 | PLIST r     | TIFF  r/w
	 CHM   r     | FPX   r	   | MOV   r/w	 | PICT	 r     | TORRENT r
	 COS   r     | GIF   r/w   | MP3   r	 | PMP	 r     | TTC   r
	 CR2   r/w   | GZ    r	   | MP4   r/w	 | PNG	 r/w   | TTF   r
	 CRW   r/w   | HDP   r/w   | MPC   r	 | PPM	 r/w   | VRD   r/w/c
	 CS1   r/w   | HDR   r	   | MPG   r	 | PPT	 r     | VSD   r
	 DCM   r     | HTML  r	   | MPO   r/w	 | PPTX	 r     | WAV   r
	 DCP   r/w   | ICC   r/w/c | MQV   r/w	 | PS	 r/w   | WDP   r/w
	 DCR   r     | IDML  r	   | MRW   r/w	 | PSB	 r/w   | WEBP  r
	 DFONT r     | IIQ   r/w   | MXF   r	 | PSD	 r/w   | WEBM  r
	 DIVX  r     | IND   r/w   | NEF   r/w	 | PSP	 r     | WMA   r
	 DJVU  r     | INX   r	   | NRW   r/w	 | QTIF	 r/w   | WMV   r
	 DLL   r     | ITC   r	   | NUMBERS r	 | RA	 r     | WV    r
	 DNG   r/w   | J2C   r	   | ODP   r	 | RAF	 r/w   | X3F   r/w
	 DOC   r     | JNG   r/w   | ODS   r	 | RAM	 r     | XCF   r
	 DOCX  r     | JP2   r/w   | ODT   r	 | RAR	 r     | XLS   r
	 DPX   r     | JPEG  r/w   | OFR   r	 | RAW	 r/w   | XLSX  r
	 DV    r     | K25   r	   | OGG   r	 | RIFF	 r     | XMP   r/w/c
	 DVB   r/w   | KDC   r	   | OGV   r	 | RSRC	 r     | ZIP   r
	 DYLIB r     | KEY   r	   | ORF   r/w	 | RTF	 r     |

	 Meta Information
	 ----------------------+----------------------+---------------------
	 EXIF		r/w/c  |  CIFF		 r/w  |	 Ricoh RMETA	r
	 GPS		r/w/c  |  AFCP		 r/w  |	 Picture Info	r
	 IPTC		r/w/c  |  Kodak Meta	 r/w  |	 Adobe APP14	r
	 XMP		r/w/c  |  FotoStation	 r/w  |	 MPF		r
	 MakerNotes	r/w/c  |  PhotoMechanic	 r/w  |	 Stim		r
	 Photoshop IRB	r/w/c  |  JPEG 2000	 r    |	 DPX		r
	 ICC Profile	r/w/c  |  DICOM		 r    |	 APE		r
	 MIE		r/w/c  |  Flash		 r    |	 Vorbis		r
	 JFIF		r/w/c  |  FlashPix	 r    |	 SPIFF		r
	 Ducky APP12	r/w/c  |  QuickTime	 r    |	 DjVu		r
	 PDF		r/w/c  |  Matroska	 r    |	 M2TS		r
	 PNG		r/w/c  |  MXF		 r    |	 PE/COFF	r
	 Canon VRD	r/w/c  |  PrintIM	 r    |	 AVCHD		r
	 Nikon Capture	r/w/c  |  FLAC		 r    |	 ZIP		r
	 GeoTIFF	r/w/c  |  ID3		 r    |	 (and more)

OPTIONS
       Case is not significant for any command-line option (including tag and
       group names), except for single-character options when the
       corresponding upper-case option exists.	Many single-character options
       have equivalent long-name versions (shown in brackets), and some
       options have inverses which are invoked with a leading double-dash.
       Unrecognized options are interpreted as tag names (for this reason,
       multiple single-character options may NOT be combined into one
       argument).  Contrary to standard practice, options may appear after
       source file names on the exiftool command line.

   Option Summary
       Tag operations

	 -TAG or --TAG			  Extract or exclude specified tag
	 -TAG[+-]=[VALUE]		  Write new value for tag
	 -TAG[+-]<=DATFILE		  Write tag value from contents of file
	 -TAG[+-]<SRCTAG		  Copy tag value (see -tagsFromFile)

	 -tagsFromFile SRCFILE		  Copy tag values from file
	 -x TAG	     (-exclude)		  Exclude specified tag

       Input-output text formatting

	 -args	     (-argFormat)	  Format metadata as exiftool arguments
	 -b	     (-binary)		  Output metadata in binary format
	 -c FMT	     (-coordFormat)	  Set format for GPS coordinates
	 -charset [[TYPE=]CHARSET]	  Specify encoding for special characters
	 -csv[=CSVFILE]			  Export/import tags in CSV format
	 -d FMT	     (-dateFormat)	  Set format for date/time values
	 -D	     (-decimal)		  Show tag ID numbers in decimal
	 -E, -ex     (-escape(HTML|XML))  Escape values for HTML (-E) or XML (-ex)
	 -f	     (-forcePrint)	  Force printing of all specified tags
	 -g[NUM...]  (-groupHeadings)	  Organize output by tag group
	 -G[NUM...]  (-groupNames)	  Print group name for each tag
	 -h	     (-htmlFormat)	  Use HMTL formatting for output
	 -H	     (-hex)		  Show tag ID number in hexadecimal
	 -htmlDump[OFFSET]		  Generate HTML-format binary dump
	 -j[=JSONFILE] (-json)		  Export/import tags in JSON format
	 -l	     (-long)		  Use long 2-line output format
	 -L	     (-latin)		  Use Windows Latin1 encoding
	 -lang [LANG]			  Set current language
	 -listItem INDEX		  Extract specific item from a list
	 -n	     (--printConv)	  Read/write numerical tag values
	 -p FMTFILE  (-printFormat)	  Print output in specified format
	 -php				  Export tags as a PHP Array
	 -s[NUM]     (-short)		  Short output format
	 -S	     (-veryShort)	  Very short output format
	 -sep STR    (-separator)	  Set separator string for list items
	 -sort				  Sort output alphabetically
	 -struct			  Enable output of structured information
	 -t	     (-tab)		  Output in tab-delimited list format
	 -T	     (-table)		  Output in tabular format
	 -v[NUM]     (-verbose)		  Print verbose messages
	 -w[+|!] EXT (-textOut)		  Write (or overwrite!) output text files
	 -W[+|!] FMT (-tagOut)		  Write output text file for each tag
	 -Wext EXT   (-tagOutExt)	  Write only specified file types with -W
	 -X	     (-xmlFormat)	  Use RDF/XML output format

       Processing control

	 -a	     (-duplicates)	  Allow duplicate tags to be extracted
	 -e	     (--composite)	  Do not calculate composite tags
	 -ee	     (-extractEmbedded)	  Extract information from embedded files
	 -ext EXT    (-extension)	  Process files with specified extension
	 -F[OFFSET]  (-fixBase)		  Fix the base for maker notes offsets
	 -fast[NUM]			  Increase speed for slow devices
	 -fileOrder [-]TAG		  Set file processing order
	 -i DIR	     (-ignore)		  Ignore specified directory name
	 -if EXPR			  Conditionally process files
	 -m	     (-ignoreMinorErrors) Ignore minor errors and warnings
	 -o OUTFILE  (-out)		  Set output file or directory name
	 -overwrite_original		  Overwrite original by renaming tmp file
	 -overwrite_original_in_place	  Overwrite original by copying tmp file
	 -P	     (-preserve)	  Preserve date/time of original file
	 -password PASSWD		  Password for processing protected files
	 -progress			  Show file progress count
	 -q	     (-quiet)		  Quiet processing
	 -r	     (-recurse)		  Recursively process subdirectories
	 -scanForXMP			  Brute force XMP scan
	 -u	     (-unknown)		  Extract unknown tags
	 -U	     (-unknown2)	  Extract unknown binary tags too
	 -wm MODE    (-writeMode)	  Set mode for writing/creating tags
	 -z	     (-zip)		  Read/write compressed information

       Special features

	 -geotag TRKFILE		  Geotag images from specified GPS log
	 -globalTimeShift SHIFT		  Shift all formatted date/time values
	 -use MODULE			  Add features from plug-in module

       Utilities

	 -delete_original[!]		  Delete "_original" backups
	 -restore_original		  Restore from "_original" backups

       Other options

	 -@ ARGFILE			  Read command-line arguments from file
	 -k	     (-pause)		  Pause before terminating
	 -list[w|f|wf|g[NUM]|d|x]	  List various exiftool capabilities
	 -ver				  Print exiftool version number

       Advanced options

	 -api OPT[=VAL]			  Set ExifTool API option
	 -common_args			  Define common arguments
	 -config CFGFILE		  Specify configuration file name
	 -echo[NUM] TEXT		  Echo text to stdout or stderr
	 -execute[NUM]			  Execute multiple commands on one line
	 -srcfile FMT			  Set different source file name
	 -stay_open FLAG		  Keep reading -@ argfile even after EOF

   Option Details
       Tag operations

       -TAG Extract information for the specified tag (ie. "-CreateDate").
	    Multiple tags may be specified in a single command.	 A tag name is
	    the handle by which a piece of information is referenced.  See
	    Image::ExifTool::TagNames for documentation on available tag
	    names.  A tag name may include leading group names separated by
	    colons (ie. "-EXIF:CreateDate", or "-Doc1:XMP:Creator"), and each
	    group name may be prefixed by a digit to specify family number
	    (ie.  "-1IPTC:City").  Use the -listg option to list available
	    group names by family.

	    A special tag name of "All" may be used to indicate all meta
	    information.  This is particularly useful when a group name is
	    specified to extract all information in a group (but beware that
	    unless the -a option is also used, some tags in the group may be
	    suppressed by same-named tags in other groups).  The wildcard
	    characters "?" and "*" may be used in a tag name to match any
	    single character and zero or more characters respectively.	These
	    may not be used in a group name, with the exception that a group
	    name of "*" (or "All") may be used to extract all instances of a
	    tag (as if -a was used).  Note that arguments containing wildcards
	    must be quoted on the command line of most systems to prevent
	    shell globbing.

	    A "#" may be appended to the tag name to disable the print
	    conversion on a per-tag basis (see the -n option).	This may also
	    be used when writing or copying tags.

	    If no tags are specified, all available information is extracted
	    (as if "-All" had been specified).

	    Note:  Descriptions, not tag names, are shown by default when
	    extracting information.  Use the -s option to see the tag names
	    instead.

       --TAG
	    Exclude specified tag from extracted information.  Same as the -x
	    option.  Once excluded from the output, a tag may not be re-
	    included by a subsequent option.  May also be used following a
	    -tagsFromFile option to exclude tags from being copied (when
	    redirecting to another tag, it is the source tag that should be
	    excluded), or to exclude groups from being deleted when deleting
	    all information (ie. "-all= --exif:all" deletes all but EXIF
	    information).  But note that this will not exclude individual tags
	    from a group delete (unless a family 2 group is specified, see
	    note 4 below).  Instead, individual tags may be recovered using
	    the -tagsFromFile option (ie. "-all= -tagsfromfile @ -artist").
	    Wildcards are permitted as described above for -TAG.

       -TAG[+-]=[VALUE]
	    Write a new value for the specified tag (ie. "-comment=wow"), or
	    delete the tag if no VALUE is given (ie. "-comment=").  "+=" and
	    "-=" are used to add or remove existing entries from a list, or to
	    shift date/time values (see Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl for
	    details).  "+=" may also be used to increment numerical values,
	    and "-=" may be used to conditionally delete or replace a tag (see
	    "WRITING EXAMPLES" for examples).

