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GPG2(1)			       GNU Privacy Guard		       GPG2(1)

NAME
       gpg2 - OpenPGP encryption and signing tool

SYNOPSIS
       gpg2 [--homedir dir] [--options file] [options] command [args]

DESCRIPTION
       gpg2 is the OpenPGP part of the GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG). It is a tool
       to provide digital encryption and signing services  using  the  OpenPGP
       standard. gpg2 features complete key management and all bells and whis‐
       tles you can expect from a decent OpenPGP implementation.

       In contrast to the standalone version gpg, which	 is  more  suited  for
       server and embedded platforms, this version is installed under the name
       gpg2 and more targeted to the desktop as it requires several other mod‐
       ules  to	 be installed.	The standalone version will be kept maintained
       and it is possible to install both versions on the same system.	If you
       need to use different configuration files, you should make use of some‐
       thing like ‘gpg.conf-2’ instead of just ‘gpg.conf’.

RETURN VALUE
       The program returns 0 if everything was fine, 1 if at least a signature
       was bad, and other error codes for fatal errors.

WARNINGS
       Use  a *good* password for your user account and a *good* passphrase to
       protect your secret key. This passphrase is the	weakest	 part  of  the
       whole  system. Programs to do dictionary attacks on your secret keyring
       are very easy to write and  so  you  should  protect  your  "~/.gnupg/"
       directory very well.

       Keep  in mind that, if this program is used over a network (telnet), it
       is *very* easy to spy out your passphrase!

       If you are going to verify detached signatures, make sure that the pro‐
       gram  knows about it; either give both filenames on the command line or
       use '-' to specify STDIN.

INTEROPERABILITY
       GnuPG tries to be a very flexible implementation of the	OpenPGP	 stan‐
       dard. In particular, GnuPG implements many of the optional parts of the
       standard, such as the SHA-512 hash, and the ZLIB and BZIP2  compression
       algorithms.  It	is important to be aware that not all OpenPGP programs
       implement these optional algorithms and that by forcing their  use  via
       the  --cipher-algo,  --digest-algo,  --cert-digest-algo, or --compress-
       algo options in GnuPG, it is  possible  to  create  a  perfectly	 valid
       OpenPGP message, but one that cannot be read by the intended recipient.

       There  are dozens of variations of OpenPGP programs available, and each
       supports a slightly different subset of these optional algorithms.  For
       example,	 until	recently,  no  (unhacked) version of PGP supported the
       BLOWFISH cipher algorithm. A message using BLOWFISH simply could not be
       read by a PGP user. By default, GnuPG uses the standard OpenPGP prefer‐
       ences system that will always do the right thing	 and  create  messages
       that  are usable by all recipients, regardless of which OpenPGP program
       they use. Only override this safe default if you really know  what  you
       are doing.

       If you absolutely must override the safe default, or if the preferences
       on a given key are invalid for some reason,  you	 are  far  better  off
       using  the --pgp6, --pgp7, or --pgp8 options. These options are safe as
       they do not force any particular algorithms in  violation  of  OpenPGP,
       but rather reduce the available algorithms to a "PGP-safe" list.

COMMANDS
       Commands	 are  not  distinguished from options except for the fact that
       only one command is allowed.

       gpg2 may be run with no commands, in which case it will perform a  rea‐
       sonable	action	depending on the type of file it is given as input (an
       encrypted message is decrypted, a signature is verified,	 a  file  con‐
       taining keys is listed).

       Please remember that option as well as command parsing stops as soon as
       a non-option is encountered, you can explicitly stop parsing  by	 using
       the special option --.

   Commands not specific to the function

       --version
	      Print  the program version and licensing information.  Note that
	      you cannot abbreviate this command.

       --help

       -h     Print a usage message summarizing the most useful	 command  line
	      options.	Note that you cannot abbreviate this command.

       --warranty
	      Print warranty information.

       --dump-options
	      Print  a	list of all available options and commands.  Note that
	      you cannot abbreviate this command.

   Commands to select the type of operation

       --sign

       -s     Make a signature. This command may be  combined  with  --encrypt
	      (for  a signed and encrypted message), --symmetric (for a signed
	      and symmetrically encrypted message), or --encrypt and --symmet‐
	      ric  together  (for a signed message that may be decrypted via a
	      secret key or a passphrase).  The key to be used for signing  is
	      chosen  by  default  or  can  be	set  with the --local-user and
	      --default-key options.

       --clearsign
	      Make a clear text signature.  The content in a clear text signa‐
	      ture  is readable without any special software. OpenPGP software
	      is only needed to verify the signature.  Clear  text  signatures
	      may  modify end-of-line whitespace for platform independence and
	      are not intended to be reversible.  The key to be used for sign‐
	      ing is chosen by default or can be set with the --local-user and
	      --default-key options.

       --detach-sign

       -b     Make a detached signature.

       --encrypt

       -e     Encrypt data. This option may be combined	 with  --sign  (for  a
	      signed  and  encrypted message), --symmetric (for a message that
	      may be decrypted via a secret key or a  passphrase),  or	--sign
	      and  --symmetric	together  (for	a  signed  message that may be
	      decrypted via a secret key or a passphrase).

       --symmetric

       -c     Encrypt with a symmetric cipher using a passphrase. The  default
	      symmetric	 cipher	 used  is  CAST5,  but	may be chosen with the
	      --cipher-algo option. This option may be	combined  with	--sign
	      (for  a  signed  and symmetrically encrypted message), --encrypt
	      (for a message that may be decrypted  via	 a  secret  key	 or  a
	      passphrase), or --sign and --encrypt together (for a signed mes‐
	      sage that may be decrypted via a secret key or a passphrase).

       --store
	      Store only (make a simple RFC1991 literal data packet).

       --decrypt

       -d     Decrypt the file given on the command line (or STDIN if no  file
	      is specified) and write it to STDOUT (or the file specified with
	      --output). If the decrypted file is  signed,  the	 signature  is
	      also  verified. This command differs from the default operation,
	      as it never writes to the filename which is included in the file
	      and  it  rejects	files which don't begin with an encrypted mes‐
	      sage.

       --verify
	      Assume that the first argument is a signed file  or  a  detached
	      signature	 and  verify it without generating any output. With no
	      arguments, the signature packet is read from STDIN.  If  only  a
	      sigfile  is  given, it may be a complete signature or a detached
	      signature, in which case the signed stuff is expected in a  file
	      without  the ".sig" or ".asc" extension.	With more than 1 argu‐
	      ment, the first should be a detached signature and the remaining
	      files are the signed stuff. To read the signed stuff from STDIN,
	      use '-' as the second filename.  For security reasons a detached
	      signature	 cannot	 read  the  signed material from STDIN without
	      denoting it in the above way.

       --multifile
	      This modifies certain other commands to  accept  multiple	 files
	      for  processing on the command line or read from STDIN with each
	      filename on a separate line. This allows for many	 files	to  be
	      processed	 at once. --multifile may currently be used along with
	      --verify, --encrypt, and --decrypt. Note that --multifile --ver‐
	      ify may not be used with detached signatures.

       --verify-files
	      Identical to --multifile --verify.

       --encrypt-files
	      Identical to --multifile --encrypt.

       --decrypt-files
	      Identical to --multifile --decrypt.

       --list-keys

       -k

       --list-public-keys
	      List  all	 keys from the public keyrings, or just the keys given
	      on the command line.

	      Avoid using the output of this command in scripts or other  pro‐
	      grams  as	 it  is likely to change as GnuPG changes. See --with-
	      colons for a  machine-parseable  key  listing  command  that  is
	      appropriate for use in scripts and other programs.

       --list-secret-keys

       -K     List  all	 keys from the secret keyrings, or just the ones given
	      on the command line. A # after the letters sec  means  that  the
	      secret  key  is  not  usable (for example, if it was created via
	      --export-secret-subkeys).

       --list-sigs
	      Same as --list-keys, but the signatures are  listed  too.	  This
	      command  has  the	 same effect as using --list-keys with --with-
	      sig-list.

	      For each signature listed, there are several  flags  in  between
	      the "sig" tag and keyid. These flags give additional information
	      about each signature. From left to right, they are  the  numbers
	      1-3  for certificate check level (see --ask-cert-level), "L" for
	      a local or non-exportable signature (see --lsign-key), "R" for a
	      nonRevocable  signature  (see  the --edit-key command "nrsign"),
	      "P" for a signature that contains a policy URL (see  --cert-pol‐
	      icy-url),	 "N"  for  a  signature	 that contains a notation (see
	      --cert-notation), "X" for an eXpired signature (see  --ask-cert-
	      expire), and the numbers 1-9 or "T" for 10 and above to indicate
	      trust signature levels (see the --edit-key command "tsign").

       --check-sigs
	      Same as --list-sigs, but the signatures are verified.  Note that
	      for  performance	reasons the revocation status of a signing key
	      is not shown.  This command has the same effect as using --list-
	      keys with --with-sig-check.

	      The  status  of the verification is indicated by a flag directly
	      following the "sig" tag (and thus	 before	 the  flags  described
	      above  for --list-sigs).	A "!" indicates that the signature has
	      been successfully verified, a "-" denotes a bad signature and  a
	      "%"  is  used  if an error occurred while checking the signature
	      (e.g. a non supported algorithm).

       --locate-keys
	      Locate the keys given as arguments.  This command basically uses
	      the  same algorithm as used when locating keys for encryption or
	      signing and may thus be used to see what keys  gpg2  might  use.
	      In  particular  external methods as defined by --auto-key-locate
	      may be used to locate a key.  Only public keys are listed.

       --fingerprint
	      List all keys (or the specified ones) along with	their  finger‐
	      prints.  This  is	 the  same  output as --list-keys but with the
	      additional output of a line with the fingerprint.	 May  also  be
	      combined	with  --list-sigs or --check-sigs.  If this command is
	      given twice, the fingerprints of all secondary keys  are	listed
	      too.

       --list-packets
	      List  only  the  sequence	 of packets. This is mainly useful for
	      debugging.

       --card-edit
	      Present a menu to work with a smartcard. The  subcommand	"help"
	      provides	an  overview  on  available  commands.	For a detailed
	      description,    please	 see	 the	 Card	  HOWTO	    at
	      http://www.gnupg.org/documentation/howtos.html#GnuPG-cardHOWTO .

       --card-status
	      Show the content of the smart card.

       --change-pin
	      Present  a  menu	to allow changing the PIN of a smartcard. This
	      functionality is also available as the subcommand "passwd"  with
	      the --card-edit command.

       --delete-key name
	      Remove  key  from the public keyring. In batch mode either --yes
	      is required or the key must be specified by fingerprint. This is
	      a safeguard against accidental deletion of multiple keys.

       --delete-secret-key name
	      Remove key from the secret and public keyring. In batch mode the
	      key must be specified by fingerprint.

       --delete-secret-and-public-key name
	      Same as --delete-key, but if a secret key	 exists,  it  will  be
	      removed  first.  In batch mode the key must be specified by fin‐
	      gerprint.

       --export
	      Either export all keys from all keyrings (default	 keyrings  and
	      those  registered via option --keyring), or if at least one name
	      is given, those of the given name. The new keyring is written to
	      STDOUT  or  to the file given with option --output. Use together
	      with --armor to mail those keys.

       --send-keys key IDs
	      Similar to --export but sends the keys to a keyserver.   Finger‐
	      prints  may  be used instead of key IDs. Option --keyserver must
	      be used to give the name of this keyserver. Don't send your com‐
	      plete  keyring  to  a keyserver --- select only those keys which
	      are new or changed by you.  If no key IDs are  given,  gpg  does
	      nothing.

       --export-secret-keys

       --export-secret-subkeys
	      Same  as --export, but exports the secret keys instead.  This is
	      normally not very useful and a security risk.  The  second  form
	      of  the  command	has  the special property to render the secret
	      part of the primary key useless; this  is	 a  GNU	 extension  to
	      OpenPGP  and  other  implementations can not be expected to suc‐
	      cessfully import such a key.  See the option  --simple-sk-check‐
	      sum  if  you  want  to import such an exported key with an older
	      OpenPGP implementation.

       --import

       --fast-import
	      Import/merge keys. This adds the given keys to the keyring.  The
	      fast version is currently just a synonym.

