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join(1)				 User Commands			       join(1)

NAME
       join - relational database operator

SYNOPSIS
       join [-a filenumber | -v filenumber]  [-1 fieldnumber] [-2 fieldnumber]
       [-o list] [-e string] [-t char] file1 file2

       join [-a filenumber] [-j fieldnumber] [-j1 fieldnumber]	[-j2 fieldnum‐
       ber] [-o list] [-e string] [-t char] file1 file2

DESCRIPTION
       The join command forms, on the standard output, a join of the two rela‐
       tions specified by the lines of file1 and file2.

       There is one line in the output for each pair of	 lines	in  file1  and
       file2  that  have  identical join fields. The output line normally con‐
       sists of the common field, then the rest of the line from  file1,  then
       the  rest  of  the line from file2. This format can be changed by using
       the -o option (see below). The -a option can be used to	add  unmatched
       lines to the output. The -v option can be used to output only unmatched
       lines.

       The default input field separators are blank, tab, or new-line. In this
       case,  multiple	separators  count  as one field separator, and leading
       separators are ignored. The default output field separator is a blank.

       If the input files are not in the appropriate collating	sequence,  the
       results are unspecified.

OPTIONS
       Some  of	 the  options below use the argument filenumber. This argument
       should be a 1 or a 2 referring to either file1 or file2, respectively.

       -a filenumber	       In addition to the  normal  output,  produce  a
			       line  for each unpairable line in file filenum‐
			       ber, where filenumber is 1 or 2. If both	 -a  1
			       and  -a	2  are specified, all unpairable lines
			       will be output.

       -e string	       Replace	empty  output  fields  in   the	  list
			       selected by option -o with the string string.

       -j fieldnumber	       Equivalent to -1fieldnumber -2fieldnumber.

       -j1 fieldnumber	       Equivalent to -1fieldnumber.

       -j2 fieldnumber	       Equivalent  to  -2fieldnumber.  Fields are num‐
			       bered starting with 1.

       -o list		       Each output line includes the fields  specified
			       in  list.  Fields  selected by list that do not
			       appear in the input will be  treated  as	 empty
			       output  fields.	(See the -e option.) Each ele‐
			       ment of which has the either the form  filenum‐
			       ber.fieldnumber,	 or  0,	 which	represents the
			       join field. The common  field  is  not  printed
			       unless specifically requested.

       -t char		       Use   character	char  as  a  separator.	 Every
			       appearance of char in a	line  is  significant.
			       The character char is used as the field separa‐
			       tor for both input and output. With this option
			       specified,  the	collating  term	 should be the
			       same as sort without the -b option.

       -v filenumber	       Instead of the default output, produce  a  line
			       only  for  each	unpairable line in filenumber,
			       where filenumber is 1 or 2. If both -v 1 and -v
			       2  are  specified, all unpairable lines will be
			       output.

       -1 fieldnumber	       Join on the  fieldnumberth  field  of  file  1.
			       Fields are decimal integers starting with 1.

       -2fieldnumber	       Join  on	 the  fieldnumberth  field  of file 2.
			       Fields are decimal integers starting with 1.

OPERANDS
       The following operands are supported:

       file1

       file2	A path name of a file to be joined. If either of the file1  or
		file2 operands is −, the standard input is used in its place.

       file1  and  file2  must	be  sorted in increasing collating sequence as
       determined by LC_COLLATE on the fields on which they are to be  joined,
       normally the first in each line (see sort(1)).

USAGE
       See  largefile(5)  for  the  description	 of  the behavior of join when
       encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte (2**31 bytes).

EXAMPLES
       Example 1: Joining the password file and group file

       The following command line will join the password file  and  the	 group
       file,  matching on the numeric group ID, and outputting the login name,
       the group name and the login directory. It is assumed  that  the	 files
       have been sorted in ASCII collating sequence on the group ID fields.

       example% join -j1 4-j2 3 -o 1.1 2.1 1.6 -t:/etc/passwd /etc/group

       Example 2: Using the -o option

       The  -o	0  field essentially selects the union of the join fields. For
       example, given file phone:

       !Name	       Phone Number
       Don	       +1 123-456-7890
       Hal	       +1 234-567-8901
       Yasushi	       +2 345-678-9012

       and file fax:

       !Name	       Fax Number

       Don	       +1 123-456-7899

       Keith	       +1 456-789-0122

       Yasushi	       +2 345-678-9011

       where the large expanses of white space are meant to each  represent  a
       single tab character), the command:

       example% join -t"tab" -a 1 -a 2 -e '(unknown)' -o 0,1.2,2.2 phone fax

       would produce

       !Name	       Phone Number	      Fax Number
       Don	       +1 123-456-7890	       +1 123-456-7899
       Hal	       +1 234-567-8901	       (unknown
       Keith	       (unknown)	       +1 456-789-012
       Yasushi	       +2 345-678-9012	       +2 345-678-9011

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
       See  environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables
       that affect the execution of join: LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES,
       LC_COLLATE, and NLSPATH.

EXIT STATUS
       The following exit values are returned:

       0	All input files were output successfully.

       >0	An error occurred.

ATTRIBUTES
       See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

       ┌─────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┐
       │      ATTRIBUTE TYPE	     │	    ATTRIBUTE VALUE	   │
       ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │Availability		     │SUNWcsu			   │
       ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │CSI			     │Enabled			   │
       ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │Interface Stability	     │Standard			   │
       └─────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘

SEE ALSO
       awk(1),	comm(1),  sort(1),  uniq(1), attributes(5), environ(5), large‐
       file(5), standards(5)

NOTES
       With default field separation, the collating sequence is that  of  sort
       -b; with -t, the sequence is that of a plain sort.

       The  conventions	 of  the  join, sort, comm, uniq, and awk commands are
       wildly incongruous.

SunOS 5.10			  8 Feb 2000			       join(1)
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