	    TAG may contain one or more leading family 0, 1 or 2 group names,
	    prefixed by optional family numbers, and separated colons.	If no
	    group name is specified, the tag is created in the preferred
	    group, and updated in any other location where a same-named tag
	    already exists.  The preferred group is the first group in the
	    following list where TAG is valid: 1) EXIF, 2) IPTC, 3) XMP.

	    The wildcards "*" and "?" may be used in tag names to assign the
	    same value to multiple tags.  When specified with wildcards,
	    "unsafe" tags are not written.  A tag name of "All" is eqivalent
	    to "*" (except that it doesn't require quoting, while arguments
	    with wildcards do on systems with shell globbing), and is often
	    used when deleting all metadata (ie. "-All=") or an entire group
	    (ie. "-GROUP:All=", see note 4 below).  Note that not all groups
	    are deletable, and that the JPEG APP14 "Adobe" group is not
	    removed by default with "-All=" because it may affect the
	    appearance of the image.  However, this will remove color space
	    information, so the colors may be affected (but this may be
	    avoided by copying back the tags defined by the ColorSpaceTags
	    shortcut).	Use the -listd option for a complete list of deletable
	    groups, and see note 5 below regarding the "APP" groups.  Also,
	    within an image some groups may be contained within others, and
	    these groups are removed if the containing group is deleted:

	      JPEG Image:
	      - Deleting EXIF or IFD0 also deletes ExifIFD, GlobParamIFD,
		GPS, IFD1, InteropIFD, MakerNotes, PrintIM and SubIFD.
	      - Deleting ExifIFD also deletes InteropIFD and MakerNotes.
	      - Deleting Photoshop also deletes IPTC.

	      TIFF Image:
	      - Deleting EXIF only removes ExifIFD which also deletes
		InteropIFD and MakerNotes.

	    Notes:

	    1) Many tag values may be assigned in a single command.  If two
	    assignments affect the same tag, the latter takes precedence
	    (except for list-type tags, where both values are written).

	    2) In general, MakerNotes tags are considered "Permanent", and may
	    be edited but not created or deleted individually.	This avoids
	    many potential problems including the inevitable compatibility
	    problems with OEM software which may be very inflexible about the
	    information it expects to find in the maker notes.

	    3) Changes to PDF files are reversible because the original
	    information is never actually deleted from the file.  So ExifTool
	    alone may not be used to securely edit metadata in PDF files.

	    4) Specifying "-GROUP:all=" deletes the entire group as a block
	    only if a single family 0 or 1 group is specified.	Otherwise all
	    deletable tags in the specified group(s) are removed individually,
	    and in this case is it possible to exclude individual tags from a
	    mass delete.  For example, "-time:all --Exif:Time:All" removes all
	    deletable Time tags except those in the EXIF.  This difference
	    also applies if family 2 is specified when deleting all groups.
	    For example, "-2all:all=" deletes tags individually, while
	    "-all:all=" deletes entire blocks.

	    5) The "APP" group names ("APP0" through "APP15") are used to
	    delete JPEG application segments which are not associated with
	    another deletable group.  For example, specifying "-APP14:All="
	    will NOT delete the APP14 "Adobe" segment because this is
	    accomplished with "-Adobe:All".

	    Special feature:  Integer values may be specified in hexadecimal
	    with a leading "0x", and simple rational values may be specified
	    as fractions.

       -TAG<=DATFILE or -TAG<=FMT
	    Set the value of a tag from the contents of file DATFILE.  The
	    file name may also be given by a FMT string where %d, %f and %e
	    represent the directory, file name and extension of the original
	    FILE (see the -w option for more details).	Note that quotes are
	    required around this argument to prevent shell redirection since
	    it contains a "<" symbol.  "+<=" or "-<=" may also be used to add
	    or delete specific list entries, or to shift date/time values.

       -tagsFromFile SRCFILE or FMT
	    Copy tag values from SRCFILE to FILE.  Tag names on the command
	    line after this option specify the tags to be copied, or excluded
	    from the copy.  Wildcards are permitted in these tag names.	 If no
	    tags are specified, then all possible tags (see note 1 below) from
	    the source file are copied to same-named tags in the preferred
	    location of the output file (the same as specifying "-all").  More
	    than one -tagsFromFile option may be used to copy tags from
	    multiple files.

	    By default, this option will update any existing and writable
	    same-named tags in the output FILE, but will create new tags only
	    in their preferred groups.	This allows some information to be
	    automatically transferred to the appropriate group when copying
	    between images of different formats. However, if a group name is
	    specified for a tag then the information is written only to this
	    group (unless redirected to another group, see below).  If "All"
	    is used as a group name, then each tag is written to the same
	    family 1 group it had in the source file (ie. the same specific
	    location in the metadata), but a different family may be specified
	    by adding a leading family number to the group name (ie.
	    "-0All:all").

	    SRCFILE may be the same as FILE to move information around within
	    a single file.  In this case, "@" may be used to represent the
	    source file (ie. "-tagsFromFile @"), permitting this feature to be
	    used for batch processing multiple files.  Specified tags are then
	    copied from each file in turn as it is rewritten.  For advanced
	    batch use, the source file name may also be specified using a FMT
	    string in which %d, %f and %e represent the directory, file name
	    and extension of FILE. See -w option for FMT string examples.

	    A powerful redirection feature allows a destination tag to be
	    specified for each copied tag.  With this feature, information may
	    be written to a tag with a different name or group.	 This is done
	    using "'-SRCTAG>DSTTAG'" or "'-DSTTAG<SRCTAG'" on the command line
	    after -tagsFromFile, and causes the value of SRCTAG to be copied
	    from SRCFILE and written to DSTTAG in FILE.	 Note that this
	    argument must be quoted to prevent shell redirection, and there is
	    no "=" sign as when assigning new values.  Source and/or
	    destination tags may be prefixed by a group name and/or suffixed
	    by "#".  Wildcards are allowed in both the source and destination
	    tag names.	A destination group and/or tag name of "All" or "*"
	    writes to the same family 1 group and/or tag name as the source.
	    If no destination group is specified, the information is written
	    to the preferred group.  Whitespace around the ">" or "<" is
	    ignored.  As a convenience, "-tagsFromFile @" is assumed for any
	    redirected tags which are specified without a prior -tagsFromFile
	    option.  Copied tags may also be added or deleted from a list with
	    arguments of the form "'-SRCTAG+>DSTTAG'" or "'-SRCTAG->DSTTAG'".

	    An extension of the redirection feature allows strings involving
	    tag names to be used on the right hand side of the "<" symbol with
	    the syntax "'-DSTTAG<STR'", where tag names in STR are prefixed
	    with a "$" symbol.	See the -p option for more details about this
	    syntax.  Strings starting with a "=" sign must insert a single
	    space after the "<" to avoid confusion with the "<=" operator
	    which sets the tag value from the contents of a file.  A single
	    space at the start of the string is removed if it exists, but all
	    other whitespace in the string is preserved.

	    See "COPYING EXAMPLES" for examples using -tagsFromFile.

	    Notes:

	    1) Some tags (generally tags which may affect the appearance of
	    the image) are considered "unsafe" to write, and are only copied
	    if specified explicitly (ie. no wildcards).	 See the tag name
	    documentation for more details about "unsafe" tags.

	    2) Be aware of the difference between excluding a tag from being
	    copied (--TAG), and deleting a tag (-TAG=).	 Excluding a tag
	    prevents it from being copied to the destination image, but
	    deleting will remove a pre-existing tag from the image.

	    3) The maker note information is copied as a block, so it isn't
	    affected like other information by subsequent tag assignments on
	    the command line.  Also, since the PreviewImage referenced from
	    the maker notes may be rather large, it is not copied, and must be
	    transferred separately if desired.

	    4) The order of operations is to copy all specified tags at the
	    point of the -tagsFromFile option in the command line.  Any tag
	    assignment to the right of the -tagsFromFile option is made after
	    all tags are copied.  For example, new tag values are set in the
	    order One, Two, Three then Four with this command:

		exiftool -One=1 -tagsFromFile s.jpg -Two -Four=4 -Three d.jpg

	    This is significant in the case where an overlap exists between
	    the copied and assigned tags because later operations may override
	    earlier ones.

	    5) The normal behaviour of copied tags differs subtly from that of
	    assigned tags for list-type tags.  When copying to a list, each
	    copied tag overrides any previous operations on the list.  While
	    this avoids duplicate list items when copying groups of tags from
	    a file containing redundant information, it also prevents values
	    of different tags from being copied into the same list when this
	    is the intent.  So a -addTagsFromFile option is provided which
	    allows copying of multiple tags into the same list.	 ie)

		exiftool -addtagsfromfile @ '-subject<make' '-subject<model' ...

	    Other than this difference, the -tagsFromFile and -addTagsFromFile
	    options are equivalent.

	    6) The -a option (allow duplicate tags) is always in effect when
	    copying tags from SRCFILE.

	    7) Structured tags are copied by default when copying tags.	 See
	    the -struct option for details.

       -x TAG (-exclude)
	    Exclude the specified tag.	There may be multiple -x options.
	    This has the same effect as --TAG on the command line.  May also
	    be used following a -tagsFromFile option to exclude tags from
	    being copied.

       Input-output text formatting

       Note that trailing spaces are removed from extracted values for most
       output text formats.  The exceptions are "-b", "-csv", "-j" and "-X".

       -args (-argFormat)
	    Output information in the form of exiftool arguments, suitable for
	    use with the -@ option when writing.  May be combined with the -G
	    option to include group names.  This feature may be used to
	    effectively copy tags between images, but allows the metadata to
	    be altered by editing the intermediate file ("out.args" in this
	    example):

		exiftool -args -G1 --filename --directory src.jpg > out.args
		exiftool -@ out.args dst.jpg

	    Note:  Be careful when copying information with this technique
	    since it is easy to write tags which are normally considered
	    "unsafe".  For instance, the FileName and Directory tags are
	    excluded in the example above to avoid renaming and moving the
	    destination file.  Also note that the second command above will
	    produce warning messages for any tags which are not writable.

       -b (-binary)
	    Output requested metadata in binary format without tag names or
	    descriptions.  This option is mainly used for extracting embedded
	    images or other binary data, but it may also be useful for some
	    text strings since control characters (such as newlines) are not
	    replaced by '.' as they are in the default output.	List items are
	    separated by a newline when extracted with the -b option.  May be
	    combined with "-j", "-php" or "-X" to extract binary data in JSON,
	    PHP or XML format.

       -c FMT (-coordFormat)
	    Set the print format for GPS coordinates.  FMT uses the same
	    syntax as the "printf" format string.  The specifiers correspond
	    to degrees, minutes and seconds in that order, but minutes and
	    seconds are optional.  For example, the following table gives the
	    output for the same coordinate using various formats:

			FMT		     Output
		-------------------    ------------------
		"%d deg %d' %.2f"\"    54 deg 59' 22.80"  (default for reading)
		"%d %d %.8f"	       54 59 22.80000000  (default for copying)
		"%d deg %.4f min"      54 deg 59.3800 min
		"%.6f degrees"	       54.989667 degrees

	    Notes:

	    1) To avoid loss of precision, the default coordinate format is
	    different when copying tags using the -tagsFromFile option.

	    2) If the hemisphere is known, a reference direction (N, S, E or
	    W) is appended to each printed coordinate, but adding a "+" to the
	    format specifier (ie. "%+.6f") prints a signed coordinate instead.

	    3) This print formatting may be disabled with the -n option to
	    extract coordinates as signed decimal degrees.

