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GEOD(1)						GEOD(1)

NAME
       geod - direct geodesic computations
       invgeod - inverse geodesic computations

SYNOPSIS
       geod  +ellps=<ellipse> [ -afFIlptwW [ args ] ] [
       +args ] file[s]
       invgeod +ellps=<ellipse> [ -afFIlptwW [ args ] ]
       [ +args ] file[s]

DESCRIPTION
       Geod (direct) and invgeod (inverse) perform geo‐
       desic (Great Circle) computations for  determin‐
       ing  latitude,  longitude  and back azimuth of a
       terminus point given a initial  point  latitude,
       longitude,  azimuth and distance (direct) or the
       forward and back azimuths and  distance	between
       an initial and terminus point latitudes and lon‐
       gitudes (inverse).

       The following  runline  control	parameters  can
       appear in any order:

       -I     Specifies	 that the inverse geodesic com‐
	      putation is to be performed.  May be used
	      with  execution of goed as an alternative
	      to invgeod execution.

       -a     Latitude and longitudes  of  the	initial
	      and  terminal  points,  forward  and back
	      azimuths and distance are output.

       -ta    A specifies a character employed	as  the
	      first  character to denote a control line
	      to be passed through without processing.

       -le    Gives a listing  of  all	the  ellipsoids
	      that  may	 be  selected  with the +ellps=
	      option.

       -lu    Gives a listing of all the units that may
	      be selected with the +units= option.

       -[f|F] format
	      Format  is a printf format string to con‐
	      trol the output form  of	the  geographic
	      coordinate  values  (f) or distance value
	      (F).  The default mode is	 DMS  for  geo‐
	      graphic  coordinates  and "%.3f" for dis‐
	      tance.

       -[w|W]n
	      N is the number of significant fractional
	      digits to employ for seconds output (when
	      the  option  is  not  specified,	-w3  is
	      assumed).	 When -W is employed the fields
	      will  be	constant  width	 with	leading
	      zeroes.

       -p     This  option  causes the azimuthal values
	      to be  output  as	 unsigned  DMS	numbers
	      between 0 and 360 degrees.  Also note -f.

       The +args run-line arguments are associated with
       geodetic parameters for	specifying  the	 ellip‐
       soidal or sphere to use.	 See proj documentation
       for full list of these parameters and  controls.
       The options are processed in left to right order
       from the run line.   Reentry  of	 an  option  is
       ignored	with the first occurrence assumed to be
       the desired value.

       One or more files (processed in	left  to  right
       order)  specify	the source of data to be trans‐
       formed.	A - will specify the location  of  pro‐
       cessing	standard input.	 If no files are speci‐
       fied, the input is assumed to be from stdin.

       For direct determinations input data must be  in
       latitude,  longitude, azimuth and distance order
       and output will be latitude, longitude and  back
       azimuth of the terminus point.  Latitude, longi‐
       tude of the initial and terminus point are input
       for  the inverse mode and respective forward and
       back  azimuth  from  the	 initial  and  terminus
       points	are  output  along  with  the  distance
       between the points.

       Input geographic coordinates (latitude and  lon‐
       gitude) and azimuthal data must be in DMS format
       and input distance data must be in units consis‐
       tent  with  the	ellipsoid  major axis or sphere
       radius  units.	Output	geographic  coordinates
       will  be	 in  DMS  (if  the  -f	switch	is  not
       employed) to 0.001" with	 trailing,  zero-valued
       minute-second  fields  deleted.	Output distance
       data will be in the same units as the  ellipsoid
       or sphere radius.

       The  Earth's  ellipsoidal figure may be selected
       in the same manner  as  program	proj  by  using
       +ellps=, +a=, +es=, etc.

       Geod  may also be used to determine intermediate
       points along either a geodesic line between  two
       points  or  along  an  arc of specified distance
       from a geographic point.	 In both cases an  ini‐
       tial point must be specified with +lat_1=lat and
       +lon_1=lon  parameters  and  either  a  terminus
       point  +lat_2=lat  and  +lon_2=lon or a distance
       and azimuth from the initial point with	+S=dis‐
       tance and +A=azimuth must be specified.

       If  points along a geodesic are to be determined
       then either +n_S=integer specifying  the	 number
       of  intermediate	 points	 and/or +del_S=distance
       specifying  the	incremental  distance	between
       points must be specified.

       To  determine  points  along  an arc equidistant
       from the initial	 point	both  +del_A=angle  and
       +n_A=integer  must  be specified which determine
       the respective angular increments and number  of
       points to be determined.

EXAMPLE
       The  following  script  determines  the geodesic
       azimuths and distance in U.S. stature miles from
       Boston, MA, to Portland, OR:
	     geod +ellps=clrk66 <<EOF -I +units=us-mi
	     42d15'N 71d07'W 45d31'N 123d41'W
	     EOF
       which gives the results:
	     -66d31'50.141"   75d39'13.083"   2587.504
       where  the first two values are the azimuth from
       Boston to Portland, the back azimuth from  Port‐
       land to Boston followed by the distance.

       An example of forward geodesic use is to use the
       Boston location and determine  Portland's  loca‐
       tion by azimuth and distance:
	     geod +ellps=clrk66 <<EOF +units=us-mi
	     42d15'N 71d07'W -66d31'50.141" 2587.504
	     EOF
       which gives:
	     45d31'0.003"N		123d40'59.985"W
	    75d39'13.094"
       Note: lack of precision in  the	distance  value
       compromises  the precision of the Portland loca‐
       tion.

SEE ALSO
       Thomas, P.D., 1970, Spheroidal Geodesics, Refer‐
       ence   Systems  &  Local	 Geometry:  U.S.  Naval
       Oceanographic  Office, S-138.

HOME PAGE
       http://www.remotesensing.org/proj

		  2000/03/21 Rel. 4.4		GEOD(1)
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