	      There  are  a  few  other options which control how this command
	      works.  Most notable here	 is  the  --import-options  merge-only
	      option  which does not insert new keys but does only the merging
	      of new signatures, user-IDs and subkeys.

       --recv-keys key IDs
	      Import the keys with the given key IDs from a keyserver.	Option
	      --keyserver must be used to give the name of this keyserver.

       --refresh-keys
	      Request  updates from a keyserver for keys that already exist on
	      the local keyring. This is useful for updating a	key  with  the
	      latest signatures, user IDs, etc. Calling this with no arguments
	      will refresh the entire keyring. Option --keyserver must be used
	      to  give the name of the keyserver for all keys that do not have
	      preferred keyservers  set	 (see  --keyserver-options  honor-key‐
	      server-url).

       --search-keys names
	      Search  the  keyserver for the given names. Multiple names given
	      here will be joined together to create the search string for the
	      keyserver.   Option --keyserver must be used to give the name of
	      this keyserver.  Keyservers that support different search	 meth‐
	      ods  allow  using the syntax specified in "How to specify a user
	      ID" below. Note that different keyserver types support different
	      search methods. Currently only LDAP supports them all.

       --fetch-keys URIs
	      Retrieve keys located at the specified URIs. Note that different
	      installations of GnuPG may support  different  protocols	(HTTP,
	      FTP, LDAP, etc.)

       --update-trustdb
	      Do  trust	 database  maintenance. This command iterates over all
	      keys and builds the Web of Trust. This is an interactive command
	      because it may have to ask for the "ownertrust" values for keys.
	      The user has to give an estimation of how	 far  she  trusts  the
	      owner  of	 the  displayed	 key to correctly certify (sign) other
	      keys. GnuPG only asks for the ownertrust value if it has not yet
	      been  assigned to a key. Using the --edit-key menu, the assigned
	      value can be changed at any time.

       --check-trustdb
	      Do trust database maintenance  without  user  interaction.  From
	      time  to time the trust database must be updated so that expired
	      keys or signatures and the resulting changes in the Web of Trust
	      can  be  tracked.	 Normally,  GnuPG  will calculate when this is
	      required and do it automatically unless  --no-auto-check-trustdb
	      is set. This command can be used to force a trust database check
	      at any time. The processing is identical to  that	 of  --update-
	      trustdb but it skips keys with a not yet defined "ownertrust".

	      For  use	with cron jobs, this command can be used together with
	      --batch in which case the trust database check is done only if a
	      check  is	 needed.  To  force  a	run even in batch mode add the
	      option --yes.

       --export-ownertrust
	      Send the ownertrust values to STDOUT. This is useful for	backup
	      purposes	as  these  values are the only ones which can't be re-
	      created from a corrupted trustdb.	 Example:
		  gpg2 --export-ownertrust > otrust.txt

       --import-ownertrust
	      Update the trustdb with the ownertrust values  stored  in	 files
	      (or  STDIN  if  not given); existing values will be overwritten.
	      In case of a severely damaged trustdb and if you have  a	recent
	      backup  of the ownertrust values (e.g. in the file ‘otrust.txt’,
	      you may re-create the trustdb using these commands:
		  cd ~/.gnupg
		  rm trustdb.gpg
		  gpg2 --import-ownertrust < otrust.txt

       --rebuild-keydb-caches
	      When updating from version 1.0.6 to 1.0.7 this command should be
	      used  to	create	signature  caches  in the keyring. It might be
	      handy in other situations too.

       --print-md algo

       --print-mds
	      Print message digest of algorithm ALGO for all  given  files  or
	      STDIN.   With  the  second  form	(or  a deprecated "*" as algo)
	      digests for all available algorithms are printed.

       --gen-random 0|1|2
	      Emit count random bytes of the given quality level. If count  is
	      not  given  or zero, an endless sequence of random bytes will be
	      emitted.	PLEASE, don't use this command unless  you  know  what
	      you are doing; it may remove precious entropy from the system!

       --gen-prime mode bits
	      Use  the source, Luke :-). The output format is still subject to
	      change.

       --enarmor

       --dearmor
	      Pack or unpack an arbitrary input	 into/from  an	OpenPGP	 ASCII
	      armor.   This is a GnuPG extension to OpenPGP and in general not
	      very useful.

   How to manage your keys

       This section explains the main commands for key management

       --gen-key
	      Generate a new key pair. This  command  is  normally  only  used
	      interactively.

	      There is an experimental feature which allows you to create keys
	      in batch mode. See the file ‘doc/DETAILS’ in the source  distri‐
	      bution on how to use this.

       --gen-revoke name
	      Generate	a  revocation  certificate  for	 the  complete key. To
	      revoke a subkey or a signature, use the --edit command.

       --desig-revoke name
	      Generate a designated revocation certificate  for	 a  key.  This
	      allows  a	 user (with the permission of the keyholder) to revoke
	      someone else's key.

       --edit-key
	      Present a menu which enables you to do most of the  key  manage‐
	      ment  related  tasks.   It expects the specification of a key on
	      the command line.

	      uid n  Toggle selection of user ID or photographic user ID  with
		     index n.  Use * to select all and 0 to deselect all.

	      key n  Toggle selection of subkey with index n.  Use * to select
		     all and 0 to deselect all.

	      sign   Make a signature on key of user name If the  key  is  not
		     yet  signed  by the default user (or the users given with
		     -u), the program displays	the  information  of  the  key
		     again,  together with its fingerprint and asks whether it
		     should be signed. This question is repeated for all users
		     specified with -u.

	      lsign  Same  as  "sign"  but  the	 signature  is	marked as non-
		     exportable and will therefore never be  used  by  others.
		     This  may	be  used  to make keys valid only in the local
		     environment.

	      nrsign Same as "sign" but the signature is marked as non-revoca‐
		     ble and can therefore never be revoked.

	      tsign  Make a trust signature. This is a signature that combines
		     the notions of certification (like a regular  signature),
		     and  trust	 (like	the  "trust" command). It is generally
		     only useful in distinct communities or groups.

	      Note that "l" (for local / non-exportable), "nr" (for  non-revo‐
	      cable,  and  "t" (for trust) may be freely mixed and prefixed to
	      "sign" to create a signature of any type desired.

	      delsig Delete a signature. Note  that  it	 is  not  possible  to
		     retract  a signature, once it has been send to the public
		     (i.e. to a keyserver).   In  that	case  you  better  use
		     revsig.

	      revsig Revoke  a	signature.  For every signature which has been
		     generated by one of the secret keys, GnuPG asks whether a
		     revocation certificate should be generated.

	      check  Check the signatures on all selected user IDs.

	      adduid Create an additional user ID.

	      addphoto
		     Create  a	photographic  user  ID. This will prompt for a
		     JPEG file that will be embedded into the  user  ID.  Note
		     that  a  very  large JPEG will make for a very large key.
		     Also note that  some  programs  will  display  your  JPEG
		     unchanged (GnuPG), and some programs will scale it to fit
		     in a dialog box (PGP).

	      showphoto
		     Display the selected photographic user ID.

	      deluid Delete a user ID or photographic user ID.	Note  that  it
		     is	 not  possible	to retract a user id, once it has been
		     send to the public (i.e. to a keyserver).	In  that  case
		     you better use revuid.

	      revuid Revoke a user ID or photographic user ID.

	      primary
		     Flag  the current user id as the primary one, removes the
		     primary user id flag from all other user ids and sets the
		     timestamp	of  all	 affected  self-signatures  one second
		     ahead. Note that setting a photo user ID as primary makes
		     it primary over other photo user IDs, and setting a regu‐
		     lar user ID as primary makes it primary over other	 regu‐
		     lar user IDs.

	      keyserver
		     Set  a  preferred keyserver for the specified user ID(s).
		     This allows other users to know where you prefer they get
		     your  key	from. See --keyserver-options honor-keyserver-
		     url for more on how  this	works.	 Setting  a  value  of
		     "none" removes an existing preferred keyserver.

	      notation
		     Set  a  name=value notation for the specified user ID(s).
		     See --cert-notation for more on how this works. Setting a
		     value of "none" removes all notations, setting a notation
		     prefixed with a minus sign (-) removes that notation, and
		     setting  a	 notation  name	 (without the =value) prefixed
		     with a minus sign removes all notations with that name.

	      pref   List preferences from the selected user  ID.  This	 shows
		     the  actual  preferences,	without	 including any implied
		     preferences.

	      showpref
		     More verbose preferences listing for  the	selected  user
		     ID. This shows the preferences in effect by including the
		     implied preferences of 3DES (cipher), SHA-1 (digest), and
		     Uncompressed   (compression)  if  they  are  not  already
		     included in the preference list. In  addition,  the  pre‐
		     ferred  keyserver	and  signature	notations (if any) are
		     shown.

	      setpref string
		     Set the list of user ID preferences to string for all (or
		     just  the	selected)  user	 IDs.  Calling setpref with no
		     arguments sets the preference list to the default (either
		     built-in or set via --default-preference-list), and call‐
		     ing setpref with "none" as the  argument  sets  an	 empty
		     preference	 list.	Use  gpg2  --version  to get a list of
		     available algorithms. Note that while you can change  the
		     preferences  on  an  attribute  user ID (aka "photo ID"),
		     GnuPG does not select keys	 via  attribute	 user  IDs  so
		     these preferences will not be used by GnuPG.

		     When  setting preferences, you should list the algorithms
		     in the order which you'd like to see them used by someone
		     else when encrypting a message to your key.  If you don't
		     include 3DES, it will be automatically added at the  end.
		     Note that there are many factors that go into choosing an
		     algorithm (for example, your key  may  not	 be  the  only
		     recipient),  and  so the remote OpenPGP application being
		     used to send to you may or may not follow your exact cho‐
		     sen  order	 for  a given message.	It will, however, only
		     choose an algorithm that is  present  on  the  preference
		     list of every recipient key.  See also the INTEROPERABIL‐
		     ITY WITH OTHER OPENPGP PROGRAMS section below.

	      addkey Add a subkey to this key.

	      addcardkey
		     Generate a subkey on a card and add it to this key.

	      keytocard
		     Transfer the selected secret subkey (or the  primary  key
		     if	 no  subkey  has  been	selected)  to a smartcard. The
		     secret key in the keyring will be replaced by a  stub  if
		     the  key could be stored successfully on the card and you
		     use the save command later. Only certain key types may be
		     transferred  to the card. A sub menu allows you to select
		     on what card to store the key. Note that it is not possi‐
		     ble to get that key back from the card - if the card gets
		     broken your secret key will be lost  unless  you  have  a
		     backup somewhere.

	      bkuptocard file
		     Restore  the  given  file	to a card. This command may be
		     used to restore a backup key (as  generated  during  card
		     initialization)  to  a new card. In almost all cases this
		     will be the encryption key. You should use	 this  command
		     only with the corresponding public key and make sure that
		     the file given  as	 argument  is  indeed  the  backup  to
		     restore.  You  should then select 2 to restore as encryp‐
		     tion  key.	  You  will  first  be	asked  to  enter   the
		     passphrase	 of  the backup key and then for the Admin PIN
		     of the card.

	      delkey Remove a subkey (secondart key). Note that it is not pos‐
		     sible  to	retract a subkey, once it has been send to the
		     public (i.e. to a keyserver).  In that  case  you	better
		     use revkey.

	      revkey Revoke a subkey.

	      expire Change  the key or subkey expiration time. If a subkey is
		     selected, the expiration time  of	this  subkey  will  be
		     changed.  With  no	 selection,  the key expiration of the
		     primary key is changed.

	      trust  Change the owner trust value for the  key.	 This  updates
		     the trust-db immediately and no save is required.

	      disable

	      enable Disable  or  enable an entire key. A disabled key can not
		     normally be used for encryption.

	      addrevoker
		     Add a designated revoker  to  the	key.  This  takes  one
		     optional  argument:  "sensitive". If a designated revoker
		     is marked as  sensitive,  it  will	 not  be  exported  by
		     default (see export-options).

	      passwd Change the passphrase of the secret key.

	      toggle Toggle between public and secret key listing.

	      clean  Compact  (by  removing all signatures except the selfsig)
		     any user ID that is no longer usable  (e.g.  revoked,  or
		     expired). Then, remove any signatures that are not usable
		     by the trust calculations.	  Specifically,	 this  removes
		     any  signature that does not validate, any signature that
		     is superseded by a later signature,  revoked  signatures,
		     and signatures issued by keys that are not present on the
		     keyring.

	      minimize
		     Make the key as small as possible. This removes all  sig‐
		     natures  from  each  user	ID  except for the most recent
		     self-signature.

	      cross-certify
		     Add cross-certification  signatures  to  signing  subkeys
		     that  may	not  currently	have them. Cross-certification
		     signatures protect against a subtle attack against	 sign‐
		     ing  subkeys. See --require-cross-certification.  All new
		     keys generated have this signature by  default,  so  this
		     option is only useful to bring older keys up to date.

	      save   Save all changes to the key rings and quit.

	      quit   Quit the program without updating the key rings.