       -charset [[TYPE=]CHARSET]
	    If TYPE is "ExifTool" or not specified, this option sets the
	    ExifTool character encoding for output tag values when reading and
	    input values when writing.	The default ExifTool encoding is
	    "UTF8".  If no CHARSET is given, a list of available character
	    sets is returned.  Valid CHARSET values are:

		CHARSET	    Alias(es)	     Description
		----------  ---------------  ----------------------------------
		UTF8	    cp65001, UTF-8   UTF-8 characters (default)
		Latin	    cp1252, Latin1   Windows Latin1 (West European)
		Latin2	    cp1250	     Windows Latin2 (Central European)
		Cyrillic    cp1251, Russian  Windows Cyrillic
		Greek	    cp1253	     Windows Greek
		Turkish	    cp1254	     Windows Turkish
		Hebrew	    cp1255	     Windows Hebrew
		Arabic	    cp1256	     Windows Arabic
		Baltic	    cp1257	     Windows Baltic
		Vietnam	    cp1258	     Windows Vietnamese
		Thai	    cp874	     Windows Thai
		MacRoman    cp10000, Roman   Macintosh Roman
		MacLatin2   cp10029	     Macintosh Latin2 (Central Europe)
		MacCyrillic cp10007	     Macintosh Cyrillic
		MacGreek    cp10006	     Macintosh Greek
		MacTurkish  cp10081	     Macintosh Turkish
		MacRomanian cp10010	     Macintosh Romanian
		MacIceland  cp10079	     Macintosh Icelandic
		MacCroatian cp10082	     Macintosh Croatian

	    Other values of TYPE listed below are used to specify the internal
	    encoding of various meta information formats.

		TYPE	   Description					Default
		---------  -------------------------------------------	-------
		EXIF	   Internal encoding of EXIF "ASCII" strings	(none)
		ID3	   Internal encoding of ID3v1 information	Latin
		IPTC	   Internal IPTC encoding to assume when	Latin
			    IPTC:CodedCharacterSet is not defined
		Photoshop  Internal encoding of Photoshop IRB strings	Latin
		QuickTime  Internal encoding of QuickTime strings	MacRoman

	    See <http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/faq.html#Q10> for
	    more information about coded character sets.

       -csv[=CSVFILE]
	    Export information in CSV format, or import information if CSVFILE
	    is specified.  When importing, the CSV file must be in exactly the
	    same format as the exported file.  The first row of the CSVFILE
	    must be the ExifTool tag names (with optional group names) for
	    each column of the file, and values must be separated by commas.
	    A special "SourceFile" column specifies the files associated with
	    each row of information (a SourceFile of "*" may be used to match
	    any source file name).  The following examples demonstrate basic
	    use of this option:

		# generate CSV file with common tags from all images in a directory
		exiftool -common -csv dir > out.csv

		# update metadata for all images in a directory from CSV file
		exiftool -csv=a.csv dir

	    Empty values are ignored when importing.  Also, FileName and
	    Directory columns are ignored if they exist (ie. ExifTool will not
	    attempt to write these tags with a CSV import).  To force a tag to
	    be deleted, use the -f option and set the value to "-" in the CSV
	    file (or to the MissingTagValue if this API option was used).
	    Multiple databases may be imported in a single command.

	    When exporting a CSV file, the -g or -G option to add group names
	    to the tag headings.  If the -a option is used to allow duplicate
	    tag names, the duplicate tags are only included in the CSV output
	    if the column headings are unique.	Adding the -G4 option ensures
	    a unique column heading for each tag.  When exporting specific
	    tags, the CSV columns are arranged in the same order as the
	    specified tags provided the column headings exactly match the
	    specified tag names, otherwise the columns are sorted in
	    alphabetical order.

	    When importing from a CSV file, only files specified on the
	    command line are processed.	 Any extra entries in the CSV file are
	    ignored.

	    List-type tags are stored as simple strings in a CSV file, but the
	    -sep option may be used to split them back into separate items
	    when importing.

	    Special feature:  -csv+=CSVFILE may be used to add items to
	    existing lists. This affects only list-type tags.  Also applies to
	    the -j option.

	    Note that this option is fundamentally different than all other
	    output format options because it requires information from all
	    input files to be buffered in memory before the output is written.
	    This may result in excessive memory usage when processing a very
	    large number of files with a single command.  Also, it makes this
	    option incompatible with the -w option.

       -d FMT (-dateFormat)
	    Set the format for date/time tag values.  The specifics of the FMT
	    syntax are system dependent -- consult the "strftime" man page on
	    your system for details.  The default format is equivalent to
	    "%Y:%m:%d %H:%M:%S".  This option has no effect on date-only or
	    time-only tags and ignores timezone information if present.	 Only
	    one -d option may be used per command.  The inverse operation (ie.
	    un-formatting a date/time value) is currently not applied when
	    writing a date/time tag.

       -D (-decimal)
	    Show tag ID number in decimal when extracting information.

       -E, -ex (-escapeHTML, -escapeXML)
	    Escape characters in output values for HTML (-E) or XML (-ex).
	    For HTML, all characters with Unicode code points above U+007F are
	    escaped as well as the following 5 characters: & (&) ' (')
	    " (") > (>) and < (<).  For XML, only these 5
	    characters are escaped.  The -E option is implied with -h, and -ex
	    is implied with -X.	 The inverse conversion is applied when
	    writing tags.

       -f (-forcePrint)
	    Force printing of tags even if their values are not found.	This
	    option only applies when tag names are specified.  With this
	    option, a dash ("-") is printed for the value of any missing tag
	    (but this may be configured via the API MissingTagValue option).
	    May also be used to add a 'flags' attribute to the -listx output,
	    or to allow tags to be deleted when writing with the -csv=CSVFILE
	    feature.

       -g[NUM][:NUM...] (-groupHeadings)
	    Organize output by tag group.  NUM specifies a group family
	    number, and may be 0 (general location), 1 (specific location), 2
	    (category), 3 (document number) or 4 (instance number).  Multiple
	    families may be specified by separating them with colons.  By
	    default the resulting group name is simplified by removing any
	    leading "Main:" and collapsing adjacent identical group names, but
	    this can be avoided by placing a colon before the first family
	    number (ie. -g:3:1).  If NUM is not specified, -g0 is assumed.
	    Use the -listg option to list group names for a specified family.

       -G[NUM][:NUM...] (-groupNames)
	    Same as -g but print group name for each tag.

       -h (-htmlFormat)
	    Use HTML table formatting for output.  Implies the -E option.  The
	    formatting options -D, -H, -g, -G, -l and -s may be used in
	    combination with -h to influence the HTML format.

       -H (-hex)
	    Show tag ID number in hexadecimal when extracting information.

       -htmlDump[OFFSET]
	    Generate a dynamic web page containing a hex dump of the EXIF
	    information.  This can be a very powerful tool for low-level
	    analysis of EXIF information.  The -htmlDump option is also
	    invoked if the -v and -h options are used together.	 The verbose
	    level controls the maximum length of the blocks dumped.  An OFFSET
	    may be given to specify the base for displayed offsets.  If not
	    provided, the EXIF/TIFF base offset is used.  Use -htmlDump0 for
	    absolute offsets.  Currently only EXIF/TIFF and JPEG information
	    is dumped, but the -u option can be used to give a raw hex dump of
	    other file formats.

       -j[=JSONFILE] (-json)
	    Use JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) formatting for console
	    output, or import JSON file if JSONFILE is specified.  This option
	    may be combined with -g to organize the output into objects by
	    group, or -G to add group names to each tag.  List-type tags with
	    multiple items are output as JSON arrays unless -sep is used.  By
	    default XMP structures are flattened into individual tags in the
	    JSON output, but the original structure may be preserved with the
	    -struct option (this also causes all list-type XMP tags to be
	    output as JSON arrays, otherwise single-item lists are output as
	    simple strings).  The -a option is implied if the -g or -G options
	    are used, otherwise it is ignored and duplicate tags are
	    suppressed.	 Adding the -D or -H option changes tag values to JSON
	    objects with "val" and "id" fields, and adding -l adds a "desc"
	    field, and a "num" field if the numerical value is different from
	    the converted "val".  The -b option may be added to output binary
	    data, encoded in base64 if necessary (indicated by "base64:" as
	    the first 7 bytes of the value).  The -L and -charset options have
	    no effect on the JSON output.

	    If JSONFILE is specified, the file is imported and the tag
	    definitions from the file are used to set tag values on a per-file
	    basis.  The special "SourceFile" entry in each JSON object
	    associates the information with a specific target file (see the
	    -csv option for details).  The imported JSON file must have the
	    same format as the exported JSON files with the exception that the
	    -g option is not compatible with the import file format (use -G
	    instead).  Additionally, tag names in the input JSON file may be
	    suffixed with a "#" to disable print conversion.

       -l (-long)
	    Use long 2-line Canon-style output format.	Adds a description and
	    unconverted value (if it is different from the converted value) to
	    the XML, JSON or PHP output when -X, -j or -php is used.

       -L (-latin)
	    Use Windows Latin1 encoding (cp1252) for output tag values instead
	    of the default UTF-8.  When writing, -L specifies that input text
	    values are Latin1 instead of UTF-8.	 Equivalent to "-charset
	    latin".

       -lang [LANG]
	    Set current language for tag descriptions and converted values.
	    LANG is "de", "fr", "ja", etc.  Use -lang with no other arguments
	    to get a list of available languages.  The default language is
	    "en" if -lang is not specified.  Note that tag/group names are
	    always English, independent of the -lang setting, and translation
	    of warning/error messages has not yet been implemented.

	    By default, ExifTool uses UTF-8 encoding for special characters,
	    but the the -L or -charset option may be used to invoke other
	    encodings.

	    Currently, the language support is not complete, but users are
	    welcome to help improve this by submitting their own translations.
	    To submit a set of translations, first use the -listx option and
	    redirect the output to a file to generate an XML tag database,
	    then add entries for other languages, zip this file, and email it
	    to phil at owl.phy.queensu.ca for inclusion in ExifTool.

       -listItem INDEX
	    For list-type tags, this causes only the item with the specified
	    index to be extracted.  INDEX is 0 for the first item in the list.
	    Has no effect when writing or copying tags, in a -if condition, or
	    in combination with structured output options.

       -n (--printConv)
	    Read and write values as numbers instead of words.	By default,
	    extracted values are converted to a more human-readable format for
	    printing, but the -n option disables this print conversion for all
	    tags.  For example:

		> exiftool -Orientation -S a.jpg
		Orientation: Rotate 90 CW
		> exiftool -Orientation -S -n a.jpg
		Orientation: 6

	    The print conversion may also be disabled on a per-tag basis by
	    suffixing the tag name with a "#" character:

		> exiftool -Orientation# -Orientation -S a.jpg
		Orientation: 6
		Orientation: Rotate 90 CW

	    These techniques may also be used to disable the inverse print
	    conversion when writing.  For example, the following commands all
	    have the same effect:

		> exiftool -Orientation='Rotate 90 CW' a.jpg
		> exiftool -Orientation=6 -n a.jpg
		> exiftool -Orientation#=6 a.jpg

       -p FMTFILE or STR (-printFormat)
	    Print output in the format specified by the given file or string
	    (and ignore other format options).	Tag names in the format file
	    or string begin with a "$" symbol and may contain a leading group
	    names and/or a trailing "#".  Case is not significant.  Braces
	    "{}" may be used around the tag name to separate it from
	    subsequent text.  Use $$ to represent a "$" symbol, and $/ for a
	    newline.  Multiple -p options may be used, each contributing a
	    line of text to the output.	 Lines beginning with "#[HEAD]" and
	    "#[TAIL]" are output only for the first and last processed files
	    respectively.  Lines beginning with "#[BODY]" and lines not
	    beginning with "#" are output for each processed file.  Other
	    lines beginning with "#" are ignored.  For example, this format
	    file:

		# this is a comment line
		#[HEAD]-- Generated by ExifTool $exifToolVersion --
		File: $FileName - $DateTimeOriginal
		(f/$Aperture, ${ShutterSpeed}s, ISO $EXIF:ISO)
		#[TAIL]-- end --

	    with this command:

		exiftool -p test.fmt a.jpg b.jpg

	    produces output like this:

		-- Generated by ExifTool 9.60 --
		File: a.jpg - 2003:10:31 15:44:19
		(f/5.6, 1/60s, ISO 100)
		File: b.jpg - 2006:05:23 11:57:38
		(f/8.0, 1/13s, ISO 100)
		-- end --

	    When -ee (-extractEmbedded) is combined with -p, embedded
	    documents are effectively processed as separate input files.

