FS(5) BSD Reference Manual FS(5)NAME
fs, inode - format of file system volume
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <ufs/ffs/fs.h>
#include <ufs/ufs/inode.h>
DESCRIPTION
The files <ufs/ffs/fs.h> and <ufs/ufs/inode.h> declare several structures
and define variables and macros which are used to create and manage the
underlying format of file system objects on random access devices
(disks).
The block size and number of blocks which comprise a file system are
parameters of the file system. Sectors beginning at BBLOCK and continuing
for BBSIZE are used for a disklabel and for some hardware primary and
secondary bootstrapping programs.
The actual file system begins at sector SBLOCK with the super-block that
is of size SBSIZE. The following structure describes the super-block and
is from the file <ufs/ffs/fs.h>:
#define FS_MAGIC 0x011954
struct fs {
int32_t fs_firstfield; /* historic file system linked list, */
int32_t fs_unused_1; /* used for incore super blocks */
int32_t fs_sblkno; /* addr of super-block in filesys */
int32_t fs_cblkno; /* offset of cyl-block in filesys */
int32_t fs_iblkno; /* offset of inode-blocks in filesys */
int32_t fs_dblkno; /* offset of first data after cg */
int32_t fs_cgoffset; /* cylinder group offset in cylinder */
int32_t fs_cgmask; /* used to calc mod fs_ntrak */
time_t fs_time; /* last time written */
int32_t fs_size; /* number of blocks in fs */
int32_t fs_dsize; /* number of data blocks in fs */
int32_t fs_ncg; /* number of cylinder groups */
int32_t fs_bsize; /* size of basic blocks in fs */
int32_t fs_fsize; /* size of frag blocks in fs */
int32_t fs_frag; /* number of frags in a block in fs */
/* these are configuration parameters */
int32_t fs_minfree; /* minimum percentage of free blocks */
int32_t fs_rotdelay; /* num of ms for optimal next block */
int32_t fs_rps; /* disk revolutions per second */
/* these fields can be computed from the others */
int32_t fs_bmask; /* ``blkoff'' calc of blk offsets */
int32_t fs_fmask; /* ``fragoff'' calc of frag offsets */
int32_t fs_bshift; /* ``lblkno'' calc of logical blkno */
int32_t fs_fshift; /* ``numfrags'' calc number of frags */
/* these are configuration parameters */
int32_t fs_maxcontig; /* max number of contiguous blks */
int32_t fs_maxbpg; /* max number of blks per cyl group */
/* these fields can be computed from the others */
int32_t fs_fragshift; /* block to frag shift */
int32_t fs_fsbtodb; /* fsbtodb and dbtofsb shift constant */
int32_t fs_sbsize; /* actual size of super block */
int32_t fs_csmask; /* csum block offset (now unused) */
int32_t fs_csshift; /* csum block number (now unused) */
int32_t fs_nindir; /* value of NINDIR */
int32_t fs_inopb; /* value of INOPB */
int32_t fs_nspf; /* value of NSPF */
/* yet another configuration parameter */
int32_t fs_optim; /* optimization preference, see below */
/* these fields are derived from the hardware */
int32_t fs_npsect; /* # sectors/track including spares */
int32_t fs_interleave; /* hardware sector interleave */
int32_t fs_trackskew; /* sector 0 skew, per track */
/* fs_id takes the space of the unused fs_headswitch and fs_trkseek */
int32_t fs_id[2]; /* unique filesystem id */
/* sizes determined by number of cylinder groups and their sizes */
int32_t fs_csaddr; /* blk addr of cyl grp summary area */
int32_t fs_cssize; /* size of cyl grp summary area */
int32_t fs_cgsize; /* cylinder group size */
/* these fields are derived from the hardware */
int32_t fs_ntrak; /* tracks per cylinder */
int32_t fs_nsect; /* sectors per track */
int32_t fs_spc; /* sectors per cylinder */
/* this comes from the disk driver partitioning */
int32_t fs_ncyl; /* cylinders in file system */
/* these fields can be computed from the others */
int32_t fs_cpg; /* cylinders per group */
int32_t fs_ipg; /* inodes per group */
int32_t fs_fpg; /* blocks per group * fs_frag */
/* this data must be re-computed after crashes */
struct csum fs_cstotal; /* cylinder summary information */
/* these fields are cleared at mount time */
int8_t fs_fmod; /* super block modified flag */
int8_t fs_clean; /* file system is clean flag */
int8_t fs_ronly; /* mounted read-only flag */
int8_t fs_flags; /* see FS_ below */
u_char fs_fsmnt[MAXMNTLEN]; /* name mounted on */
/* these fields retain the current block allocation info */
int32_t fs_cgrotor; /* last cg searched */
void *fs_ocsp[NOCSPTRS]; /* padding; was list of fs_cs bufs */
u_int8_t *fs_contigdirs; /* # of contiguously allocated dirs */
struct csum *fs_csp; /* cg summary info buffer for fs_cs */
int32_t *fs_maxcluster; /* max cluster in each cyl group */
int32_t fs_cpc; /* cyl per cycle in postbl */
int16_t fs_opostbl[16][8]; /* old rotation block list head */
int32_t fs_snapinum[20];/* reserved for snapshot inode nums */
int32_t fs_avgfilesize; /* expected average file size */
int32_t fs_avgfpdir; /* expected # of files per directory */
int32_t fs_sparecon[27];/* reserved for future constants */
time_t fs_fscktime; /* last time fsck(8)ed */
int32_t fs_contigsumsize; /* size of cluster summary array */
int32_t fs_maxsymlinklen; /* max length of internal symlink */
int32_t fs_inodefmt; /* format of on-disk inodes */
u_int64_t fs_maxfilesize;/* maximum representable file size */
int64_t fs_qbmask; /* ~fs_bmask - for use with quad size */
int64_t fs_qfmask; /* ~fs_fmask - for use with quad size */
int32_t fs_state; /* validate fs_clean field */
int32_t fs_postblformat;/* format of positional layout tables */
int32_t fs_nrpos; /* number of rotational positions */
int32_t fs_postbloff; /* (u_int16) rotation block list head */
int32_t fs_rotbloff; /* (u_int8) blocks for each rotation */
int32_t fs_magic; /* magic number */
u_int8_t fs_space[1]; /* list of blocks for each rotation */
/* actually longer */
};
Each disk drive contains some number of file systems. A file system con-
sists of a number of cylinder groups. Each cylinder group has inodes and
data.