	      The  listing  shows  you the key with its secondary keys and all
	      user ids. Selected keys or user ids are indicated by  an	aster‐
	      isk.  The	 trust	value  is  displayed with the primary key: the
	      first is the assigned owner trust and the second is  the	calcu‐
	      lated trust value. Letters are used for the values:

	      -	     No ownertrust assigned / not yet calculated.

	      e	     Trust  calculation has failed; probably due to an expired
		     key.

	      q	     Not enough information for calculation.

	      n	     Never trust this key.

	      m	     Marginally trusted.

	      f	     Fully trusted.

	      u	     Ultimately trusted.

       --sign-key name
	      Signs a public key with your secret key. This is a shortcut ver‐
	      sion of the subcommand "sign" from --edit.

       --lsign-key name
	      Signs  a	public	key  with your secret key but marks it as non-
	      exportable. This is a shortcut version of the subcommand "lsign"
	      from --edit-key.

       --passwd user_id
	      Change  the  passphrase  of the secret key belonging to the cer‐
	      tificate specified as user_id.  This is a shortcut for the  sub-
	      command passwd of the edit key menu.

OPTIONS
       gpg2  features a bunch of options to control the exact behaviour and to
       change the default configuration.

       Long   options	can   be   put	 in   an   options    file    (default
       "~/.gnupg/gpg.conf").  Short  option names will not work - for example,
       "armor" is a valid option for the options file, while "a"  is  not.  Do
       not  write  the	2  dashes,  but	 simply the name of the option and any
       required arguments. Lines with a hash ('#')  as	the  first  non-white-
       space  character are ignored. Commands may be put in this file too, but
       that is not generally useful as the command will execute	 automatically
       with every execution of gpg.

       Please  remember	 that  option parsing stops as soon as a non-option is
       encountered, you can explicitly	stop  parsing  by  using  the  special
       option --.

   How to change the configuration

       These  options  are  used  to  change the configuration and are usually
       found in the option file.

       --default-key name
	      Use name as the default key to sign with. If this option is  not
	      used,  the  default  key	is  the	 first key found in the secret
	      keyring.	Note that -u or --local-user overrides this option.

       --default-recipient name
	      Use name as default recipient if option --recipient is not  used
	      and don't ask if this is a valid one. name must be non-empty.

       --default-recipient-self
	      Use  the	default key as default recipient if option --recipient
	      is not used and don't ask if this is a valid  one.  The  default
	      key is the first one from the secret keyring or the one set with
	      --default-key.

       --no-default-recipient
	      Reset --default-recipient and --default-recipient-self.

       -v, --verbose
	      Give more information during  processing.	 If  used  twice,  the
	      input data is listed in detail.

       --no-verbose
	      Reset verbose level to 0.

       -q, --quiet
	      Try to be as quiet as possible.

       --batch

       --no-batch
	      Use  batch  mode.	 Never ask, do not allow interactive commands.
	      --no-batch disables this option.	Note that even with a filename
	      given  on	 the  command  line, gpg might still need to read from
	      STDIN (in particular if gpg figures that the input is a detached
	      signature	 and no data file has been specified).	Thus if you do
	      not want to feed data via STDIN, you  should  connect  STDIN  to
	      ‘/dev/null’.

       --no-tty
	      Make  sure that the TTY (terminal) is never used for any output.
	      This option is needed in	some  cases  because  GnuPG  sometimes
	      prints warnings to the TTY even if --batch is used.

       --yes  Assume "yes" on most questions.

       --no   Assume "no" on most questions.

       --list-options parameters
	      This  is	a  space  or comma delimited string that gives options
	      used when listing keys and  signatures  (that  is,  --list-keys,
	      --list-sigs,  --list-public-keys,	 --list-secret-keys,  and  the
	      --edit-key functions).  Options can  be  prepended  with	a  no-
	      (after  the  two	dashes)	 to  give  the	opposite meaning.  The
	      options are:

	      show-photos
		     Causes --list-keys, --list-sigs, --list-public-keys,  and
		     --list-secret-keys	 to  display any photo IDs attached to
		     the key.  Defaults to no. See also --photo-viewer.

	      show-policy-urls
		     Show policy URLs in the --list-sigs or --check-sigs list‐
		     ings.  Defaults to no.

	      show-notations

	      show-std-notations

	      show-user-notations
		     Show  all, IETF standard, or user-defined signature nota‐
		     tions  in	the  --list-sigs  or  --check-sigs   listings.
		     Defaults to no.

	      show-keyserver-urls

		     Show  any	preferred  keyserver URL in the --list-sigs or
		     --check-sigs listings. Defaults to no.

	      show-uid-validity
		     Display the calculated validity of user IDs during public
		     key listings.  Defaults to no.

	      show-unusable-uids
		     Show  revoked  and	 expired  user	IDs  in	 key listings.
		     Defaults to no.

	      show-unusable-subkeys
		     Show  revoked  and	 expired  subkeys  in  key   listings.
		     Defaults to no.

	      show-keyring
		     Display  the  keyring name at the head of key listings to
		     show which keyring a given key resides  on.  Defaults  to
		     no.

	      show-sig-expire
		     Show  signature  expiration dates (if any) during --list-
		     sigs or --check-sigs listings. Defaults to no.

	      show-sig-subpackets
		     Include signature subpackets in  the  key	listing.  This
		     option can take an optional argument list of the subpack‐
		     ets to list. If no argument is passed, list all  subpack‐
		     ets.  Defaults to no. This option is only meaningful when
		     using --with-colons along with  --list-sigs  or  --check-
		     sigs.

       --verify-options parameters
	      This  is	a  space  or comma delimited string that gives options
	      used when verifying signatures. Options can be prepended with  a
	      `no-' to give the opposite meaning. The options are:

	      show-photos
		     Display  any photo IDs present on the key that issued the
		     signature.	 Defaults to no. See also --photo-viewer.

	      show-policy-urls
		     Show  policy  URLs	 in  the  signature  being   verified.
		     Defaults to no.

	      show-notations

	      show-std-notations

	      show-user-notations
		     Show  all, IETF standard, or user-defined signature nota‐
		     tions in the signature being verified. Defaults  to  IETF
		     standard.

	      show-keyserver-urls
		     Show  any	preferred keyserver URL in the signature being
		     verified.	Defaults to no.

	      show-uid-validity
		     Display the calculated validity of the user  IDs  on  the
		     key that issued the signature. Defaults to no.

	      show-unusable-uids
		     Show  revoked and expired user IDs during signature veri‐
		     fication.	Defaults to no.

	      show-primary-uid-only
		     Show only the primary user ID during signature  verifica‐
		     tion.  That is all the AKA lines as well as photo Ids are
		     not shown with the signature verification status.

	      pka-lookups
		     Enable PKA lookups to verify sender addresses. Note  that
		     PKA is based on DNS, and so enabling this option may dis‐
		     close information on when and what signatures  are	 veri‐
		     fied or to whom data is encrypted. This is similar to the
		     "web bug" described for the auto-key-retrieve feature.

	      pka-trust-increase
		     Raise the trust in a signature to full if	the  signature
		     passes  PKA validation. This option is only meaningful if
		     pka-lookups is set.

       --enable-dsa2

       --disable-dsa2
	      Enable hash truncation for all DSA keys even for old DSA Keys up
	      to  1024	bit.   This  is also the default with --openpgp.  Note
	      that older versions of GnuPG also required this  flag  to	 allow
	      the generation of DSA larger than 1024 bit.

       --photo-viewer string
	      This  is the command line that should be run to view a photo ID.
	      "%i" will be expanded to a filename containing the  photo.  "%I"
	      does  the	 same,	except	the  file will not be deleted once the
	      viewer exits.  Other flags are "%k" for the key ID, "%K" for the
	      long  key	 ID, "%f" for the key fingerprint, "%t" for the exten‐
	      sion of the image type (e.g. "jpg"), "%T" for the MIME  type  of
	      the  image  (e.g.	 "image/jpeg"), and "%%" for an actual percent
	      sign. If neither %i or %I are present, then the  photo  will  be
	      supplied to the viewer on standard input.

	      The  default  viewer  is	"xloadimage -fork -quiet -title 'KeyID
	      0x%k' STDIN". Note that if your  image  viewer  program  is  not
	      secure, then executing it from GnuPG does not make it secure.

       --exec-path string
	      Sets  a list of directories to search for photo viewers and key‐
	      server helpers. If not provided, keyserver helpers use the  com‐
	      piled-in	default	 directory,  and  photo	 viewers use the $PATH
	      environment variable.  Note, that on W32 system  this  value  is
	      ignored when searching for keyserver helpers.

       --keyring file
	      Add  file to the current list of keyrings. If file begins with a
	      tilde and a slash, these are replaced by the $HOME directory. If
	      the  filename  does  not contain a slash, it is assumed to be in
	      the GnuPG home directory ("~/.gnupg" if --homedir or  $GNUPGHOME
	      is not used).

	      Note that this adds a keyring to the current list. If the intent
	      is to use the specified keyring alone, use --keyring along  with
	      --no-default-keyring.

       --secret-keyring file
	      Same as --keyring but for the secret keyrings.

       --primary-keyring file
	      Designate	 file  as  the primary public keyring. This means that
	      newly imported keys (via --import or keyserver --recv-from) will
	      go to this keyring.

       --trustdb-name file
	      Use  file	 instead of the default trustdb. If file begins with a
	      tilde and a slash, these are replaced by the $HOME directory. If
	      the  filename  does  not contain a slash, it is assumed to be in
	      the GnuPG home directory (‘~/.gnupg’ if --homedir or  $GNUPGHOME
	      is not used).

       --homedir dir
	      Set the name of the home directory to dir. If this option is not
	      used, the home directory defaults to  ‘~/.gnupg’.	  It  is  only
	      recognized  when	given  on the command line.  It also overrides
	      any home	directory  stated  through  the	 environment  variable
	      ‘GNUPGHOME’  or  (on W32 systems) by means of the Registry entry
	      HKCU\Software\GNU\GnuPG:HomeDir.

       --display-charset name
	      Set the name of the native character set. This is used  to  con‐
	      vert  some  informational	 strings  like	user IDs to the proper
	      UTF-8 encoding.  Note that this has nothing to do with the char‐
	      acter  set  of  data  to	be encrypted or signed; GnuPG does not
	      recode user-supplied data. If  this  option  is  not  used,  the
	      default  character  set is determined from the current locale. A
	      verbosity level of 3 shows the chosen  set.   Valid  values  for
	      name are:

	      iso-8859-1
		     This is the Latin 1 set.

	      iso-8859-2
		     The Latin 2 set.

	      iso-8859-15
		     This is currently an alias for the Latin 1 set.

	      koi8-r The usual Russian set (rfc1489).

	      utf-8  Bypass  all  translations	and  assume  that  the OS uses
		     native UTF-8 encoding.

       --utf8-strings

       --no-utf8-strings
	      Assume that command line arguments are given  as	UTF8  strings.
	      The  default (--no-utf8-strings) is to assume that arguments are
	      encoded in the character set as specified by  --display-charset.
	      These  options  affect all following arguments. Both options may
	      be used multiple times.

       --options file
	      Read options from file and do not try  to	 read  them  from  the
	      default options file in the homedir (see --homedir). This option
	      is ignored if used in an options file.

       --no-options
	      Shortcut for --options /dev/null. This option is detected before
	      an  attempt to open an option file.  Using this option will also
	      prevent the creation of a ‘~/.gnupg’ homedir.