	    If a specified tag does not exist, a minor warning is issued and
	    the line with the missing tag is not printed.  However, the -f
	    option may be used to set the value of missing tags to '-' (but
	    this may be configured via the MissingTagValue API option), or the
	    -m option may be used to ignore minor warnings and leave the
	    missing values empty.

	    An advanced formatting feature allows an arbitrary Perl expression
	    to be applied to the value of any tag by placing it inside the
	    braces after a semicolon following the tag name.  The expression
	    has access to the value of this tag through the default input
	    variable ($_), and the full API through the current ExifTool
	    object ($self).  It may contain any valid Perl code, including
	    translation ("tr///") and substitution ("s///") operations, but
	    note that braces within the expression must be balanced. The
	    example below prints the camera Make with spaces translated to
	    underlines, and multiple consecutive underlines replaced by a
	    single underline:

		exiftool -p '${make;tr/ /_/;s/__+/_/g}' image.jpg

	    A default expression of "tr(/\\?*:|"<>\0)()d" is assumed if the
	    expression is empty, which removes the characters / \ ? * : | < >
	    and null from the printed value.

       -php Format output as a PHP Array.  The -g, -G, -D, -H, -l, -sep and
	    -struct options combine with -php, and duplicate tags are handled
	    in the same way as with the -json option.  As well, the -b option
	    may be added to output binary data.	 Here is a simple example
	    showing how this could be used in a PHP script:

		<?php
		eval('$array=' . `exiftool -php -q image.jpg`);
		print_r($array);
		?>

       -s[NUM] (-short)
	    Short output format.  Prints tag names instead of descriptions.
	    Add NUM or up to 3 -s options for even shorter formats:

		-s1 or -s	 - print tag names instead of descriptions
		-s2 or -s -s	 - no extra spaces to column-align values
		-s3 or -s -s -s	 - print values only (no tag names)

	    Also effective when combined with -t, -h, -X or -listx options.

       -S (-veryShort)
	    Very short format.	The same as -s2 (or two -s options).  Tag
	    names are printed instead of descriptions, and no extra spaces are
	    added to column-align values.

       -sep STR (-separator)
	    Specify separator string for items in list-type tags.  When
	    reading, the default is to join list items with ", ".  When
	    writing, this option causes values assigned to list-type tags to
	    be split into individual items at each substring matching STR
	    (otherwise they are not split by default).	Space characters in
	    STR match zero or more whitespace characters in the value.

	    Note that an empty separator ("") is allowed, and will join items
	    with no separator when reading, or split the value into individual
	    characters when writing.

       -sort
	    Sort output by tag description, or by tag name if the -s option is
	    used.  Tags are sorted within each group when combined with the -g
	    or -G option.  When sorting by description, the sort order will
	    depend on the -lang option setting.	 Without the -sort option,
	    tags appear in the order they were specified on the command line,
	    or if not specified, the order they were extracted from the file.

       -struct, --struct
	    Output structured XMP information instead of flattening to
	    individual tags.  This option works well when combined with the
	    XML (-X) and JSON (-j) output formats.  For other output formats,
	    the structures are serialized into the same format as when writing
	    structured information (see
	    <http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/struct.html> for
	    details).  When copying, structured tags are copied by default
	    unless --struct is used to disable this feature (although
	    flattened tags may still be copied by specifying them individually
	    unless -struct is used).  These options have no effect when
	    assigning new values since both flattened and structured tags may
	    always be used when writing.

       -t (-tab)
	    Output a tab-delimited list of description/values (useful for
	    database import).  May be combined with -s to print tag names
	    instead of descriptions, or -S to print tag values only, tab-
	    delimited on a single line.	 The -t option may also be used to add
	    tag table information to the -X option output.

       -T (-table)
	    Output tag values in table form.  Equivalent to -t -S -q -f.

       -v[NUM] (-verbose)
	    Print verbose messages.  NUM specifies the level of verbosity in
	    the range 0-5, with higher numbers being more verbose.  If NUM is
	    not given, then each -v option increases the level of verbosity by
	    1.	With any level greater than 0, most other options are ignored
	    and normal console output is suppressed unless specific tags are
	    extracted.	Using -v0 causes the console output buffer to be
	    flushed after each line (which may be useful to avoid delays when
	    piping exiftool output), and prints the name of each processed
	    file when writing.	Also see the -progress option.

       -w[+|!] EXT or FMT (-textOut)
	    Write console output to files with names ending in EXT, one for
	    each source file.  The output file name is obtained by replacing
	    the source file extension (including the '.') with the specified
	    extension (and a '.' is added to the start of EXT if it doesn't
	    already contain one).  Alternatively, a FMT string may be used to
	    give more control over the output file name and directory.	In the
	    format string, %d, %f and %e represent the directory, filename and
	    extension of the source file, and %c represents a copy number
	    which is automatically incremented if the file already exists.  %d
	    includes the trailing '/' if necessary, but %e does not include
	    the leading '.'.  For example:

		-w %d%f.txt	  # same effect as "-w txt"
		-w dir/%f_%e.out  # write files to "dir" as "FILE_EXT.out"
		-w dir2/%d%f.txt  # write to "dir2", keeping dir structure
		-w a%c.txt	  # write to "a.txt" or "a1.txt" or "a2.txt"...

	    Existing files will not be overwritten unless an exclamation point
	    is added to the option name (ie. -w! or -textOut!), or a plus sign
	    to append to the existing file (ie. -w+ or -textOut+).  Both may
	    be used (ie.  -w+! or -textOut+!) to overwrite output files that
	    didn't exist before the command was run, and append the output
	    from multiple source files.	 For example, to write one output file
	    for all source files in each directory:

		exiftool -filename -createdate -T -w+! %d/out.txt -r DIR

	    Notes:

	    1) In a Windows BAT file the "%" character is represented by "%%",
	    so an argument like "%d%f.txt" is written as "%%d%%f.txt".

	    2) If the argument for -w does not contain a format code (%d, %f
	    or %e), then it is interpreted as a file extension.	 Therefore it
	    is not possible to specify a simple filename as an argument, so
	    creating a single output file from multiple source files is
	    typically done by shell redirection, ie)

		exiftool FILE1 FILE2 ... > out.txt

	    But if necessary, an empty format code may be used to force the
	    argument to be interpreted as a format string, and the same result
	    may be obtained without the use of shell redirection:

		exiftool -w+! %0fout.txt FILE1 FILE2 ...

	    Advanced features:

	    A substring of the original file name, directory or extension may
	    be taken by specifying a field width immediately following the '%'
	    character.	If the width is negative, the substring is taken from
	    the end.  The substring position (characters to ignore at the
	    start or end of the string) may be given by a second optional
	    value after a decimal point.  For example:

		Input File Name	    Format Specifier	Output File Name
		----------------    ----------------	----------------
		Picture-123.jpg	    %7f.txt		Picture.txt
		Picture-123.jpg	    %-.4f.out		Picture.out
		Picture-123.jpg	    %7f.%-3f		Picture.123
		Picture-123a.jpg    Meta%-3.1f.txt	Meta123.txt

	    For %d, the field width/position specifiers may be applied to the
	    directory levels instead of substring position by using a colon
	    instead of a decimal point in the format specifier.	 For example:

		Source Dir     Format	Result	     Notes
		------------   ------	----------   ------------------
		pics/2012/02   %2:d	pics/2012/   take top 2 levels
		pics/2012/02   %-:1d	pics/2012/   up one directory level
		pics/2012/02   %:1d	2012/02/     ignore top level
		pics/2012/02   %1:1d	2012/	     take 1 level after top
		/Users/phil    %:2d	phil/	     ignore top 2 levels

	    (Note that the root directory counts as one level when an absolute
	    path is used as in the last example above.)

	    For %c, these modifiers have a different effects.  If a field
	    width is given, the copy number is padded with zeros to the
	    specified width.  A leading '-' adds a dash before the copy
	    number, and a '+' adds an underline.  By default, the copy number
	    is omitted from the first file of a given name, but this can be
	    changed by adding a decimal point to the modifier.	For example:

		-w A%-cZ.txt	  # AZ.txt, A-1Z.txt, A-2Z.txt ...
		-w B%5c.txt	  # B.txt, B00001.txt, B00002.txt ...
		-w C%.c.txt	  # C0.txt, C1.txt, C2.txt ...
		-w D%-.c.txt	  # D-0.txt, D-1.txt, D-2.txt ...
		-w E%-.4c.txt	  # E-0000.txt, E-0001.txt, E-0002.txt ...
		-w F%-.4nc.txt	  # F-0001.txt, F-0002.txt, F-0003.txt ...
		-w G%+c.txt	  # G.txt, G_1.txt G_2.txt ...
		-w H%-lc.txt	  # H.txt, H-b.txt, H-c.txt ...

	    A special feature allows the copy number to be incremented for
	    each processed file by using %C (upper case) instead of %c.	 This
	    allows a sequential number to be added to output file names, even
	    if the names are different.	 For %C, a copy number of zero is not
	    omitted as it is with %c.  The number before the decimal place
	    gives the starting index, the number after the decimal place gives
	    the field width.  The following examples show the output filenames
	    when used with the command "exiftool rose.jpg star.jpg jet.jpg
	    ...":

		-w %C%f.txt	  # 0rose.txt, 1star.txt, 2jet.txt
		-w %f-%10C.txt	  # rose-10.txt, star-11.txt, jet-12.txt
		-w %.3C-%f.txt	  # 000-rose.txt, 001-star.txt, 002-jet.txt
		-w %57.4C%f.txt	  # 0057rose.txt, 0058star.txt, 0059jet.txt

	    All format codes may be modified by 'l' or 'u' to specify lower or
	    upper case respectively (ie. %le for a lower case file extension).
	    When used to modify %c or %C, the numbers are changed to an
	    alphabetical base (see example H above).  Also, %c may be modified
	    by 'n' to count using natural numbers starting from 1, instead of
	    0 (see example F above).

	    This same FMT syntax is used with the -o and -tagsFromFile
	    options, although %c is only valid for output file names.

       -W[!|+] FMT (-tagOut)
	    This enhanced version of the -w option allows a separate output
	    file to be created for each extracted tag.	The differences
	    between -W and -w are as follows:

	    1) With -W, a new output file is created for each extracted tag.

	    2) -W supports three additional format codes:  %t, %g and %s
	    represent the tag name, group name, and suggested extension for
	    the output file (based on the format of the data).	The %g code
	    may be followed by a single digit to specify the group family
	    number (ie. %g1), otherwise family 0 is assumed.  The substring
	    width/position/case specifiers may be used with these format codes
	    in exactly the same way as with %f and %e.

	    3) The argument for -W is interpreted as a file name if it
	    contains no format codes.  (For -w, this would be a file
	    extension.)	 This change allows a simple file name to be
	    specified, which, when combined with the append feature, provides
	    a method to write metadata from multiple source files to a single
	    output file without the need for shell redirection.

	    4) Adding the -v option to -W generates a list of the tags and
	    output file names instead of giving a verbose dump of the entire
	    file.  (Unless appending all output to one file for each source
	    file by using -W+ with an output file FMT that does not contain
	    %t, $g or %s.)

	    5) Individual list items are stored in separate files when -W is
	    combined with -b, but note that for separate files to be created
	    %c must be used in FMT to give the files unique names.