A file system is described by its super-block, which in turn describes
the cylinder groups. The super-block is critical data and is replicated
in each cylinder group to protect against catastrophic loss. This is done
at file system creation time and the critical super-block data does not
change, so the copies need not be referenced further unless disaster
strikes.
Addresses stored in inodes are capable of addressing fragments of
"blocks". File system blocks of at most size MAXBSIZE can be optionally
broken into 2, 4, or 8 pieces, each of which is addressable; these pieces
may be DEV_BSIZE, or some multiple of a DEV_BSIZE unit.
Large files consist of exclusively large data blocks. To avoid undue
wasted disk space, the last data block of a small file is allocated only
as many fragments of a large block as are necessary. The file system for-
mat retains only a single pointer to such a fragment, which is a piece of
a single large block that has been divided. The size of such a fragment
is determinable from information in the inode, using the blksize(fs, ip,
lbn) macro.
The file system records space availability at the fragment level; to
determine block availability, aligned fragments are examined.
The root inode is the root of the file system. Inode 0 can't be used for
normal purposes and historically bad blocks were linked to inode 1 (inode
1 is no longer used for this purpose; however, numerous dump tapes make
this assumption, so we are stuck with it). Thus the root inode is 2.
The fs_minfree element gives the minimum acceptable percentage of file
system blocks that may be free. If the freelist drops below this level,
only the superuser may continue to allocate blocks. The fs_minfree ele-
ment may be set to 0 if no reserve of free blocks is deemed necessary,
although severe performance degradations will be observed if the file
system is run at greater than 95% full; thus the default value of
fs_minfree is 5%.
Empirically the best trade-off between block fragmentation and overall
disk utilization at a loading of 95% comes with a fragmentation of 8;
thus the default fragment size is an eighth of the block size.
The element fs_optim specifies whether the file system should try to
minimize the time spent allocating blocks (FS_OPTTIME), or if it should
attempt to minimize the space fragmentation on the disk (FS_OPTSPACE). If
the value of fs_minfree (see above) is less than 5%, then the file system
defaults to optimizing for space to avoid running out of full sized
blocks. If the value of fs_minfree is greater than or equal to 5%, frag-
mentation is unlikely to be problematical, and the file system defaults
to optimizing for time.
The fs_flags element specifies how the filesystem was mounted:
FS_DOSOFTDEP The filesystem was mounted using soft dependencies.
FS_UNCLEAN The filesystem was mounted uncleanly.
Cylinder group related limits
Each cylinder keeps track of the availability of blocks at different ro-
tational positions, so that sequential blocks can be laid out with
minimum rotational latency. With the default of 1 distinct rotational po-
sition, the resolution of the summary information is 16ms for a typical
3600 RPM drive.
The element fs_rotdelay was once used to tweak block layout.
Each file system has a statically allocated number of inodes, determined
by its size and the desired number of file data bytes per inode at the
time it was created. See newfs(8) for details on how to set this (and
other) filesystem parameters. By default, the inode allocation strategy
is extremely conservative.
MINBSIZE is the smallest allowable block size. With a MINBSIZE of 4096 it
is possible to create files of size 2^32 with only two levels of indirec-
tion. MINBSIZE must be big enough to hold a cylinder group block, thus
changes to struct cg must keep its size within MINBSIZE. Note that
super-blocks are never more than size SBSIZE.
The path name on which the file system is mounted is maintained in
fs_fsmnt. MAXMNTLEN defines the amount of space allocated in the super-
block for this name.
Per cylinder group information is summarized in blocks allocated from the
first cylinder group's data blocks. These blocks are read in from
fs_csaddr (of size fs_cssize) in addition to the super-block.
Note that sizeof(struct csum) must be a power of two in order for the
fs_cs() macro to work.
Super-block for a file system
The size of the rotational layout tables is limited by the fact that the
super-block is of size SBSIZE. The size of these tables is inversely pro-
portional to the block size of the file system. The size of the tables is
increased when sector sizes are not powers of two, as this increases the
number of cylinders included before the rotational pattern repeats
(fs_cpc). The size of the rotational layout tables is derived from the
number of bytes remaining in struct fs.
The number of blocks of data per cylinder group is limited because
cylinder groups are at most one block. The inode and free block tables
must fit into a single block after deducting space for the cylinder group
structure struct cg.
Inodes
The inode is the focus of all file activity in the UNIX file system.
There is a unique inode allocated for each active file, each current
directory, each mounted-on file, text file, and the root. An inode is
"named" by its device/i-number pair. For further information, see the in-
clude file <ufs/ufs/inode.h>.
HISTORY
A super-block structure named filsys appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX. The
file system described in this manual appeared in 4.2BSD.
MirOS BSD #10-current April 19, 1994 3