       -z n

       --compress-level n

       --bzip2-compress-level n
	      Set compression level to n for  the  ZIP	and  ZLIB  compression
	      algorithms.  The default is to use the default compression level
	      of zlib (normally 6). --bzip2-compress-level sets	 the  compres‐
	      sion  level for the BZIP2 compression algorithm (defaulting to 6
	      as well). This is a different option from --compress-level since
	      BZIP2  uses  a  significant amount of memory for each additional
	      compression level.  -z sets both. A value of 0  for  n  disables
	      compression.

       --bzip2-decompress-lowmem
	      Use a different decompression method for BZIP2 compressed files.
	      This alternate method uses a bit more than half the memory,  but
	      also  runs  at  half the speed. This is useful under extreme low
	      memory circumstances when the file was originally compressed  at
	      a high --bzip2-compress-level.

       --mangle-dos-filenames

       --no-mangle-dos-filenames
	      Older  version of Windows cannot handle filenames with more than
	      one dot. --mangle-dos-filenames causes GnuPG to replace  (rather
	      than  add	 to) the extension of an output filename to avoid this
	      problem. This option is off by default and has no effect on non-
	      Windows platforms.

       --ask-cert-level

       --no-ask-cert-level
	      When  making  a key signature, prompt for a certification level.
	      If this option is not specified, the certification level used is
	      set   via	 --default-cert-level.	See  --default-cert-level  for
	      information on the specific levels and how they are used.	 --no-
	      ask-cert-level disables this option. This option defaults to no.

       --default-cert-level n
	      The default to use for the check level when signing a key.

	      0	 means	you  make  no particular claim as to how carefully you
	      verified the key.

	      1 means you believe the key is owned by the person who claims to
	      own it but you could not, or did not verify the key at all. This
	      is useful for a "persona" verification, where you sign  the  key
	      of a pseudonymous user.

	      2	 means	you  did  casual verification of the key. For example,
	      this could mean that you verified that the key  fingerprint  and
	      checked the user ID on the key against a photo ID.

	      3	 means you did extensive verification of the key. For example,
	      this could mean that you verified the key fingerprint  with  the
	      owner  of the key in person, and that you checked, by means of a
	      hard to forge document with a photo ID (such as a passport) that
	      the name of the key owner matches the name in the user ID on the
	      key, and finally that you verified (by exchange of  email)  that
	      the email address on the key belongs to the key owner.

	      Note  that  the examples given above for levels 2 and 3 are just
	      that: examples. In the end, it is up to you to decide just  what
	      "casual" and "extensive" mean to you.

	      This option defaults to 0 (no particular claim).

       --min-cert-level
	      When  building  the  trust database, treat any signatures with a
	      certification level below this as invalid. Defaults to 2,	 which
	      disregards  level 1 signatures. Note that level 0 "no particular
	      claim" signatures are always accepted.

       --trusted-key long key ID
	      Assume that the specified key (which must be given as a  full  8
	      byte  key	 ID) is as trustworthy as one of your own secret keys.
	      This option is useful if you don't want to keep your secret keys
	      (or  one	of them) online but still want to be able to check the
	      validity of a given recipient's or signator's key.

       --trust-model pgp|classic|direct|always|auto
	      Set what trust model GnuPG should follow. The models are:

	      pgp    This is the Web of Trust combined with  trust  signatures
		     as	 used  in PGP 5.x and later. This is the default trust
		     model when creating a new trust database.

	      classic
		     This is the standard Web of Trust as used in PGP 2.x  and
		     earlier.

	      direct Key  validity  is set directly by the user and not calcu‐
		     lated via the Web of Trust.

	      always Skip key validation and assume that used keys are	always
		     fully  trusted.  You  generally won't use this unless you
		     are using some external validation	 scheme.  This	option
		     also suppresses the "[uncertain]" tag printed with signa‐
		     ture checks when there is no evidence that the user ID is
		     bound to the key.

	      auto   Select the trust model depending on whatever the internal
		     trust database says. This is the default model if such  a
		     database already exists.

       --auto-key-locate parameters

       --no-auto-key-locate
	      GnuPG can automatically locate and retrieve keys as needed using
	      this option. This happens when encrypting to  an	email  address
	      (in  the	"user@example.com"  form), and there are no user@exam‐
	      ple.com keys on the local keyring.  This option takes any number
	      of the following mechanisms, in the order they are to be tried:

	      cert   Locate a key using DNS CERT, as specified in rfc4398.

	      pka    Locate a key using DNS PKA.

	      ldap   Using DNS Service Discovery, check the domain in question
		     for any LDAP keyservers to use.  If this  fails,  attempt
		     to	 locate	 the  key  using  the  PGP Universal method of
		     checking 'ldap://keys.(thedomain)'.

	      keyserver
		     Locate a key using whatever keyserver  is	defined	 using
		     the --keyserver option.

	      keyserver-URL
		     In	 addition,  a keyserver URL as used in the --keyserver
		     option may be used here to	 query	that  particular  key‐
		     server.

	      local  Locate  the key using the local keyrings.	This mechanism
		     allows to select the order a local key  lookup  is	 done.
		     Thus  using  '--auto-key-locate  local'  is  identical to
		     --no-auto-key-locate.

	      nodefault
		     This flag disables the standard local  key	 lookup,  done
		     before  any  of the mechanisms defined by the --auto-key-
		     locate are tried.	The position of this mechanism in  the
		     list  does	 not  matter.	It is not required if local is
		     also used.

       --keyid-format short|0xshort|long|0xlong
	      Select how to  display  key  IDs.	 "short"  is  the  traditional
	      8-character key ID. "long" is the more accurate (but less conve‐
	      nient) 16-character key ID. Add an "0x" to either to include  an
	      "0x" at the beginning of the key ID, as in 0x99242560.

       --keyserver name
	      Use name as your keyserver. This is the server that --recv-keys,
	      --send-keys, and --search-keys will communicate with to  receive
	      keys  from,  send keys to, and search for keys on. The format of
	      the name is a URI: `scheme:[//]keyservername[:port]' The	scheme
	      is  the  type  of	 keyserver: "hkp" for the HTTP (or compatible)
	      keyservers, "ldap" for the LDAP keyservers, or "mailto" for  the
	      Graff email keyserver. Note that your particular installation of
	      GnuPG may have other keyserver types  available  as  well.  Key‐
	      server  schemes  are case-insensitive. After the keyserver name,
	      optional keyserver configuration options may be provided.	 These
	      are  the	same as the global --keyserver-options from below, but
	      apply only to this particular keyserver.

	      Most keyservers synchronize with each other, so there is	gener‐
	      ally no need to send keys to more than one server. The keyserver
	      hkp://keys.gnupg.net uses round robin DNS to  give  a  different
	      keyserver each time you use it.

       --keyserver-options name=value1
	      This is a space or comma delimited string that gives options for
	      the keyserver. Options can be prefixed with a `no-' to give  the
	      opposite	meaning. Valid import-options or export-options may be
	      used here as well to apply to importing (--recv-key) or  export‐
	      ing  (--send-key)	 a key from a keyserver. While not all options
	      are available for all keyserver types, some common options are:

	      include-revoked
		     When searching for a key with --search-keys, include keys
		     that  are	marked	on the keyserver as revoked. Note that
		     not all  keyservers  differentiate	 between  revoked  and
		     unrevoked	keys,  and  for such keyservers this option is
		     meaningless. Note also that most keyservers do  not  have
		     cryptographic  verification  of  key  revocations, and so
		     turning this option off may result in skipping keys  that
		     are incorrectly marked as revoked.

	      include-disabled
		     When searching for a key with --search-keys, include keys
		     that are marked on the keyserver as disabled.  Note  that
		     this option is not used with HKP keyservers.

	      auto-key-retrieve
		     This option enables the automatic retrieving of keys from
		     a keyserver when verifying signatures made by  keys  that
		     are not on the local keyring.

		     Note  that	 this  option  makes a "web bug" like behavior
		     possible.	Keyserver operators can	 see  which  keys  you
		     request,  so  by  sending you a message signed by a brand
		     new key (which you naturally will not have on your	 local
		     keyring),	the operator can tell both your IP address and
		     the time when you verified the signature.

	      honor-keyserver-url
		     When using --refresh-keys, if the key in question	has  a
		     preferred	keyserver  URL,	 then  use that preferred key‐
		     server to refresh the key from. In addition, if auto-key-
		     retrieve  is  set, and the signature being verified has a
		     preferred keyserver URL, then  use	 that  preferred  key‐
		     server to fetch the key from. Defaults to yes.

	      honor-pka-record
		     If auto-key-retrieve is set, and the signature being ver‐
		     ified has a PKA record, then use the PKA  information  to
		     fetch the key. Defaults to yes.

	      include-subkeys
		     When  receiving  a key, include subkeys as potential tar‐
		     gets. Note that this option is not	 used  with  HKP  key‐
		     servers, as they do not support retrieving keys by subkey
		     id.

	      use-temp-files
		     On most Unix-like platforms, GnuPG communicates with  the
		     keyserver	helper	program	 via  pipes, which is the most
		     efficient method. This option forces GnuPG to use	tempo‐
		     rary  files  to  communicate.  On some platforms (such as
		     Win32 and RISC OS), this option is always enabled.

	      keep-temp-files
		     If using `use-temp-files', do not delete the  temp	 files
		     after using them. This option is useful to learn the key‐
		     server communication protocol by  reading	the  temporary
		     files.

	      verbose
		     Tell  the	keyserver  helper  program to be more verbose.
		     This option can be repeated multiple  times  to  increase
		     the verbosity level.

	      timeout
		     Tell  the	keyserver helper program how long (in seconds)
		     to try and perform a keyserver action before  giving  up.
		     Note  that	 performing  multiple actions at the same time
		     uses this timeout value per action.   For	example,  when
		     retrieving	 multiple  keys	 via  --recv-keys, the timeout
		     applies separately to each key retrieval, and not to  the
		     --recv-keys command as a whole. Defaults to 30 seconds.

	      http-proxy=value
		     Set  the  proxy to use for HTTP and HKP keyservers.  This
		     overrides the "http_proxy" environment variable, if any.

	      max-cert-size
		     When retrieving a key via DNS CERT, only accept  keys  up
		     to this size.  Defaults to 16384 bytes.

	      debug  Turn  on  debug  output  in the keyserver helper program.
		     Note that the details of debug output  depends  on	 which
		     keyserver	helper	program is being used, and in turn, on
		     any libraries that	 the  keyserver	 helper	 program  uses
		     internally (libcurl, openldap, etc).

	      check-cert
		     Enable certificate checking if the keyserver presents one
		     (for hkps or ldaps).  Defaults to on.

	      ca-cert-file
		     Provide  a	 certificate  store  to	 override  the	system
		     default.	Only  necessary	 if check-cert is enabled, and
		     the keyserver is using a certificate that is not  present
		     in a system default certificate list.

		     Note that depending on the SSL library that the keyserver
		     helper is built with, this may actually be a directory or
		     a file.

       --completes-needed n
	      Number of completely trusted users to introduce a new key signer
	      (defaults to 1).

       --marginals-needed n
	      Number of marginally trusted users to introduce a new key signer
	      (defaults to 3)

       --max-cert-depth n
	      Maximum depth of a certification chain (default is 5).

       --simple-sk-checksum
	      Secret  keys  are integrity protected by using a SHA-1 checksum.
	      This method is part of the upcoming enhanced OpenPGP  specifica‐
	      tion  but GnuPG already uses it as a countermeasure against cer‐
	      tain attacks.  Old applications don't understand this  new  for‐
	      mat, so this option may be used to switch back to the old behav‐
	      iour. Using this option bears a security risk. Note  that	 using
	      this option only takes effect when the secret key is encrypted -
	      the simplest way to make this happen is to change the passphrase
	      on the key (even changing it to the same value is acceptable).

       --no-sig-cache
	      Do not cache the verification status of key signatures.  Caching
	      gives a much better performance in key listings. However, if you
	      suspect that your public keyring is not save against write modi‐
	      fications, you can use this option to disable  the  caching.  It
	      probably	does  not make sense to disable it because all kind of
	      damage can be done if someone else has write access to your pub‐
	      lic keyring.