       -Wext EXT, --Wext EXT (-tagOutExt)
	    This option is used to specify the type of output file(s) written
	    by the -W option.  An output file is written only if the suggested
	    extension matches EXT.  Multiple -Wext options may be used to
	    write more than one type of file.  Use --Wext to write all but the
	    specified type(s).

       -X (-xmlFormat)
	    Use ExifTool-specific RDF/XML formatting for console output.
	    Implies the -a option, so duplicate tags are extracted.  The
	    formatting options -b, -D, -H, -l, -s, -sep, -struct and -t may be
	    used in combination with -X to affect the output, but note that
	    the tag ID (-D, -H and -t), binary data (-b) and structured output
	    (-struct) options are not effective for the short output (-s).
	    Another restriction of -s is that only one tag with a given group
	    and name may appear in the output.	Note that the tag ID options
	    (-D, -H and -t) will produce non-standard RDF/XML unless the -l
	    option is also used.  By default, list-type tags with multiple
	    values are formatted as an RDF Bag, but they are combined into a
	    single string when -s or -sep is used.  Using -L changes the XML
	    encoding from "UTF-8" to "windows-1252".  Other -charset settings
	    change the encoding only if there is a corresponding standard XML
	    character set.  The -b option causes binary data values to be
	    written, encoded in base64 if necessary.  The -t option adds tag
	    table information to the output (table "name", decimal tag "id",
	    and "index" for cases where multiple conditional tags exist with
	    the same ID).

	    Note: This output is NOT the same as XMP because it uses
	    dynamically-generated property names corresponding to the ExifTool
	    tag names, and not the standard XMP properties.  To write XMP
	    instead, use the -o option with an XMP extension for the output
	    file.

       Processing control

       -a, --a (-duplicates, --duplicates)
	    Allow (-a) or suppress (--a) duplicate tag names to be extracted.
	    By default, duplicate tags are suppressed unless the -ee or -X
	    options are used or the Duplicates option is enabled in the
	    configuration file.

       -e (--composite)
	    Extract existing tags only -- don't calculate composite tags.

       -ee (-extractEmbedded)
	    Extract information from embedded documents in EPS files, embedded
	    EPS information and JPEG and Jpeg2000 images in PDF files,
	    embedded MPF images in JPEG and MPO files, streaming metadata in
	    AVCHD videos, and the resource fork of Mac OS files.  Implies the
	    -a option.	Use -g3 or -G3 to identify the originating document
	    for extracted information. Embedded documents containing sub-
	    documents are indicated with dashes in the family 3 group name.
	    (ie. "Doc2-3" is the 3rd sub-document of the 2nd embedded
	    document.) Note that this option may increase processing time
	    substantially, especially for PDF files with many embedded images.

       -ext EXT, --ext EXT (-extension)
	    Process only files with (-ext) or without (--ext) a specified
	    extension.	There may be multiple -ext and --ext options.
	    Extensions may begin with a leading '.', and case is not
	    significant.  For example:

		exiftool -ext .JPG DIR		  # process only JPG files
		exiftool --ext cr2 --ext dng DIR  # supported files but CR2/DNG
		exiftool --ext . DIR		  # ignore if no extension
		exiftool -ext "*" DIR		  # process all files
		exiftool -ext "*" --ext xml DIR	  # process all but XML files

	    The extension may be "*" as in the last two examples above to
	    force processing files with any extension (not just supported
	    files).

	    Using this option has two main advantages over specifying "*.EXT"
	    on the command line:  1) It applies to files in subdirectories
	    when combined with the -r option.  2) The -ext option is case-
	    insensitive, which is useful when processing files on case-
	    sensitive filesystems.

       -F[OFFSET] (-fixBase)
	    Fix the base for maker notes offsets.  A common problem with some
	    image editors is that offsets in the maker notes are not adjusted
	    properly when the file is modified.	 This may cause the wrong
	    values to be extracted for some maker note entries when reading
	    the edited file.  This option allows an integer OFFSET to be
	    specified for adjusting the maker notes base offset.  If no OFFSET
	    is given, ExifTool takes its best guess at the correct base.  Note
	    that exiftool will automatically fix the offsets for images which
	    store original offset information (ie. newer Canon models).
	    Offsets are fixed permanently if -F is used when writing EXIF to
	    an image. ie)

		exiftool -F -exif:resolutionunit=inches image.jpg

       -fast[NUM]
	    Increase speed of extracting information from JPEG images.	With
	    this option, ExifTool will not scan to the end of a JPEG image to
	    check for an AFCP or PreviewImage trailer, or past the first
	    comment in GIF images or the audio/video data in WAV/AVI files to
	    search for additional metadata.  These speed benefits are small
	    when reading images directly from disk, but can be substantial if
	    piping images through a network connection.	 For more substantial
	    speed benefits, -fast2 also causes exiftool to avoid extracting
	    any EXIF MakerNote information.

       -fileOrder [-]TAG
	    Set file processing order according to the sorted value of the
	    specified TAG.  For example, to process files in order of date:

		exiftool -fileOrder DateTimeOriginal DIR

	    Additional -fileOrder options may be added for secondary sort
	    keys.  Floating point values are sorted numerically, and all other
	    values are sorted alphabetically.  The sort order may be reversed
	    by prefixing the tag name with a "-" (ie. "-fileOrder
	    -createdate").  A "#" may be appended to the tag name to disable
	    print conversion for the sorted values.  Note that the -fileOrder
	    option has a large performance impact since it involves an
	    additional processing pass of each file.

       -i DIR (-ignore)
	    Ignore specified directory name.  Use multiple -i options to
	    ignore more than one directory name.  A special DIR value of
	    "SYMLINKS" (case sensitive) may be specified to ignore symbolic
	    links when the -r option is used.

       -if EXPR
	    Specify a condition to be evaluated before processing each FILE.
	    EXPR is a Perl-like logic expression containing tag names prefixed
	    by "$" symbols.  It is evaluated with the tags from each FILE in
	    turn, and the file is processed only if the expression returns
	    true.  Unlike Perl variable names, tag names are not case
	    sensitive and may contain a hyphen.	 As well, tag names may have a
	    leading group names separated by colons, and/or a trailing "#"
	    character to disable print conversion.  The expression $GROUP:all
	    evaluates to 1 if any tag exists in the specified "GROUP", or 0
	    otherwise (see note 2 below).  When multiple -if options are used,
	    all conditions must be satisfied to process the file.  Returns an
	    exit status of 1 if all files fail the condition.  Below are a few
	    examples:

		# extract shutterspeed from all Canon images in a directory
		exiftool -shutterspeed -if '$make eq "Canon"' dir

		# add one hour to all images created on or after Apr. 2, 2006
		exiftool -alldates+=1 -if '$CreateDate ge "2006:04:02"' dir

		# set EXIF ISO value if possible, unless it is set already
		exiftool '-exif:iso<iso' -if 'not $exif:iso' dir

		# find images containing a specific keyword (case insensitive)
		exiftool -if '$keywords =~ /harvey/i' -filename dir

	    Notes:

	    1) The -n and -b options also apply to tags used in EXPR.

	    2) Some binary data blocks are not extracted unless specified
	    explicitly.	 These tags are not available for use in the -if
	    condition unless they are also specified on the command line.  The
	    alternative is to use the $GROUP:all syntax. (ie. Use $exif:all
	    instead of $exif in EXPR to test for the existence of EXIF tags.)

	    3) Tags in the string are interpolated the same way as with -p
	    before the expression is evaluated.	 In this interpolation, $/ is
	    converted to a newline and $$ represents a single "$" symbol (so
	    Perl variables, if used, require a double "$").

	    4) The condition may only test tags from the file being processed.
	    To process one file based on tags from another, two steps are
	    required.  For example, to process XMP sidecar files in directory
	    "DIR" based on tags from the associated NEF:

		exiftool -if EXPR -p '$directory/$filename' -ext nef DIR > nef.txt
		exiftool -@ nef.txt -srcfile %d%f.xmp ...

	    5) The -a option has no effect on the evaluation of the
	    expression, and the values of duplicate tags are accessible only
	    by specifying a group name (such as a family 4 instance number,
	    ie. $Copy1:TAG, $Copy2:TAG, etc).

       -m (-ignoreMinorErrors)
	    Ignore minor errors and warnings.  This enables writing to files
	    with minor errors and disables some validation checks which could
	    result in minor warnings.  Generally, minor errors/warnings
	    indicate a problem which usually won't result in loss of metadata
	    if ignored.	 However, there are exceptions, so ExifTool leaves it
	    up to you to make the final decision.  Minor errors and warnings
	    are indicated by "[minor]" at the start of the message.  Warnings
	    which affect processing when ignored are indicated by "[Minor]"
	    (with a capital "M").

       -o OUTFILE or FMT (-out)
	    Set the output file or directory name when writing information.
	    Without this option, when any "real" tags are written the original
	    file is renamed to "FILE_original" and output is written to FILE.
	    When writing only FileName and/or Directory "pseudo" tags, -o
	    causes the file to be copied instead of moved, but directories
	    specified for either of these tags take precedence over that
	    specified by the -o option.

	    OUTFILE may be "-" to write to stdout.  The output file name may
	    also be specified using a FMT string in which %d, %f and %e
	    represent the directory, file name and extension of FILE.  Also,
	    %c may be used to add a copy number. See the -w option for FMT
	    string examples.

	    The output file is taken to be a directory name if it already
	    exists as a directory or if the name ends with '/'.	 Output
	    directories are created if necessary.  Existing files will not be
	    overwritten.  Combining the -overwrite_original option with -o
	    causes the original source file to be erased after the output file
	    is successfully written.

	    A special feature of this option allows the creation of certain
	    types of files from scratch, or with the metadata from another
	    type of file.  The following file types may be created using this
	    technique:

		XMP, ICC/ICM, MIE, VRD, EXIF

	    The output file type is determined by the extension of OUTFILE
	    (specified as "-.EXT" when writing to stdout).  The output file is
	    then created from a combination of information in FILE (as if the
	    -tagsFromFile option was used), and tag values assigned on the
	    command line.  If no FILE is specified, the output file may be
	    created from scratch using only tags assigned on the command line.

       -overwrite_original
	    Overwrite the original FILE (instead of preserving it by adding
	    "_original" to the file name) when writing information to an
	    image.  Caution: This option should only be used if you already
	    have separate backup copies of your image files.  The overwrite is
	    implemented by renaming a temporary file to replace the original.
	    This deletes the original file and replaces it with the edited
	    version in a single operation.  When combined with -o, this option
	    causes the original file to be deleted if the output file was
	    successfully written (ie. the file is moved instead of copied).

       -overwrite_original_in_place
	    Similar to -overwrite_original except that an extra step is added
	    to allow the original file attributes to be preserved.  For
	    example, on a Mac this causes the original file creation date,
	    type, creator, label color, icon, Finder tags and hard links to
	    the file to be preserved (but note that the Mac OS resource fork
	    is always preserved unless specifically deleted with
	    "-rsrc:all=").  This is implemented by opening the original file
	    in update mode and replacing its data with a copy of a temporary
	    file before deleting the temporary.	 The extra step results in
	    slower performance, so the -overwrite_original option should be
	    used instead unless necessary.

       -P (-preserve)
	    Preserve the filesystem modification date/time of the original
	    file ("FileModifyDate") when writing.  Note that some filesystems
	    store a creation date which is not preserved by this option, with
	    the exception of Windows systems where Win32API::File::Time is
	    available.	For other systems, the -overwrite_original_in_place
	    option may be used if necessary to preserve the creation date.

       -password PASSWD
	    Specify password to allow processing of password-protected PDF
	    documents.	If a password is required but not given, a warning is
	    issued and the document is not processed.  Ignored if a password
	    is not required.