       --no-sig-create-check
	      GnuPG  normally  verifies each signature right after creation to
	      protect against bugs and hardware malfunctions which could  leak
	      out bits from the secret key. This extra verification needs some
	      time (about 115% for DSA keys), and so this option can  be  used
	      to disable it.  However, due to the fact that the signature cre‐
	      ation needs manual interaction, this  performance	 penalty  does
	      not matter in most settings.

       --auto-check-trustdb

       --no-auto-check-trustdb
	      If  GnuPG	 feels that its information about the Web of Trust has
	      to be updated, it automatically runs the --check-trustdb command
	      internally.   This  may  be a time consuming process. --no-auto-
	      check-trustdb disables this option.

       --use-agent

       --no-use-agent
	      This is dummy option. gpg2 always requires the agent.

       --gpg-agent-info
	      This is dummy option. It has no effect when used with gpg2.

       --lock-once
	      Lock the databases the first time a lock is requested and do not
	      release the lock until the process terminates.

       --lock-multiple
	      Release  the  locks  every  time a lock is no longer needed. Use
	      this to override a previous --lock-once from a config file.

       --lock-never
	      Disable locking entirely. This option should  be	used  only  in
	      very special environments, where it can be assured that only one
	      process is accessing those  files.  A  bootable  floppy  with  a
	      stand-alone  encryption  system will probably use this. Improper
	      usage of this option may lead to data and key corruption.

       --exit-on-status-write-error
	      This option will cause write errors on the status FD to  immedi‐
	      ately  terminate the process. That should in fact be the default
	      but it never worked this way and	thus  we  need	an  option  to
	      enable  this,  so that the change won't break applications which
	      close their end of a status fd connected pipe too	 early.	 Using
	      this  option  along with --enable-progress-filter may be used to
	      cleanly cancel long running gpg operations.

       --limit-card-insert-tries n
	      With n greater than 0 the number of prompts asking to  insert  a
	      smartcard	 gets limited to N-1. Thus with a value of 1 gpg won't
	      at all ask to insert  a  card  if	 none  has  been  inserted  at
	      startup. This option is useful in the configuration file in case
	      an application does not know about  the  smartcard  support  and
	      waits ad infinitum for an inserted card.

       --no-random-seed-file
	      GnuPG uses a file to store its internal random pool over invoca‐
	      tions.  This makes random generation faster;  however  sometimes
	      write  operations	 are  not  desired. This option can be used to
	      achieve that with the cost of slower random generation.

       --no-greeting
	      Suppress the initial copyright message.

       --no-secmem-warning
	      Suppress the warning about "using insecure memory".

       --no-permission-warning
	      Suppress the  warning  about  unsafe  file  and  home  directory
	      (--homedir)  permissions.	 Note  that the permission checks that
	      GnuPG performs are not intended to be authoritative, but	rather
	      they  simply  warn  about certain common permission problems. Do
	      not assume that the lack of a warning means that your system  is
	      secure.

	      Note that the warning for unsafe --homedir permissions cannot be
	      suppressed in the gpg.conf file, as this would allow an attacker
	      to  place an unsafe gpg.conf file in place, and use this file to
	      suppress warnings about itself. The --homedir permissions	 warn‐
	      ing may only be suppressed on the command line.

       --no-mdc-warning
	      Suppress the warning about missing MDC integrity protection.

       --require-secmem

       --no-require-secmem
	      Refuse  to run if GnuPG cannot get secure memory. Defaults to no
	      (i.e. run, but give a warning).

       --require-cross-certification

       --no-require-cross-certification
	      When verifying a signature made from a subkey, ensure  that  the
	      cross  certification  "back  signature" on the subkey is present
	      and valid.  This protects against a subtle attack	 against  sub‐
	      keys  that  can sign.  Defaults to --require-cross-certification
	      for gpg2.

       --expert

       --no-expert
	      Allow the user to do certain nonsensical or "silly" things  like
	      signing an expired or revoked key, or certain potentially incom‐
	      patible things like generating unusual key types. This also dis‐
	      ables  certain  warning  messages about potentially incompatible
	      actions. As the name implies, this option is for	experts	 only.
	      If you don't fully understand the implications of what it allows
	      you to do, leave this off. --no-expert disables this option.

   Key related options

       --recipient name

       -r     Encrypt for user id name. If this option	or  --hidden-recipient
	      is  not  specified, GnuPG asks for the user-id unless --default-
	      recipient is given.

       --hidden-recipient name

       -R     Encrypt for user ID name, but hide the key  ID  of  this	user's
	      key.  This  option helps to hide the receiver of the message and
	      is a limited countermeasure against traffic  analysis.  If  this
	      option  or --recipient is not specified, GnuPG asks for the user
	      ID unless --default-recipient is given.

       --encrypt-to name
	      Same as --recipient but this one is  intended  for  use  in  the
	      options  file  and  may  be  used	 with  your  own user-id as an
	      "encrypt-to-self". These keys are only used when there are other
	      recipients  given	 either	 by use of --recipient or by the asked
	      user id.	No trust checking is performed for these user ids  and
	      even disabled keys can be used.

       --hidden-encrypt-to name
	      Same  as	--hidden-recipient but this one is intended for use in
	      the options file and may be used with your own user-id as a hid‐
	      den  "encrypt-to-self".  These keys are only used when there are
	      other recipients given either by use of --recipient  or  by  the
	      asked  user  id.	 No trust checking is performed for these user
	      ids and even disabled keys can be used.

       --no-encrypt-to
	      Disable the use  of  all	--encrypt-to  and  --hidden-encrypt-to
	      keys.

       --group name=value1
	      Sets up a named group, which is similar to aliases in email pro‐
	      grams.  Any time the group name is a recipient (-r or  --recipi‐
	      ent),  it	 will  be  expanded  to the values specified. Multiple
	      groups with the same name are automatically merged into a single
	      group.

	      The  values are key IDs or fingerprints, but any key description
	      is accepted. Note that a value with spaces in it will be treated
	      as  two  different  values. Note also there is only one level of
	      expansion --- you cannot make an group that  points  to  another
	      group.  When  used from the command line, it may be necessary to
	      quote the argument to this option	 to  prevent  the  shell  from
	      treating it as multiple arguments.

       --ungroup name
	      Remove a given entry from the --group list.

       --no-groups
	      Remove all entries from the --group list.

       --local-user name

       -u     Use  name	 as  the key to sign with. Note that this option over‐
	      rides --default-key.

       --try-all-secrets
	      Don't look at the key ID as stored in the message	 but  try  all
	      secret  keys  in	turn  to  find	the right decryption key. This
	      option forces the behaviour  as  used  by	 anonymous  recipients
	      (created	by  using --throw-keyids) and might come handy in case
	      where an encrypted message contains a bogus key ID.

       --skip-hidden-recipients

       --no-skip-hidden-recipients
	      During decryption skip all anonymous  recipients.	  This	option
	      helps  in the case that people use the hidden recipients feature
	      to hide there own encrypt-to key from others.   If  oneself  has
	      many  secret keys this may lead to a major annoyance because all
	      keys are tried in turn to decrypt soemthing which was not really
	      intended for it.	The drawback of this option is that it is cur‐
	      rently not possible to decrypt a	message	 which	includes  real
	      anonymous recipients.

   Input and Output

       --armor

       -a     Create  ASCII  armored  output.	The  default  is to create the
	      binary OpenPGP format.

       --no-armor
	      Assume the input data is not in ASCII armored format.

       --output file

       -o file
	      Write output to file.

       --max-output n
	      This option sets a limit on the number of	 bytes	that  will  be
	      generated when processing a file. Since OpenPGP supports various
	      levels of compression, it is possible that the  plaintext	 of  a
	      given  message  may  be  significantly  larger than the original
	      OpenPGP message. While GnuPG works properly with such  messages,
	      there  is often a desire to set a maximum file size that will be
	      generated before processing is forced to stop by the OS  limits.
	      Defaults to 0, which means "no limit".

       --import-options parameters
	      This is a space or comma delimited string that gives options for
	      importing keys. Options can be prepended with a  `no-'  to  give
	      the opposite meaning. The options are:

	      import-local-sigs
		     Allow importing key signatures marked as "local". This is
		     not generally useful unless a shared  keyring  scheme  is
		     being used.  Defaults to no.

	      repair-pks-subkey-bug
		     During import, attempt to repair the damage caused by the
		     PKS keyserver bug (pre version 0.9.6) that	 mangles  keys
		     with  multiple  subkeys. Note that this cannot completely
		     repair the damaged key as some crucial data is removed by
		     the  keyserver,  but  it  does at least give you back one
		     subkey. Defaults to no for regular --import  and  to  yes
		     for keyserver --recv-keys.

	      merge-only
		     During import, allow key updates to existing keys, but do
		     not allow any new keys to be imported. Defaults to no.

	      import-clean
		     After import, compact (remove all signatures  except  the
		     self-signature)  any  user	 IDs from the new key that are
		     not usable.  Then, remove any signatures from the new key
		     that  are not usable.  This includes signatures that were
		     issued by keys that are not present on the keyring.  This
		     option  is	 the  same  as	running the --edit-key command
		     "clean" after import. Defaults to no.

	      import-minimal
		     Import the smallest key possible. This removes all signa‐
		     tures  except the most recent self-signature on each user
		     ID. This option is the same  as  running  the  --edit-key
		     command "minimize" after import.  Defaults to no.

       --export-options parameters
	      This is a space or comma delimited string that gives options for
	      exporting keys. Options can be prepended with a  `no-'  to  give
	      the opposite meaning. The options are:

	      export-local-sigs
		     Allow exporting key signatures marked as "local". This is
		     not generally useful unless a shared  keyring  scheme  is
		     being used.  Defaults to no.

	      export-attributes
		     Include  attribute	 user IDs (photo IDs) while exporting.
		     This is useful to export keys if they  are	 going	to  be
		     used by an OpenPGP program that does not accept attribute
		     user IDs. Defaults to yes.

	      export-sensitive-revkeys
		     Include designated revoker information that was marked as
		     "sensitive". Defaults to no.

	      export-reset-subkey-passwd
		     When  using  the  --export-secret-subkeys	command,  this
		     option resets the passphrases for all exported subkeys to
		     empty.  This  is useful when the exported subkey is to be
		     used on an unattended machine where a passphrase  doesn't
		     necessarily make sense. Defaults to no.

	      export-clean
		     Compact  (remove all signatures from) user IDs on the key
		     being exported if the user IDs are not usable.  Also,  do
		     not  export  any  signatures  that	 are  not usable. This
		     includes signatures that were issued by keys that are not
		     present  on  the keyring. This option is the same as run‐
		     ning the --edit-key command "clean" before export	except
		     that  the local copy of the key is not modified. Defaults
		     to no.

	      export-minimal
		     Export the smallest key possible. This removes all signa‐
		     tures  except the most recent self-signature on each user
		     ID. This option is the same  as  running  the  --edit-key
		     command  "minimize"  before  export except that the local
		     copy of the key is not modified. Defaults to no.

       --with-colons
	      Print key listings delimited by colons.  Note  that  the	output
	      will  be	encoded	 in  UTF-8 regardless of any --display-charset
	      setting. This format is useful when GnuPG is called from scripts
	      and  other  programs as it is easily machine parsed. The details
	      of this format are documented in the file	 ‘doc/DETAILS’,	 which
	      is included in the GnuPG source distribution.

       --fixed-list-mode
	      Do  not  merge  primary  user ID and primary key in --with-colon
	      listing  mode  and  print	 all  timestamps  as   seconds	 since
	      1970-01-01.   Since  GnuPG  2.0.10, this mode is always used and
	      thus this option is obsolete; it does not harm to use it though.

       --with-fingerprint
	      Same as the command --fingerprint but changes only the format of
	      the output and may be used together with another command.

   OpenPGP protocol specific options.

       -t, --textmode

       --no-textmode
	      Treat  input files as text and store them in the OpenPGP canoni‐
	      cal text form with standard "CRLF" line endings. This also  sets
	      the  necessary  flags to inform the recipient that the encrypted
	      or signed data is text and may need its line  endings  converted
	      back  to	whatever  the local system uses. This option is useful
	      when communicating between two  platforms	 that  have  different
	      line ending conventions (UNIX-like to Mac, Mac to Windows, etc).
	      --no-textmode disables this option, and is the default.