       -progress
	    Show file progress count in messages.  The progress count appears
	    in brackets after then name of each processed file, and gives the
	    current file number and the total number of files to be processed.
	    Implies the -v0 option, which prints the name of each processed
	    file when writing.	When combined with the [tt]-if[/tt] option,
	    the total count includes all files before the condition is
	    applied, but files that fail the condition will not have their
	    names printed.

       -q (-quiet)
	    Quiet processing.  One -q suppresses normal informational
	    messages, and a second -q suppresses warnings as well.  Error
	    messages can not be suppressed, although minor errors may be
	    downgraded to warnings with the -m option.

       -r (-recurse)
	    Recursively process files in subdirectories.  Only meaningful if
	    FILE is a directory name.  By default, exiftool will also follow
	    symbolic links to directories if supported by the system, but this
	    may be disabled with "-i SYMLINKS" (see the -i option for
	    details).

       -scanForXMP
	    Scan all files (even unsupported formats) for XMP information
	    unless found already.  When combined with the -fast option, only
	    unsupported file types are scanned.	 Warning: It can be time
	    consuming to scan large files.

       -u (-unknown)
	    Extract values of unknown tags.  Add another -u to also extract
	    unknown information from binary data blocks.  This option applies
	    to tags with numerical tag ID's, and causes tag names like
	    "Exif_0xc5d9" to be generated for unknown information.  It has no
	    effect on information types which have human-readable tag ID's
	    (such as XMP), since unknown tags are extracted automatically from
	    these formats.

       -U (-unknown2)
	    Extract values of unknown tags as well as unknown information from
	    some binary data blocks.  This is the same as two -u options.

       -wm MODE (-writeMode)
	    Set mode for writing/creating tags.	 MODE is a string of one or
	    more characters from the list below.  Write mode is "wcg" unless
	    otherwise specified.

		w - Write existing tags
		c - Create new tags
		g - create new Groups as necessary

	    The level of the group is the SubDirectory level in the metadata
	    structure.	For XMP or IPTC this is the full XMP/IPTC block (the
	    family 0 group), but for EXIF this is the individual IFD (the
	    family 1 group).

       -z (-zip)
	    When reading, causes information to be extracted from .gz and .bz2
	    compressed images.	(Only one image per archive.  Requires gzip
	    and bzip2 to be installed on the system.)  When writing, causes
	    compressed information to be written if supported by the image
	    format.  (ie. The PNG format supports compressed text.)  This
	    option also disables the recommended padding in embedded XMP,
	    saving 2424 bytes when writing XMP in a file.

       Special features

       -geotag TRKFILE
	    Geotag images from the specified GPS track log file.  Using the
	    -geotag option is equivalent to writing a value to the "Geotag"
	    tag.  After the -geotag option has been specified, the value of
	    the "Geotime" tag is written to define a date/time for the
	    position interpolation.  If "Geotime" is not specified, the value
	    is copied from "DateTimeOriginal".	For example, the following two
	    commands are equivalent:

		exiftool -geotag track.log image.jpg
		exiftool -geotag "-Geotime<DateTimeOriginal" image.jpg

	    When the "Geotime" value is converted to UTC, the local system
	    timezone is assumed unless the date/time value contains a
	    timezone.  Writing "Geotime" causes the following tags to be
	    written (provided they can be calculated from the track log, and
	    they are supported by the destination metadata format):
	    GPSLatitude, GPSLatitudeRef, GPSLongitude, GPSLongitudeRef,
	    GPSAltitude, GPSAltitudeRef, GPSDateStamp, GPSTimeStamp,
	    GPSDateTime, GPSTrack, GPSTrackRef, GPSSpeed, GPSSpeedRef,
	    GPSImgDirection, GPSImgDirectionRef, GPSPitch and GPSRoll.	By
	    default, tags are created in EXIF, and updated in XMP only if they
	    already exist.  However, "EXIF:Geotime" or "XMP:Geotime" may be
	    specified to write only EXIF or XMP tags respectively.  Note that
	    GPSPitch and GPSRoll are non-standard, and require user-defined
	    tags in order to be written.

	    The "Geosync" tag may be used to specify a time correction which
	    is applied to each "Geotime" value for synchronization with GPS
	    time.  For example, the following command compensates for image
	    times which are 1 minute and 20 seconds behind GPS:

		exiftool -geosync=+1:20 -geotag a.log DIR

	    "Geosync" must be set before "Geotime" (if specified) to be
	    effective.	Advanced "Geosync" features allow a linear time drift
	    correction and synchronization from previously geotagged images.
	    See "geotag.html" in the full ExifTool distribution for more
	    information.

	    Multiple -geotag options may be used to concatinate GPS track log
	    data.  Also, a single -geotag option may be used to load multiple
	    track log files by using wildcards in the TRKFILE name, but note
	    that in this case TRKFILE must be quoted on most systems (with the
	    notable exception of Windows) to prevent filename expansion.  For
	    example:

		exiftool -geotag "TRACKDIR/*.log" IMAGEDIR

	    Currently supported track file formats are GPX, NMEA RMC/GGA/GLL,
	    KML, IGC, Garmin XML and TCX, Magellan PMGNTRK, Honeywell PTNTHPR,
	    and Winplus Beacon text files.  See "GEOTAGGING EXAMPLES" for
	    examples.  Also see "geotag.html" in the full ExifTool
	    distribution and the Image::ExifTool Options for more details and
	    for information about geotag configuration options.

       -globalTimeShift SHIFT
	    Shift all formatted date/time values by the specified amount when
	    reading.  Does not apply to unformatted (-n) output.  SHIFT takes
	    the same form as the date/time shift when writing (see
	    Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl for details), with a negative shift
	    being indicated with a minus sign ("-") at the start of the SHIFT
	    string.  For example:

		# return all date/times, shifted back by 1 hour
		exiftool -globalTimeShift -1 -time:all a.jpg

		# set the file name from the shifted CreateDate (-1 day) for
		# all images in a directory
		exiftool "-filename<createdate" -globaltimeshift "-0:0:1 0:0:0" \
		    -d %Y%m%d-%H%M%S.%%e dir

       -use MODULE
	    Add features from specified plug-in MODULE.	 Currently, the MWG
	    module is the only plug-in module distributed with exiftool.  This
	    module adds read/write support for tags as recommended by the
	    Metadata Working Group.  To save typing, "-use MWG" is assumed if
	    the "MWG" group is specified for any tag on the command line.  See
	    the MWG Tags documentation for more details.  Note that this
	    option is not reversible, and remains in effect until the
	    application terminates, even across the "-execute" option.

       Utilities

       -restore_original
       -delete_original[!]
	    These utility options automate the maintenance of the "_original"
	    files created by exiftool.	They have no effect on files without
	    an "_original" copy.  The -restore_original option restores the
	    specified files from their original copies by renaming the
	    "_original" files to replace the edited versions.  For example,
	    the following command restores the originals of all JPG images in
	    directory "DIR":

		exiftool -restore_original -ext jpg DIR

	    The -delete_original option deletes the "_original" copies of all
	    files specified on the command line.  Without a trailing "!" this
	    option prompts for confirmation before continuing.	For example,
	    the following command deletes "a.jpg_original" if it exists, after
	    asking "Are you sure?":

		exiftool -delete_original a.jpg

	    These options may not be used with other options to read or write
	    tag values in the same command, but may be combined with options
	    such -ext, -if, -r, -q and -v.

       Other options

       -@ ARGFILE
	    Read command-line arguments from the specified file.  The file
	    contains one argument per line (NOT one option per line -- some
	    options require additional arguments, and all arguments must be
	    placed on separate lines).	Blank lines and lines beginning with
	    "#" and are ignored.  Normal shell processing of arguments is not
	    performed, which among other things means that arguments should
	    not be quoted and spaces are treated as any other character.
	    ARGFILE may exist relative to either the current directory or the
	    exiftool directory unless an absolute pathname is given.

	    For example, the following ARGFILE will set the value of Copyright
	    to "Copyright YYYY, Phil Harvey", where "YYYY" is the year of
	    CreateDate:

		-d
		%Y
		-copyright<Copyright $createdate, Phil Harvey

       -k (-pause)
	    Pause with the message "-- press any key --" or "-- press RETURN
	    --" (depending on your system) before terminating.	This option is
	    used to prevent the command window from closing when run as a
	    Windows drag and drop application.

       -list, -listw, -listf, -listr, -listwf, -listg[NUM], -listd, -listx
	    Print a list of all valid tag names (-list), all writable tag
	    names (-listw), all supported file extensions (-listf), all
	    recognized file extensions (-listr), all writable file extensions
	    (-listwf), all tag groups [in a specified family] (-listg[NUM]),
	    all deletable tag groups (-listd), or an XML database of tag
	    details including language translations (-listx).  The -list,
	    -listw and -listx options may be followed by an additional
	    argument of the form "-GROUP:All" to list only tags in a specific
	    group, where "GROUP" is one or more family 0-2 group names
	    (excepting EXIF IFD groups) separated by colons.  With -listg, NUM
	    may be given to specify the group family, otherwise family 0 is
	    assumed.  Here are some examples:

		-list		    # list all tag names
		-list -EXIF:All	    # list all EXIF tags
		-list -xmp:time:all # list all XMP tags relating to time
		-listw -XMP-dc:All  # list all writable XMP-dc tags
		-listf		    # list all supported file extensions
		-listr		    # list all recognized file extensions
		-listwf		    # list all writable file extensions
		-listg1		    # list all groups in family 1
		-listd		    # list all deletable groups
		-listx -EXIF:All    # list database of EXIF tags in XML format
		-listx -XMP:All -s  # list short XML database of XMP tags

	    When combined with -listx, the -s option shortens the output by
	    omitting the descriptions and values (as in the last example
	    above), and -f adds a 'flags' attribute if applicable.  The flags
	    are formatted as a comma-separated list of the following possible
	    values:  Avoid, Binary, List, Mandatory, Permanent, Protected,
	    Unknown and Unsafe (see the Tag Name documentation).  For XMP List
	    tags, the list type (Alt, Bag or Seq) is added to the flags, and
	    flattened structure tags are indicated by a Flattened flag.

	    Note that none of the -list options require an input FILE.

       -ver Print exiftool version number.

       Advanced options

       Among other things, the advanced options allow complex processing to be
       performed from a single command without the need for additional
       scripting.  This may be particularly useful for implementations such as
       Windows drag-and-drop applications.  These options may also be used to
       improve performance in multi-pass processing by reducing the overhead
       required to load exiftool for each invocation.

       -api OPT[=VAL]
	    Set ExifTool API option.  OPT is an API option name.  The option
	    value is set to 1 if =VAL is omitted.  See Image::ExifTool Options
	    for a list of available API options.  This overrides API options
	    set via the config file.

       -common_args
	    Specifies that all arguments following this option are common to
	    all executed commands when -execute is used.  This and the -config
	    option are the only options that may not be used inside a -@
	    ARGFILE.  Note that by definition this option and its arguments
	    MUST come after all other options on the command line.

       -config CFGFILE
	    Load specified configuration file instead of the default
	    ".ExifTool_config".	 If used, this option must come before all
	    other arguments on the command line.  The CFGFILE name may contain
	    a directory specification (otherwise the file must exist in the
	    current directory), or may be set to an empty string ("") to
	    disable loading of the config file.	 See the sample configuration
	    file and "config.html" in the full ExifTool distribution for more
	    information about the ExifTool configuration file.

       -echo[NUM] TEXT
	    Echo text to stdout (-echo or -echo1) or stderr (-echo2).  Text is
	    output as the command line is parsed, before the processing of any
	    input files.  NUM may also be 3 or 4 to output text (to stdout or
	    stderr respectively) after processing is complete.