       --force-v3-sigs

       --no-force-v3-sigs
	      OpenPGP states that an implementation should generate v4	signa‐
	      tures  but PGP versions 5 through 7 only recognize v4 signatures
	      on key material. This option forces v3 signatures for signatures
	      on data.	Note that this option implies --ask-sig-expire, --sig-
	      policy-url, --sig-notation, and  --sig-keyserver-url,  as	 these
	      features	cannot be used with v3 signatures.  --no-force-v3-sigs
	      disables this option.

       --force-v4-certs

       --no-force-v4-certs
	      Always use v4 key signatures even on v3 keys. This  option  also
	      changes  the  default hash algorithm for v3 RSA keys from MD5 to
	      SHA-1.  --no-force-v4-certs disables this option.

       --force-mdc
	      Force the use of encryption with a modification detection	 code.
	      This  is always used with the newer ciphers (those with a block‐
	      size greater than 64 bits), or if	 all  of  the  recipient  keys
	      indicate MDC support in their feature flags.

       --disable-mdc
	      Disable the use of the modification detection code. Note that by
	      using this option, the encrypted message becomes vulnerable to a
	      message modification attack.

       --personal-cipher-preferences string
	      Set the list of personal cipher preferences to string.  Use gpg2
	      --version to get a list of available algorithms, and use none to
	      set  no preference at all.  This allows the user to safely over‐
	      ride the algorithm chosen by the recipient key  preferences,  as
	      GPG  will only select an algorithm that is usable by all recipi‐
	      ents.  The most highly ranked cipher in this list is  also  used
	      for the --symmetric encryption command.

       --personal-digest-preferences string
	      Set the list of personal digest preferences to string.  Use gpg2
	      --version to get a list of available algorithms, and use none to
	      set  no preference at all.  This allows the user to safely over‐
	      ride the algorithm chosen by the recipient key  preferences,  as
	      GPG  will only select an algorithm that is usable by all recipi‐
	      ents.  The most highly ranked digest algorithm in this  list  is
	      also  used  when signing without encryption (e.g. --clearsign or
	      --sign). The default value is SHA-1.

       --personal-compress-preferences string
	      Set the list of personal compression preferences to string.  Use
	      gpg2  --version  to  get a list of available algorithms, and use
	      none to set no preference at  all.   This	 allows	 the  user  to
	      safely  override the algorithm chosen by the recipient key pref‐
	      erences, as GPG will only select an algorithm that is usable  by
	      all recipients.  The most highly ranked compression algorithm in
	      this list is also used when there are no recipient keys to  con‐
	      sider (e.g. --symmetric).

       --s2k-cipher-algo name
	      Use  name	 as  the cipher algorithm used to protect secret keys.
	      The default cipher is CAST5. This cipher is also used  for  con‐
	      ventional	  encryption   if   --personal-cipher-preferences  and
	      --cipher-algo is not given.

       --s2k-digest-algo name
	      Use name as the digest algorithm used to mangle the passphrases.
	      The default algorithm is SHA-1.

       --s2k-mode n
	      Selects  how  passphrases	 are  mangled.	If  n  is  0  a	 plain
	      passphrase (which is not recommended) will be used, a 1  adds  a
	      salt  to the passphrase and a 3 (the default) iterates the whole
	      process a number of times (see --s2k-count).   Unless  --rfc1991
	      is used, this mode is also used for conventional encryption.

       --s2k-count n
	      Specify  how  many  times	 the  passphrase mangling is repeated.
	      This value may range between 1024 and  65011712  inclusive,  and
	      the  default  is	65536.	 Note  that  not  all  values  in  the
	      1024-65011712 range  are	legal  and  if	an  illegal  value  is
	      selected,	 GnuPG will round up to the nearest legal value.  This
	      option is only meaningful if --s2k-mode is 3.

   Compliance options

       These options control what GnuPG is compliant to.  Only	one  of	 these
       options	may be active at a time. Note that the default setting of this
       is nearly always the correct one. See the INTEROPERABILITY  WITH	 OTHER
       OPENPGP PROGRAMS section below before using one of these options.

       --gnupg
	      Use  standard GnuPG behavior. This is essentially OpenPGP behav‐
	      ior (see --openpgp), but with some  additional  workarounds  for
	      common compatibility problems in different versions of PGP. This
	      is the default option, so it is not generally needed, but it may
	      be  useful  to  override	a  different  compliance option in the
	      gpg.conf file.

       --openpgp
	      Reset all packet, cipher and digest options  to  strict  OpenPGP
	      behavior.	 Use  this  option  to reset all previous options like
	      --s2k-*, --cipher-algo,  --digest-algo  and  --compress-algo  to
	      OpenPGP compliant values. All PGP workarounds are disabled.

       --rfc4880
	      Reset  all  packet, cipher and digest options to strict RFC-4880
	      behavior.	 Note  that  this  is  currently  the  same  thing  as
	      --openpgp.

       --rfc2440
	      Reset  all  packet, cipher and digest options to strict RFC-2440
	      behavior.

       --rfc1991
	      Try to be more RFC-1991 (PGP 2.x) compliant.

       --pgp2 Set up all options to be as PGP 2.x compliant as	possible,  and
	      warn  if	an  action is taken (e.g. encrypting to a non-RSA key)
	      that will create a message that PGP 2.x will not be able to han‐
	      dle.  Note  that `PGP 2.x' here means `MIT PGP 2.6.2'. There are
	      other versions of PGP 2.x available, but the MIT	release	 is  a
	      good common baseline.

	      This  option implies --rfc1991 --disable-mdc --no-force-v4-certs
	      --escape-from-lines --force-v3-sigs --cipher-algo IDEA --digest-
	      algo  MD5	 --compress-algo ZIP. It also disables --textmode when
	      encrypting.

       --pgp6 Set up all options to be as PGP 6 compliant  as  possible.  This
	      restricts	 you  to  the  ciphers	IDEA  (if  the	IDEA plugin is
	      installed), 3DES, and CAST5, the hashes MD5, SHA1 and RIPEMD160,
	      and  the compression algorithms none and ZIP. This also disables
	      --throw-keyids, and making signatures with  signing  subkeys  as
	      PGP 6 does not understand signatures made by signing subkeys.

	      This  option  implies --disable-mdc --escape-from-lines --force-
	      v3-sigs.

       --pgp7 Set up all options to be as PGP 7 compliant as possible. This is
	      identical	 to  --pgp6 except that MDCs are not disabled, and the
	      list of allowable ciphers is expanded  to	 add  AES128,  AES192,
	      AES256, and TWOFISH.

       --pgp8 Set  up  all options to be as PGP 8 compliant as possible. PGP 8
	      is a lot closer to the OpenPGP standard than  previous  versions
	      of  PGP,	so  all	 this  does  is disable --throw-keyids and set
	      --escape-from-lines.  All algorithms are allowed except for  the
	      SHA224, SHA384, and SHA512 digests.

   Doing things one usually doesn't want to do.

       -n

       --dry-run
	      Don't make any changes (this is not completely implemented).

       --list-only
	      Changes  the  behaviour of some commands. This is like --dry-run
	      but different in some cases. The semantic of this command may be
	      extended	in  the	 future.  Currently  it	 only skips the actual
	      decryption pass and therefore enables  a	fast  listing  of  the
	      encryption keys.

       -i

       --interactive
	      Prompt before overwriting any files.

       --debug-level level
	      Select  the debug level for investigating problems. level may be
	      a numeric value or by a keyword:

	      none   No debugging at all.  A value of less than 1 may be  used
		     instead of the keyword.

	      basic  Some  basic  debug messages.  A value between 1 and 2 may
		     be used instead of the keyword.

	      advanced
		     More verbose debug messages.  A value between 3 and 5 may
		     be used instead of the keyword.

	      expert Even more detailed messages.  A value between 6 and 8 may
		     be used instead of the keyword.

	      guru   All of the debug messages you can get.  A	value  greater
		     than  8 may be used instead of the keyword.  The creation
		     of hash tracing files is only enabled if the  keyword  is
		     used.

       How  these  messages  are  mapped  to the actual debugging flags is not
       specified and may change with newer releases of this program. They  are
       however carefully selected to best aid in debugging.

       --debug flags
	      Set  debugging flags. All flags are or-ed and flags may be given
	      in C syntax (e.g. 0x0042).

       --debug-all
	      Set all useful debugging flags.

       --enable-progress-filter
	      Enable certain PROGRESS status outputs. This option allows fron‐
	      tends  to	 display  a progress indicator while gpg is processing
	      larger files.  There is a slight performance overhead using it.

       --status-fd n
	      Write special status strings to the file descriptor n.  See  the
	      file DETAILS in the documentation for a listing of them.

       --status-file file
	      Same  as	--status-fd, except the status data is written to file
	      file.

       --logger-fd n
	      Write log output to file descriptor n and not to STDERR.

       --log-file file

       --logger-file file
	      Same as --logger-fd, except the logger data is written  to  file
	      file.  Note that --log-file is only implemented for GnuPG-2.

       --attribute-fd n
	      Write  attribute	subpackets  to	the file descriptor n. This is
	      most useful for use with --status-fd, since the status  messages
	      are  needed  to  separate	 out  the  various subpackets from the
	      stream delivered to the file descriptor.

       --attribute-file file
	      Same as --attribute-fd, except the attribute data is written  to
	      file file.

       --comment string

       --no-comments
	      Use  string  as  a  comment  string in clear text signatures and
	      ASCII armored messages or keys (see --armor). The default behav‐
	      ior  is  not  to use a comment string. --comment may be repeated
	      multiple times to get multiple  comment  strings.	 --no-comments
	      removes all comments.  It is a good idea to keep the length of a
	      single comment below 60 characters to avoid problems  with  mail
	      programs wrapping such lines.  Note that comment lines, like all
	      other header lines, are not protected by the signature.

       --emit-version

       --no-emit-version
	      Force inclusion of the version string in ASCII  armored  output.
	      --no-emit-version disables this option.

       --sig-notation name=value

       --cert-notation name=value

       -N, --set-notation name=value
	      Put  the	name  value  pair into the signature as notation data.
	      name must consist only of printable characters  or  spaces,  and
	      must  contain  a	'@' character in the form keyname@domain.exam‐
	      ple.com (substituting the appropriate keyname and	 domain	 name,
	      of  course).   This  is  to  help	 prevent pollution of the IETF
	      reserved notation namespace. The --expert flag overrides the '@'
	      check.  value may be any printable string; it will be encoded in
	      UTF8, so you should check that  your  --display-charset  is  set
	      correctly.  If you prefix name with an exclamation mark (!), the
	      notation data will be flagged  as	 critical  (rfc2440:5.2.3.15).
	      --sig-notation sets a notation for data signatures. --cert-nota‐
	      tion sets a notation for key signatures (certifications). --set-
	      notation sets both.

	      There are special codes that may be used in notation names. "%k"
	      will be expanded into the key ID of the key being	 signed,  "%K"
	      into the long key ID of the key being signed, "%f" into the fin‐
	      gerprint of the key being signed, "%s" into the key  ID  of  the
	      key  making  the signature, "%S" into the long key ID of the key
	      making the signature, "%g" into the fingerprint of the key  mak‐
	      ing  the signature (which might be a subkey), "%p" into the fin‐
	      gerprint of the primary key of the  key  making  the  signature,
	      "%c"  into  the  signature count from the OpenPGP smartcard, and
	      "%%" results in a single "%". %k, %K, and %f are only meaningful
	      when  making  a  key  signature  (certification), and %c is only
	      meaningful when using the OpenPGP smartcard.

       --sig-policy-url string

       --cert-policy-url string

       --set-policy-url string
	      Use string as a Policy URL  for  signatures  (rfc2440:5.2.3.19).
	      If  you  prefix  it with an exclamation mark (!), the policy URL
	      packet will be flagged as critical. --sig-policy-url sets a pol‐
	      icy url for data signatures. --cert-policy-url sets a policy url
	      for key signatures (certifications). --set-policy-url sets both.

	      The same %-expandos used for notation data are available here as
	      well.

       --sig-keyserver-url string
	      Use  string as a preferred keyserver URL for data signatures. If
	      you prefix it with an exclamation mark (!),  the	keyserver  URL
	      packet will be flagged as critical.

	      The same %-expandos used for notation data are available here as
	      well.

       --set-filename string
	      Use string as the filename  which	 is  stored  inside  messages.
	      This  overrides the default, which is to use the actual filename
	      of the file being encrypted.

       --for-your-eyes-only

       --no-for-your-eyes-only
	      Set the `for your eyes only' flag in the	message.  This	causes
	      GnuPG  to	 refuse to save the file unless the --output option is
	      given, and PGP to use a "secure viewer" with a claimed  Tempest-
	      resistant	 font  to  display  the message. This option overrides
	      --set-filename.  --no-for-your-eyes-only disables this option.

       --use-embedded-filename

       --no-use-embedded-filename
	      Try to create a file with a name as embedded in the  data.  This
	      can  be  a  dangerous  option  as	 it allows to overwrite files.
	      Defaults to no.

       --cipher-algo name
	      Use name as cipher algorithm. Running the program with the  com‐
	      mand --version yields a list of supported algorithms. If this is
	      not used the cipher algorithm is selected from  the  preferences
	      stored  with  the	 key.  In general, you do not want to use this
	      option as it allows you to violate the OpenPGP standard.	--per‐
	      sonal-cipher-preferences	is the safe way to accomplish the same
	      thing.

       --digest-algo name
	      Use name as the message digest algorithm.	 Running  the  program
	      with  the	 command  --version  yields  a list of supported algo‐
	      rithms. In general, you do not want to use  this	option	as  it
	      allows  you  to violate the OpenPGP standard. --personal-digest-
	      preferences is the safe way to accomplish the same thing.

       --compress-algo name
	      Use compression algorithm name. "zlib" is RFC-1950 ZLIB compres‐
	      sion.  "zip"  is	RFC-1951 ZIP compression which is used by PGP.
	      "bzip2" is a more modern compression scheme  that	 can  compress
	      some  things  better  than  zip or zlib, but at the cost of more
	      memory used during compression and decompression. "uncompressed"
	      or  "none" disables compression. If this option is not used, the
	      default behavior is to examine the recipient key preferences  to
	      see  which algorithms the recipient supports. If all else fails,
	      ZIP is used for maximum compatibility.

	      ZLIB may give better compression results than ZIP, as  the  com‐
	      pression	window	size is not limited to 8k. BZIP2 may give even
	      better compression results than that, but will  use  a  signifi‐
	      cantly larger amount of memory while compressing and decompress‐
	      ing. This may be significant in  low  memory  situations.	 Note,
	      however,	that PGP (all versions) only supports ZIP compression.
	      Using any algorithm other than ZIP or "none" will make the  mes‐
	      sage  unreadable	with  PGP.  In general, you do not want to use
	      this option as it allows you to violate  the  OpenPGP  standard.
	      --personal-compress-preferences  is  the	safe way to accomplish
	      the same thing.

       --cert-digest-algo name
	      Use name as the message digest algorithm	used  when  signing  a
	      key.  Running  the  program  with the command --version yields a
	      list of supported algorithms. Be aware that  if  you  choose  an
	      algorithm	 that GnuPG supports but other OpenPGP implementations
	      do not, then some users will not be able to use the  key	signa‐
	      tures you make, or quite possibly your entire key.

       --disable-cipher-algo name
	      Never allow the use of name as cipher algorithm.	The given name
	      will not be checked so that a later loaded algorithm will	 still
	      get disabled.

       --disable-pubkey-algo name
	      Never  allow the use of name as public key algorithm.  The given
	      name will not be checked so that a later loaded  algorithm  will
	      still get disabled.

       --throw-keyids

       --no-throw-keyids
	      Do  not  put the recipient key IDs into encrypted messages. This
	      helps to hide the receivers of the  message  and	is  a  limited
	      countermeasure against traffic analysis. ([Using a little social
	      engineering anyone who is able to decrypt the message can	 check
	      whether  one  of	the other recipients is the one he suspects.])
	      On the receiving side, it may slow down the  decryption  process
	      because  all  available  secret keys must be tried.  --no-throw-
	      keyids disables this option. This option is essentially the same
	      as using --hidden-recipient for all recipients.

       --not-dash-escaped
	      This option changes the behavior of cleartext signatures so that
	      they can be used for patch files. You should not	send  such  an
	      armored  file  via email because all spaces and line endings are
	      hashed too. You can not use this option for  data	 which	has  5
	      dashes  at the beginning of a line, patch files don't have this.
	      A special armor header line tells	 GnuPG	about  this  cleartext
	      signature option.

       --escape-from-lines

       --no-escape-from-lines
	      Because  some  mailers  change  lines  starting  with "From " to
	      ">From " it is good to handle such lines in a special  way  when
	      creating	cleartext  signatures  to prevent the mail system from
	      breaking the signature. Note that all other PGP versions	do  it
	      this  way	 too.  Enabled by default. --no-escape-from-lines dis‐
	      ables this option.

       --passphrase-repeat n
	      Specify how many times gpg2 will request	a  new	passphrase  be
	      repeated.	  This	is  useful  for helping memorize a passphrase.
	      Defaults to 1 repetition.

       --passphrase-fd n
	      Read the passphrase from file descriptor n. Only the first  line
	      will  be	read  from  file descriptor n. If you use 0 for n, the
	      passphrase will be read from STDIN. This can  only  be  used  if
	      only  one	 passphrase is supplied.  Note that this passphrase is
	      only used if the option --batch has also been  given.   This  is
	      different from gpg.

       --passphrase-file file
	      Read  the passphrase from file file. Only the first line will be
	      read from	 file  file.  This  can	 only  be  used	 if  only  one
	      passphrase is supplied. Obviously, a passphrase stored in a file
	      is of questionable security if other users can read  this	 file.
	      Don't  use  this	option	if  you	 can avoid it.	Note that this
	      passphrase is only used if the  option  --batch  has  also  been
	      given.  This is different from gpg.

       --passphrase string
	      Use  string as the passphrase. This can only be used if only one
	      passphrase is supplied. Obviously, this is of very  questionable
	      security	on  a  multi-user system. Don't use this option if you
	      can avoid it.  Note that this passphrase is  only	 used  if  the
	      option --batch has also been given.  This is different from gpg.

       --command-fd n
	      This is a replacement for the deprecated shared-memory IPC mode.
	      If this option is	 enabled,  user	 input	on  questions  is  not
	      expected	from  the  TTY	but from the given file descriptor. It
	      should  be  used	together  with	--status-fd.  See   the	  file
	      doc/DETAILS in the source distribution for details on how to use
	      it.

       --command-file file
	      Same as --command-fd, except the commands are read out  of  file
	      file

       --allow-non-selfsigned-uid

       --no-allow-non-selfsigned-uid
	      Allow  the  import  and  use of keys with user IDs which are not
	      self-signed. This is not recommended, as a non self-signed  user
	      ID is trivial to forge. --no-allow-non-selfsigned-uid disables.

       --allow-freeform-uid
	      Disable all checks on the form of the user ID while generating a
	      new one. This option should only be used in very	special	 envi‐
	      ronments	as  it does not ensure the de-facto standard format of
	      user IDs.

       --ignore-time-conflict
	      GnuPG normally checks that the timestamps associated  with  keys
	      and  signatures have plausible values. However, sometimes a sig‐
	      nature seems to be older than the key  due  to  clock  problems.
	      This  option  makes  these  checks  just	a  warning.  See  also
	      --ignore-valid-from for timestamp issues on subkeys.

       --ignore-valid-from
	      GnuPG normally does not select and use subkeys  created  in  the
	      future.	This  option  allows  the  use	of  such keys and thus
	      exhibits the pre-1.0.7 behaviour. You should not use this option
	      unless  you there is some clock problem. See also --ignore-time-
	      conflict for timestamp issues with signatures.

       --ignore-crc-error
	      The ASCII armor used by OpenPGP is protected by a	 CRC  checksum
	      against  transmission  errors. Occasionally the CRC gets mangled
	      somewhere on the transmission channel  but  the  actual  content
	      (which  is  protected  by	 the OpenPGP protocol anyway) is still
	      okay. This option allows GnuPG to ignore CRC errors.

       --ignore-mdc-error
	      This option changes a MDC integrity protection  failure  into  a
	      warning.	 This can be useful if a message is partially corrupt,
	      but it is necessary to get as much data as possible out  of  the
	      corrupt  message.	 However, be aware that a MDC protection fail‐
	      ure may also mean that the message was tampered with  intention‐
	      ally by an attacker.

       --no-default-keyring
	      Do  not  add  the default keyrings to the list of keyrings. Note
	      that GnuPG will not operate without any keyrings, so if you  use
	      this  option and do not provide alternate keyrings via --keyring
	      or --secret-keyring, then GnuPG will still use the default  pub‐
	      lic or secret keyrings.

       --skip-verify
	      Skip  the	 signature verification step. This may be used to make
	      the decryption faster  if	 the  signature	 verification  is  not
	      needed.

       --with-key-data
	      Print  key listings delimited by colons (like --with-colons) and
	      print the public key data.

       --fast-list-mode
	      Changes the output of the list commands to work faster; this  is
	      achieved	by  leaving  some parts empty. Some applications don't
	      need the user ID and the trust information given	in  the	 list‐
	      ings.  By	 using this options they can get a faster listing. The
	      exact behaviour of this option may change	 in  future  versions.
	      If you are missing some information, don't use this option.

       --no-literal
	      This  is	not  for normal use. Use the source to see for what it
	      might be useful.

       --set-filesize
	      This is not for normal use. Use the source to see	 for  what  it
	      might be useful.

       --show-session-key
	      Display  the  session  key used for one message. See --override-
	      session-key for the counterpart of this option.

	      We think that Key Escrow is a Bad Thing; however the user should
	      have  the freedom to decide whether to go to prison or to reveal
	      the content of one specific  message  without  compromising  all
	      messages	ever encrypted for one secret key. DON'T USE IT UNLESS
	      YOU ARE REALLY FORCED TO DO SO.

       --override-session-key string
	      Don't use the public key but the session key string. The	format
	      of this string is the same as the one printed by --show-session-
	      key. This option is normally not used but comes  handy  in  case
	      someone  forces  you  to reveal the content of an encrypted mes‐
	      sage; using this option you can do this without handing out  the
	      secret key.

       --ask-sig-expire

       --no-ask-sig-expire
	      When  making a data signature, prompt for an expiration time. If
	      this option is  not  specified,  the  expiration	time  set  via
	      --default-sig-expire  is used. --no-ask-sig-expire disables this
	      option. Note that by default, --force-v3-sigs is set which  also
	      disables this option. If you want signature expiration, you must
	      set --no-force-v3-sigs as well as turning --ask-sig-expire on.

       --default-sig-expire
	      The default expiration time to  use  for	signature  expiration.
	      Valid values are "0" for no expiration, a number followed by the
	      letter d (for days), w (for weeks), m (for months),  or  y  (for
	      years)  (for  example  "2m"  for	two  months,  or "5y" for five
	      years), or an absolute date in the form YYYY-MM-DD. Defaults  to
	      "0".

       --ask-cert-expire

       --no-ask-cert-expire
	      When  making  a key signature, prompt for an expiration time. If
	      this option is  not  specified,  the  expiration	time  set  via
	      --default-cert-expire  is	 used.	--no-ask-cert-expire  disables
	      this option.

       --default-cert-expire
	      The default expiration time to use for key signature expiration.
	      Valid values are "0" for no expiration, a number followed by the
	      letter d (for days), w (for weeks), m (for months),  or  y  (for
	      years)  (for  example  "2m"  for	two  months,  or "5y" for five
	      years), or an absolute date in the form YYYY-MM-DD. Defaults  to
	      "0".

       --allow-secret-key-import
	      This is an obsolete option and is not used anywhere.

       --allow-multiple-messages

       --no-allow-multiple-messages
	      Allow  processing	 of  multiple  OpenPGP messages contained in a
	      single file or stream.  Some programs that call GPG are not pre‐
	      pared  to	 deal with multiple messages being processed together,
	      so this option defaults to no.  Note that versions of GPG	 prior
	      to 1.4.7 always allowed multiple messages.

	      Warning:	Do  not use this option unless you need it as a tempo‐
	      rary workaround!