       -execute[NUM]
	    Execute command for all arguments up to this point on the command
	    line.  Allows multiple commands to be executed from a single
	    command line.  NUM is an optional number that is echoed in the
	    "{ready}" message when using the -stay_open feature.

       -srcfile FMT
	    Specify a different source file to be processed based on the name
	    of the original FILE.  This may be useful in some special
	    situations for processing related preview images or sidecar files.
	    See the -w option for a description of the FMT syntax.  Note that
	    file name FMT strings for all options are based on the original
	    FILE specified from the command line, not the name of the source
	    file specified by -srcfile.

	    If than one -srcfile option is specified, the files are tested in
	    order and the first existing source file is processed.  If none of
	    the source files already exist, then exiftool uses the first
	    -srcfile specified.

	    A FMT of "@" may be used to represent the original FILE, which may
	    be useful when specifying multiple -srcfile options (ie. to fall
	    back to processing the original FILE if no sidecar exists).

       -stay_open FLAG
	    If FLAG is 1 or "True", causes exiftool keep reading from the -@
	    ARGFILE even after reaching the end of file.  This feature allows
	    calling applications to pre-load exiftool, thus avoiding the
	    overhead of loading exiftool for each command.  The procedure is
	    as follows:

	    1) Execute "exiftool -stay_open True -@ ARGFILE", where ARGFILE is
	    the name of an existing (possibly empty) argument file or "-" to
	    pipe arguments from the standard input.

	    2) Write exiftool command-line arguments to ARGFILE, one argument
	    per line (see the -@ option for details).

	    3) Write "-execute\n" to ARGFILE, where "\n" represents a newline
	    sequence.  (Note: You may need to flush your write buffers here if
	    using buffered output.)  Exiftool will then execute the command
	    with the arguments received up to this point, send a "{ready}"
	    message to stdout when done (unless the -q or -T option is used),
	    and continue trying to read arguments for the next command from
	    ARGFILE.  To aid in command/response synchronization, any number
	    appended to the "-execute" option is echoed in the "{ready}"
	    message.  For example, "-execute613" results in "{ready613}".

	    4) Repeat steps 2 and 3 for each command.

	    5) Write "-stay_open\nFalse\n" to ARGFILE when done.  This will
	    cause exiftool to process any remaining command-line arguments
	    then exit normally.

	    The input ARGFILE may be changed at any time before step 5 above
	    by writing the following lines to the currently open ARGFILE:

		-stay_open
		True
		-@
		NEWARGFILE

	    This causes ARGFILE to be closed, and NEWARGFILE to be kept open.
	    (Without the -stay_open here, exiftool would have returned to
	    reading arguments from ARGFILE after reaching the end of
	    NEWARGFILE.)

	    Note:  When writing arguments to a disk file there is a delay of
	    up to 0.01 seconds after writing "-execute\n" before exiftool
	    starts processing the command.  This delay may be avoided by
	    sending a CONT signal to the exiftool process immediately after
	    writing "-execute\n".  (There is no associated delay when writing
	    arguments via a pipe with "-@ -", so the signal is not necessary
	    when using this technique.)

READING EXAMPLES
       Note: Beware when cutting and pasting these examples into your
       terminal!  Some characters such as single and double quotes and hyphens
       may have been changed into similar-looking yet functionally-different
       characters by the text formatter used to display this documentation.
       Also note that Windows users must use double quotes instead of single
       quotes as below around arguments containing special characters.

       exiftool -a -u -g1 a.jpg
	    Print all meta information in an image, including duplicate and
	    unknown tags, sorted by group (for family 1).

       exiftool -common dir
	    Print common meta information for all images in "dir".  "-common"
	    is a shortcut tag representing common EXIF meta information.

       exiftool -T -createdate -aperture -shutterspeed -iso dir > out.txt
	    List specified meta information in tab-delimited column form for
	    all images in "dir" to an output text file named "out.txt".

       exiftool -s -ImageSize -ExposureTime b.jpg
	    Print ImageSize and ExposureTime tag names and values.

       exiftool -l -canon c.jpg d.jpg
	    Print standard Canon information from two image files.

       exiftool -r -w .txt -common pictures
	    Recursively extract common meta information from files in
	    "pictures" directory, writing text output to ".txt" files with the
	    same names.

       exiftool -b -ThumbnailImage image.jpg > thumbnail.jpg
	    Save thumbnail image from "image.jpg" to a file called
	    "thumbnail.jpg".

       exiftool -b -JpgFromRaw -w _JFR.JPG -ext NEF -r .
	    Recursively extract JPG image from all Nikon NEF files in the
	    current directory, adding "_JFR.JPG" for the name of the output
	    JPG files.

       exiftool -d '%r %a, %B %e, %Y' -DateTimeOriginal -S -s -ext jpg .
	    Print formatted date/time for all JPG files in the current
	    directory.

       exiftool -IFD1:XResolution -IFD1:YResolution image.jpg
	    Extract image resolution from EXIF IFD1 information (thumbnail
	    image IFD).

       exiftool '-*resolution*' image.jpg
	    Extract all tags with names containing the word "Resolution" from
	    an image.

       exiftool -xmp:author:all -a image.jpg
	    Extract all author-related XMP information from an image.

       exiftool -xmp -b a.jpg > out.xmp
	    Extract complete XMP data record intact from "a.jpg" and write it
	    to "out.xmp" using the special "XMP" tag (see the Extra tags in
	    Image::ExifTool::TagNames).

       exiftool -p '$filename has date $dateTimeOriginal' -q -f dir
	    Print one line of output containing the file name and
	    DateTimeOriginal for each image in directory "dir".

       exiftool -ee -p '$gpslatitude, $gpslongitude, $gpstimestamp' a.m2ts
	    Extract all GPS positions from an AVCHD video.

       exiftool -icc_profile -b -w icc image.jpg
	    Save complete ICC_Profile from an image to an output file with the
	    same name and an extension of ".icc".

       exiftool -htmldump -w tmp/%f_%e.html t/images
	    Generate HTML pages from a hex dump of EXIF information in all
	    images from the "t/images" directory.  The output HTML files are
	    written to the "tmp" directory (which is created if it didn't
	    exist), with names of the form 'FILENAME_EXT.html'.

       exiftool -a -b -ee -embeddedimage -W Image_%.3g3.%s file.pdf
	    Extract embedded JPG and JP2 images from a PDF file.  The output
	    images will have file names like "Image_#.jpg" or "Image_#.jp2",
	    where "#" is the ExifTool family 3 embedded document number for
	    the image.

WRITING EXAMPLES
       Note that quotes are necessary around arguments which contain certain
       special characters such as ">", "<" or any white space.	These quoting
       techniques are shell dependent, but the examples below will work for
       most Unix shells.  With the Windows cmd shell however, double quotes
       should be used (ie. -Comment="This is a new comment").

       exiftool -Comment='This is a new comment' dst.jpg
	    Write new comment to a JPG image (replaces any existing comment).

       exiftool -comment= -o newdir -ext jpg .
	    Remove comment from all JPG images in the current directory,
	    writing the modified images to a new directory.

       exiftool -keywords=EXIF -keywords=editor dst.jpg
	    Replace existing keyword list with two new keywords ("EXIF" and
	    "editor").

       exiftool -Keywords+=word -o newfile.jpg src.jpg
	    Copy a source image to a new file, and add a keyword ("word") to
	    the current list of keywords.

       exiftool -exposurecompensation+=-0.5 a.jpg
	    Decrement the value of ExposureCompensation by 0.5 EV.  Note that
	    += with a negative value is used for decrementing because the -=
	    operator is used for conditional deletion (see next example).

       exiftool -credit-=xxx dir
	    Delete Credit information from all files in a directory where the
	    Credit value was ("xxx").

       exiftool -xmp:description-de='kühl' -E dst.jpg
	    Write alternate language for XMP:Description, using HTML character
	    escaping to input special characters.

       exiftool -all= dst.jpg
	    Delete all meta information from an image.	Note: You should NOT
	    do this to RAW images (except DNG) since proprietary RAW image
	    formats often contain information in the makernotes that is
	    necessary for converting the image.

       exiftool -all= -comment='lonely' dst.jpg
	    Delete all meta information from an image and add a comment back
	    in.	 (Note that the order is important: "-comment='lonely' -all="
	    would also delete the new comment.)

       exiftool -all= --jfif:all dst.jpg
	    Delete all meta information except JFIF group from an image.

       exiftool -Photoshop:All= dst.jpg
	    Delete Photoshop meta information from an image (note that the
	    Photoshop information also includes IPTC).

       exiftool -r -XMP-crss:all= DIR
	    Recursively delete all XMP-crss information from images in a
	    directory.

       exiftool '-ThumbnailImage<=thumb.jpg' dst.jpg
	    Set the thumbnail image from specified file (Note: The quotes are
	    necessary to prevent shell redirection).

       exiftool '-JpgFromRaw<=%d%f_JFR.JPG' -ext NEF -r .
	    Recursively write JPEG images with filenames ending in "_JFR.JPG"
	    to the JpgFromRaw tag of like-named files with extension ".NEF" in
	    the current directory.  (This is the inverse of the "-JpgFromRaw"
	    command of the "READING EXAMPLES" section above.)

       exiftool -DateTimeOriginal-='0:0:0 1:30:0' dir
	    Adjust original date/time of all images in directory "dir" by
	    subtracting one hour and 30 minutes.  (This is equivalent to
	    "-DateTimeOriginal-=1.5".  See Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl for
	    details.)

       exiftool -createdate+=3 -modifydate+=3 a.jpg b.jpg
	    Add 3 hours to the CreateDate and ModifyDate timestamps of two
	    images.

       exiftool -AllDates+=1:30 -if '$make eq "Canon"' dir
	    Shift the values of DateTimeOriginal, CreateDate and ModifyDate
	    forward by 1 hour and 30 minutes for all Canon images in a
	    directory.	(The AllDates tag is provided as a shortcut for these
	    three tags, allowing them to be accessed via a single tag.)

       exiftool -xmp:city=Kingston image1.jpg image2.nef
	    Write a tag to the XMP group of two images.	 (Without the "xmp:"
	    this tag would get written to the IPTC group since "City" exists
	    in both, and IPTC is preferred by default.)

       exiftool -LightSource-='Unknown (0)' dst.tiff
	    Delete "LightSource" tag only if it is unknown with a value of 0.

       exiftool -whitebalance-=auto -WhiteBalance=tung dst.jpg
	    Set "WhiteBalance" to "Tungsten" only if it was previously "Auto".

       exiftool -comment-= -comment='new comment' a.jpg
	    Write a new comment only if the image doesn't have one already.

       exiftool -o %d%f.xmp dir
	    Create XMP meta information data files for all images in "dir".

       exiftool -o test.xmp -owner=Phil -title='XMP File'
	    Create an XMP data file only from tags defined on the command
	    line.

       exiftool '-ICC_Profile<=%d%f.icc' image.jpg
	    Write ICC_Profile to an image from a ".icc" file of the same name.

       exiftool -hierarchicalkeywords='{keyword=one,children={keyword=B}}'
	    Write structured XMP information.  See
	    <http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/struct.html> for more
	    details.

       exiftool -trailer:all= image.jpg
	    Delete any trailer found after the end of image (EOI) in a JPEG
	    file.  A number of digital cameras store a large PreviewImage
	    after the JPEG EOI, and the file size may be reduced significantly
	    by deleting this trailer.  See the JPEG Tags documentation for a
	    list of recognized JPEG trailers.