       --enable-special-filenames
	      This options enables a mode  in  which  filenames	 of  the  form
	      ‘-&n’,  where  n	is a non-negative decimal number, refer to the
	      file descriptor n and not to a file with that name.

       --no-expensive-trust-checks
	      Experimental use only.

       --preserve-permissions
	      Don't change the permissions of a secret keyring	back  to  user
	      read/write  only.	 Use  this option only if you really know what
	      you are doing.

       --default-preference-list string
	      Set the list of default preferences to string.  This  preference
	      list  is used for new keys and becomes the default for "setpref"
	      in the edit menu.

       --default-keyserver-url name
	      Set the default keyserver URL to name. This  keyserver  will  be
	      used as the keyserver URL when writing a new self-signature on a
	      key, which includes key generation and changing preferences.

       --list-config
	      Display various internal configuration parameters of GnuPG. This
	      option is intended for external programs that call GnuPG to per‐
	      form tasks, and is thus  not  generally  useful.	See  the  file
	      ‘doc/DETAILS’  in	 the  source  distribution  for the details of
	      which configuration items may be listed. --list-config  is  only
	      usable with --with-colons set.

       --gpgconf-list
	      This  command  is	 similar  to --list-config but in general only
	      internally used by the gpgconf tool.

       --gpgconf-test
	      This is more or less dummy action.  However it parses  the  con‐
	      figuration  file	and  returns with failure if the configuration
	      file would prevent gpg from startup.  Thus it may be used to run
	      a syntax check on the configuration file.

   Deprecated options

       --show-photos

       --no-show-photos
	      Causes  --list-keys,  --list-sigs,  --list-public-keys,  --list-
	      secret-keys, and verifying a signature to also display the photo
	      ID  attached  to the key, if any. See also --photo-viewer. These
	      options  are  deprecated.	 Use  --list-options  [no-]show-photos
	      and/or --verify-options [no-]show-photos instead.

       --show-keyring
	      Display  the  keyring  name  at the head of key listings to show
	      which keyring a given key resides on. This option is deprecated:
	      use --list-options [no-]show-keyring instead.

       --always-trust
	      Identical to --trust-model always. This option is deprecated.

       --show-notation

       --no-show-notation
	      Show  signature  notations  in  the  --list-sigs or --check-sigs
	      listings as well as when verifying a signature with  a  notation
	      in   it.	 These	options	 are  deprecated.  Use	--list-options
	      [no-]show-notation  and/or  --verify-options  [no-]show-notation
	      instead.

       --show-policy-url

       --no-show-policy-url
	      Show  policy URLs in the --list-sigs or --check-sigs listings as
	      well as when verifying a signature with  a  policy  URL  in  it.
	      These  options are deprecated. Use --list-options [no-]show-pol‐
	      icy-url and/or --verify-options [no-]show-policy-url instead.

EXAMPLES
       gpg -se -r Bob file
	      sign and encrypt for user Bob

       gpg --clearsign file
	      make a clear text signature

       gpg -sb file
	      make a detached signature

       gpg -u 0x12345678 -sb file
	      make a detached signature with the key 0x12345678

       gpg --list-keys user_ID
	      show keys

       gpg --fingerprint user_ID
	      show fingerprint

       gpg --verify pgpfile

       gpg --verify sigfile
	      Verify the signature of the file but do not output the data. The
	      second  form  is	used for detached signatures, where sigfile is
	      the detached signature (either ASCII armored or binary) and  are
	      the  signed  data;  if  this  is not given, the name of the file
	      holding the signed data is constructed by cutting off the exten‐
	      sion (".asc" or ".sig") of sigfile or by asking the user for the
	      filename.

HOW TO SPECIFY A USER ID
       There are different ways to specify a user ID to GnuPG.	Some  of  them
       are  only  valid	 for  gpg others are only good for gpgsm.  Here is the
       entire list of ways to specify a key:

       By key Id.
	      This format is deduced from the length of	 the  string  and  its
	      content or 0x prefix. The key Id of an X.509 certificate are the
	      low 64 bits of its SHA-1 fingerprint.  The use  of  key  Ids  is
	      just  a  shortcut,  for all automated processing the fingerprint
	      should be used.

	      When using gpg an exclamation mark (!) may be appended to	 force
	      using  the specified primary or secondary key and not to try and
	      calculate which primary or secondary key to use.

	      The last four lines of the example give the key ID in their long
	      form as internally used by the OpenPGP protocol. You can see the
	      long key ID using the option --with-colons.

	 234567C4
	 0F34E556E
	 01347A56A
	 0xAB123456

	 234AABBCC34567C4
	 0F323456784E56EAB
	 01AB3FED1347A5612
	 0x234AABBCC34567C4

       By fingerprint.
	      This format is deduced from the length of	 the  string  and  its
	      content  or  the 0x prefix.  Note, that only the 20 byte version
	      fingerprint is available with gpgsm (i.e. the SHA-1 hash of  the
	      certificate).

	      When  using gpg an exclamation mark (!) may be appended to force
	      using the specified primary or secondary key and not to try  and
	      calculate which primary or secondary key to use.

	      The  best	 way  to specify a key Id is by using the fingerprint.
	      This avoids any ambiguities in case that	there  are  duplicated
	      key IDs.

	 1234343434343434C434343434343434
	 123434343434343C3434343434343734349A3434
	 0E12343434343434343434EAB3484343434343434
	 0xE12343434343434343434EAB3484343434343434

       (gpgsm  also  accepts  colons  between  each pair of hexadecimal digits
       because this is the de-facto standard on how to present	X.509  finger‐
       prints.)

       By exact match on OpenPGP user ID.
	      This  is denoted by a leading equal sign. It does not make sense
	      for X.509 certificates.

	 =Heinrich Heine <heinrichh@uni-duesseldorf.de>

       By exact match on an email address.
	      This is indicated by enclosing the email address	in  the	 usual
	      way with left and right angles.

	 <heinrichh@uni-duesseldorf.de>

       By word match.
	      All words must match exactly (not case sensitive) but can appear
	      in any order in the user ID or a subjects name.  Words  are  any
	      sequences	 of letters, digits, the underscore and all characters
	      with bit 7 set.

	 +Heinrich Heine duesseldorf

       By exact match on the subject's DN.
	      This is indicated by a leading slash, directly followed  by  the
	      RFC-2253 encoded DN of the subject.  Note that you can't use the
	      string printed by "gpgsm --list-keys" because that one  as  been
	      reordered and modified for better readability; use --with-colons
	      to print the raw (but standard escaped) RFC-2253 string

	 /CN=Heinrich Heine,O=Poets,L=Paris,C=FR

       By exact match on the issuer's DN.
	      This is indicated by a leading hash mark, directly followed by a
	      slash  and  then	directly followed by the rfc2253 encoded DN of
	      the issuer.  This should return the Root	cert  of  the  issuer.
	      See note above.

	 #/CN=Root Cert,O=Poets,L=Paris,C=FR

       By exact match on serial number and issuer's DN.
	      This  is	indicated  by a hash mark, followed by the hexadecimal
	      representation of the serial number, then followed  by  a	 slash
	      and the RFC-2253 encoded DN of the issuer. See note above.

	 #4F03/CN=Root Cert,O=Poets,L=Paris,C=FR

       By keygrip
	      This  is indicated by an ampersand followed by the 40 hex digits
	      of a keygrip.  gpgsm prints the keygrip when using  the  command
	      --dump-cert.  It does not yet work for OpenPGP keys.

	 &D75F22C3F86E355877348498CDC92BD21010A480

       By substring match.
	      This is the default mode but applications may want to explicitly
	      indicate this by putting the asterisk in front.	Match  is  not
	      case sensitive.

	 Heine
	 *Heine

       Please note that we have reused the hash mark identifier which was used
       in old GnuPG versions to indicate the so called local-id.   It  is  not
       anymore	used  and  there  should  be  no conflict when used with X.509
       stuff.

       Using the RFC-2253 format of DNs has the drawback that it is not possi‐
       ble to map them back to the original encoding, however we don't have to
       do this because our key database stores this encoding as meta data.

FILES
       There are a few configuration  files  to	 control  certain  aspects  of
       gpg2's  operation.  Unless noted, they are expected in the current home
       directory (see: [option --homedir]).

       gpg.conf
	      This is the standard configuration file read by gpg2 on startup.
	      It may contain any valid long option; the leading two dashes may
	      not be entered and the option  may  not  be  abbreviated.	  This
	      default  name  may  be changed on the command line (see: [option
	      --options]).  You should backup this file.

       Note that on larger installations, it is useful to put predefined files
       into  the  directory  ‘/etc/skel/.gnupg/’  so  that newly created users
       start up with a working configuration.  For existing users the a	 small
       helper script is provided to create these files (see: [addgnupghome]).

       For  internal  purposes	gpg2  creates and maintains a few other files;
       They all live in in the current home directory  (see:  [option  --home‐
       dir]).  Only the gpg2 may modify these files.

       ~/.gnupg/secring.gpg
	      The secret keyring.  You should backup this file.

       ~/.gnupg/secring.gpg.lock
	      The lock file for the secret keyring.

       ~/.gnupg/pubring.gpg
	      The public keyring.  You should backup this file.

       ~/.gnupg/pubring.gpg.lock
	      The lock file for the public keyring.

       ~/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg
	      The trust database.  There is no need to backup this file; it is
	      better to backup the ownertrust values (see:  [option  --export-
	      ownertrust]).

       ~/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg.lock
	      The lock file for the trust database.

       ~/.gnupg/random_seed
	      A file used to preserve the state of the internal random pool.

       /usr[/local]/share/gnupg/options.skel
	      The skeleton options file.

       /usr[/local]/lib/gnupg/
	      Default location for extensions.

       Operation is further controlled by a few environment variables:

       HOME   Used to locate the default home directory.

       GNUPGHOME
	      If set directory used instead of "~/.gnupg".

       GPG_AGENT_INFO
	      Used  to	locate	the  gpg-agent.	 The value consists of 3 colon
	      delimited fields: The first is  the  path	 to  the  Unix	Domain
	      Socket,  the  second  the	 PID of the gpg-agent and the protocol
	      version which should be set to 1. When starting the gpg-agent as
	      described in its documentation, this variable is set to the cor‐
	      rect value. The option --gpg-agent-info can be used to  override
	      it.

       PINENTRY_USER_DATA
	      This value is passed via gpg-agent to pinentry.  It is useful to
	      convey extra information to a custom pinentry.

       COLUMNS

       LINES  Used to size some displays to the full size of the screen.

       LANGUAGE
	      Apart from its use by GNU, it is used  in	 the  W32  version  to
	      override	the  language selection done through the Registry.  If
	      used and set to a valid and available  language  name  (langid),
	      the    file    with    the    translation	   is	 loaded	  from
	      gpgdir/gnupg.nls/langid.mo.  Here gpgdir is the directory out of
	      which the gpg binary has been loaded.  If it can't be loaded the
	      Registry is tried and as last resort the native  Windows	locale
	      system is used.

BUGS
       On older systems this program should be installed as setuid(root). This
       is necessary to lock memory pages. Locking memory  pages	 prevents  the
       operating   system   from  writing  memory  pages  (which  may  contain
       passphrases or other sensitive material) to disk. If you get no warning
       message	about  insecure	 memory your operating system supports locking
       without being root. The program drops root privileges as soon as locked
       memory is allocated.

       Note  also  that	 some systems (especially laptops) have the ability to
       ``suspend to disk'' (also known as ``safe  sleep''  or  ``hibernate'').
       This  writes  all  memory to disk before going into a low power or even
       powered off mode.  Unless measures are taken in the operating system to
       protect	the  saved memory, passphrases or other sensitive material may
       be recoverable from it later.

       Before you report a bug you should first search the  mailing  list  ar‐
       chives  for  similar  problems  and second check whether such a bug has
       already been reported to our bug tracker at http://bugs.gnupg.org .

SEE ALSO
       gpgv(1), gpgsm(1), gpg-agent(1)

       The full documentation for this tool is maintained as a Texinfo manual.
       If  GnuPG and the info program are properly installed at your site, the
       command

	 info gnupg

       should give you access to the complete manual including a  menu	struc‐
       ture and an index.

GnuPG 2.0.15			  2010-10-03			       GPG2(1)
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