COPYING EXAMPLES
       These examples demonstrate the ability to copy tag values between
       files.

       exiftool -tagsFromFile src.cr2 dst.jpg
	    Copy the values of all writable tags from "src.cr2" to "dst.jpg",
	    writing the information to same-named tags in the preferred
	    groups.

       exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -all:all dst.jpg
	    Copy the values of all writable tags from "src.jpg" to "dst.jpg",
	    preserving the original tag groups.

       exiftool -all= -tagsfromfile src.jpg -exif:all dst.jpg
	    Erase all meta information from "dst.jpg" image, then copy EXIF
	    tags from "src.jpg".

       exiftool -exif:all= -tagsfromfile @ -all:all -unsafe bad.jpg
	    Rebuild all EXIF meta information from scratch in an image.	 This
	    technique can be used in JPEG images to repair corrupted EXIF
	    information which otherwise could not be written due to errors.
	    The "Unsafe" tag is a shortcut for unsafe EXIF tags in JPEG images
	    which are not normally copied.  See the tag name documentation for
	    more details about unsafe tags.

       exiftool -Tagsfromfile a.jpg out.xmp
	    Copy meta information from "a.jpg" to an XMP data file.  If the
	    XMP data file "out.xmp" already exists, it will be updated with
	    the new information.  Otherwise the XMP data file will be created.
	    Only XMP, ICC and MIE files may be created like this (other file
	    types may be edited but not created).  See "WRITING EXAMPLES"
	    above for another technique to generate XMP files.

       exiftool -tagsFromFile a.jpg -XMP:All= -ThumbnailImage= -m b.jpg
	    Copy all meta information from "a.jpg" to "b.jpg", deleting all
	    XMP information and the thumbnail image from the destination.

       exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -title -author=Phil dst.jpg
	    Copy title from one image to another and set a new author name.

       exiftool -TagsFromFile a.jpg -ISO -TagsFromFile b.jpg -comment dst.jpg
	    Copy ISO from one image and Comment from another image to a
	    destination image.

       exiftool -tagsfromfile src.jpg -exif:all --subifd:all dst.jpg
	    Copy only the EXIF information from one image to another,
	    excluding SubIFD tags.

       exiftool '-FileModifyDate<DateTimeOriginal' dir
	    Use the original date from the meta information to set the same
	    file's filesystem modification date for all images in a directory.
	    (Note that "-TagsFromFile @" is assumed if no other -TagsFromFile
	    is specified when redirecting information as in this example.)

       exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg '-xmp:all<all' dst.jpg
	    Copy all possible information from "src.jpg" and write in XMP
	    format to "dst.jpg".

       exiftool -@ iptc2xmp.args -iptc:all= a.jpg
	    Translate IPTC information to XMP with appropriate tag name
	    conversions, and delete the original IPTC information from an
	    image.  This example uses iptc2xmp.args, which is a file included
	    with the ExifTool distribution that contains the required
	    arguments to convert IPTC information to XMP format.  Also
	    included with the distribution are xmp2iptc.args (which performs
	    the inverse conversion) and a few more .args files for other
	    conversions between EXIF, IPTC and XMP.

       exiftool -tagsfromfile %d%f.CR2 -r -ext JPG dir
	    Recursively rewrite all "JPG" images in "dir" with information
	    copied from the corresponding "CR2" images in the same
	    directories.

       exiftool '-keywords+<make' image.jpg
	    Add camera make to list of keywords.

       exiftool '-comment<ISO=$exif:iso Exposure=${shutterspeed}' dir
	    Set the Comment tag of all images in "dir" from the values of the
	    EXIF:ISO and ShutterSpeed tags.  The resulting comment will be in
	    the form "ISO=100 Exposure=1/60".

       exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -icc_profile dst.jpg
	    Copy ICC_Profile from one image to another.

       exiftool -TagsFromFile src.jpg -all:all dst.mie
	    Copy all meta information in its original form from a JPEG image
	    to a MIE file.  The MIE file will be created if it doesn't exist.
	    This technique can be used to store the metadata of an image so it
	    can be inserted back into the image (with the inverse command)
	    later in a workflow.

       exiftool -o dst.mie -all:all src.jpg
	    This command performs exactly the same task as the command above,
	    except that the -o option will not write to an output file that
	    already exists.

       exiftool -if '$jpgfromraw' -b -jpgfromraw -w %d%f_%ue.jpg -execute -if
       '$previewimage' -b -previewimage -w %d%f_%ue.jpg -execute -tagsfromfile
       @ -srcfile %d%f_%ue.jpg -overwrite_original -common_args --ext jpg DIR
	    [Advanced] Extract JpgFromRaw or PreviewImage from all but JPG
	    files in DIR, saving them with file names like "image_EXT.jpg",
	    then add all meta information from the original files to the
	    extracted images.  Here, the command line is broken into three
	    sections (separated by -execute options), and each is executed as
	    if it were a separate command.  The -common_args option causes the
	    "--ext jpg DIR" arguments to be applied to all three commands, and
	    the -srcfile option allows the extracted JPG image to be the
	    source file for the third command (whereas the RAW files are the
	    source files for the other two commands).

RENAMING EXAMPLES
       By writing the "FileName" and "Directory" tags, files are renamed
       and/or moved to new directories.	 This can be particularly useful and
       powerful for organizing files by date when combined with the -d option.
       New directories are created as necessary, but existing files will not
       be overwritten.	The format codes %d, %f and %e may be used in the new
       file name to represent the directory, name and extension of the
       original file, and %c may be used to add a copy number if the file
       already exists (see the -w option for details).	Note that if used
       within a date format string, an extra '%' must be added to pass these
       codes through the date/time parser.  (And further note that in a
       Windows batch file, all '%' characters must also be escaped, so in this
       extreme case '%%%%f' is necessary to pass a simple '%f' through the two
       levels of parsing.)  See
       <http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/filename.html> for additional
       documentation and examples.

       exiftool -filename=new.jpg dir/old.jpg
	    Rename "old.jpg" to "new.jpg" in directory "dir".

       exiftool -directory=%e dir
	    Move all files from directory "dir" into directories named by the
	    original file extensions.

       exiftool '-Directory<DateTimeOriginal' -d %Y/%m/%d dir
	    Move all files in "dir" into a directory hierarchy based on year,
	    month and day of "DateTimeOriginal".  ie) This command would move
	    the file "dir/image.jpg" with a "DateTimeOriginal" of "2005:10:12
	    16:05:56" to "2005/10/12/image.jpg".

       exiftool -o . '-Directory<DateTimeOriginal' -d %Y/%m/%d dir
	    Same effect as above except files are copied instead of moved.

       exiftool '-filename<%f_${model;}.%e' dir
	    Rename all files in "dir" by adding the camera model name to the
	    file name.	The semicolon after the tag name inside the braces
	    causes characters which are invalid in Windows file names to be
	    deleted from the tag value (see the -p option documentation for an
	    explanation).

       exiftool '-FileName<CreateDate' -d %Y%m%d_%H%M%S%%-c.%%e dir
	    Rename all images in "dir" according to the "CreateDate" date and
	    time, adding a copy number with leading '-' if the file already
	    exists ("%-c"), and preserving the original file extension (%e).
	    Note the extra '%' necessary to escape the filename codes (%c and
	    %e) in the date format string.

       exiftool -r '-FileName<CreateDate' -d %Y-%m-%d/%H%M_%%f.%%e dir
	    Both the directory and the filename may be changed together via
	    the "FileName" tag if the new "FileName" contains a '/'.  The
	    example above recursively renames all images in a directory by
	    adding a "CreateDate" timestamp to the start of the filename, then
	    moves them into new directories named by date.

       exiftool '-FileName<${CreateDate}_$filenumber.jpg' -d %Y%m%d -ext jpg .
	    Set the filename of all JPG images in the current directory from
	    the CreateDate and FileNumber tags, in the form
	    "20060507_118-1861.jpg".

GEOTAGGING EXAMPLES
       ExifTool implements geotagging via 3 special tags: Geotag (which for
       convenience is also implemented as an exiftool option), Geosync and
       Geotime.	 The examples below highlight some geotagging features.	 See
       <http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/geotag.html> for additional
       documentation.

       exiftool -geotag track.log a.jpg
	    Geotag an image ("a.jpg") from position information in a GPS track
	    log ("track.log").	Since the "Geotime" tag is not specified, the
	    value of DateTimeOriginal is used for geotagging.  Local system
	    time is assumed unless DateTimeOriginal contains a timezone.

       exiftool -geotag t.log -geotime='2009:04:02 13:41:12-05:00' a.jpg
	    Geotag an image with the GPS position for a specific time.	(Note
	    that the "Geotag" tag must be assigned before "Geotime" for the
	    GPS data to be available when "Geotime" is set.)

       exiftool -geotag log.gpx '-xmp:geotime<createdate' dir
	    Geotag all images in directory "dir" with XMP tags instead of EXIF
	    tags, based on the image CreateDate.  (In this case, the order of
	    the arguments doesn't matter because tags with values copied from
	    other tags are always set after constant values.)

       exiftool -geotag a.log -geosync=-20 dir
	    Geotag images in directory "dir", accounting for image timestamps
	    which were 20 seconds ahead of GPS.

       exiftool -geotag a.log -geosync=1.jpg -geosync=2.jpg dir
	    Geotag images using time synchronization from two previously
	    geotagged images (1.jpg and 2.jpg), synchronizing the image and
	    GPS times using a linear time drift correction.

       exiftool -geotag a.log '-geotime<${createdate}+01:00' dir
	    Geotag images in "dir" using CreateDate with the specified
	    timezone.  If CreateDate already contained a timezone, then the
	    timezone specified on the command line is ignored.

       exiftool -geotag= a.jpg
	    Delete GPS tags which may have been added by the geotag feature.
	    Note that this does not remove all GPS tags -- to do this instead
	    use "-gps:all=".

       exiftool -xmp:geotag= a.jpg
	    Delete XMP GPS tags which were added by the geotag feature.

       exiftool -xmp:geotag=track.log a.jpg
	    Geotag an image with XMP tags, using the time from
	    DateTimeOriginal.

       exiftool -geotag a.log -geotag b.log -r dir
	    Combine multiple track logs and geotag an entire directory tree of
	    images.

       exiftool -geotag 'tracks/*.log' -r dir
	    Read all track logs from the "tracks" directory.

       exiftool -p gpx.fmt -d %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ dir > out.gpx
	    Generate a GPX track log from all images in directory "dir".  This
	    example uses the "gpx.fmt" file included in the full ExifTool
	    distribution package and assumes that the images in "dir" have all
	    been previously geotagged.

PIPING EXAMPLES
       cat a.jpg | exiftool -
	    Extract information from stdin.

       exiftool image.jpg -thumbnailimage -b | exiftool -
	    Extract information from an embedded thumbnail image.

       cat a.jpg | exiftool -iptc:keywords+=fantastic - > b.jpg
	    Add an IPTC keyword in a pipeline, saving output to a new file.

       curl -s http://a.domain.com/bigfile.jpg | exiftool -fast -
	    Extract information from an image over the internet using the cURL
	    utility.  The -fast option prevents exiftool from scanning for
	    trailer information, so only the meta information header is
	    transferred.

       exiftool a.jpg -thumbnailimage -b | exiftool -comment=wow - | exiftool
       a.jpg -thumbnailimage'<=-'
	    Add a comment to an embedded thumbnail image.  (Why anyone would
	    want to do this I don't know, but I've included this as an example
	    to illustrate the flexibility of ExifTool.)

DIAGNOSTICS
       The exiftool application exits with a status of 0 on success, or 1 if
       an error occured or if all files failed the -if condition.

AUTHOR
       Copyright 2003-2014, Phil Harvey

       This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
       the same terms as Perl itself.

SEE ALSO
       Image::ExifTool(3pm), Image::ExifTool::TagNames(3pm),
       Image::ExifTool::Shortcuts(3pm), Image::ExifTool::Shift.pl

perl v5.18.2			  2014-05-06			   EXIFTOOL(1)
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