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LOCALE(7)		   Linux Programmer's Manual		     LOCALE(7)

NAME
       locale - description of multilanguage support

SYNOPSIS
       #include <locale.h>

DESCRIPTION
       A  locale is a set of language and cultural rules.  These cover aspects
       such as language for messages, different character sets,	 lexicographic
       conventions,  and  so  on.  A program needs to be able to determine its
       locale and act accordingly to be portable to different cultures.

       The header <locale.h> declares data types, functions and	 macros	 which
       are useful in this task.

       The  functions  it declares are setlocale(3) to set the current locale,
       and localeconv(3) to get information about number formatting.

       There are different categories for locale information a	program	 might
       need; they are declared as macros.  Using them as the first argument to
       the setlocale(3) function, it is possible to set one of	these  to  the
       desired locale:

       LC_ADDRESS (GNU extension, since glibc 2.2)
	      Change   settings	  that	describe  the  formats	(e.g.,	postal
	      addresses) used  to  describe  locations	and  geography-related
	      items.  Applications that need this information can use nl_lang‐
	      info(3)	to   retrieve	nonstandard    elements,    such    as
	      _NL_ADDRESS_COUNTRY_NAME	(country  name, in the language of the
	      locale) and _NL_ADDRESS_LANG_NAME (language name,	 in  the  lan‐
	      guage of the locale), which return strings such as "Deutschland"
	      and "Deutsch" (for  German-language  locales).   (Other  element
	      names are listed in <langinfo.h>.)

       LC_COLLATE
	      This  is used to change the behavior of the functions strcoll(3)
	      and strxfrm(3), which are used to compare strings in  the	 local
	      alphabet.	 For example, the German sharp s is sorted as "ss".

       LC_CTYPE
	      This  changes the behavior of the character handling and classi‐
	      fication functions, such as isupper(3) and toupper(3),  and  the
	      multibyte character functions such as mblen(3) or wctomb(3).

       LC_IDENTIFICATION (GNU extension, since glibc 2.2)
	      Change  settings	that  relate  to  the metadata for the locale.
	      Applications that need this information can  use	nl_langinfo(3)
	      to   retrieve  nonstandard  elements,  such  as  _NL_IDENTIFICA‐
	      TION_TITLE (title of this locale document)  and  _NL_IDENTIFICA‐
	      TION_TERRITORY (geographical territory to which this locale doc‐
	      ument applies), which might  return  strings  such  as  "English
	      locale  for the USA" and "USA".  (Other element names are listed
	      in <langinfo.h>.)

       LC_MONETARY
	      This changes the information  returned  by  localeconv(3)	 which
	      describes the way numbers are usually printed, with details such
	      as decimal point versus  decimal	comma.	 This  information  is
	      internally used by the function strfmon(3).

       LC_MESSAGES
	      This  changes the language messages are displayed in and what an
	      affirmative or negative answer looks like.   The	GNU  C-library
	      contains	the  gettext(3), ngettext(3), and rpmatch(3) functions
	      to ease the use of this information.  The GNU gettext family  of
	      functions	 also obey the environment variable LANGUAGE (contain‐
	      ing a colon-separated list of locales) if the category is set to
	      a valid locale other than "C".

       LC_MEASUREMENT (GNU extension, since glibc 2.2)
	      Change  the  settings  relating to the measurement system in the
	      locale (i.e., metric versus US customary	units).	  Applications
	      can  use nl_langinfo(3) to retrieve the nonstandard _NL_MEASURE‐
	      MENT_MEASUREMENT element, which returns a pointer to a character
	      that has the value 1 (metric) or 2 (US customary units).

       LC_NAME (GNU extension, since glibc 2.2)
	      Change  settings	that describe the formats used to address per‐
	      sons.  Applications that need this information can use  nl_lang‐
	      info(3)	 to    retrieve	   nonstandard	 elements,   such   as
	      _NL_NAME_NAME_MR	  (general    salutation    for	   men)	   and
	      _NL_NAME_NAME_MS	(general salutation for women) elements, which
	      return strings such as "Herr" and	 "Frau"	 (for  German-language
	      locales).	 (Other element names are listed in <langinfo.h>.)

       LC_NUMERIC
	      This  changes the information used by the printf(3) and scanf(3)
	      family of functions, when they are advised  to  use  the	locale
	      settings.	  This	information  can also be read with the locale‐
	      conv(3) function.

       LC_PAPER (GNU extension, since glibc 2.2)
	      Change the settings relating to the dimensions of	 the  standard
	      paper  size (e.g., US letter versus A4).	Applications that need
	      the dimensions  can  obtain  them	 by  using  nl_langinfo(3)  to
	      retrieve	the  nonstandard  _NL_PAPER_WIDTH and _NL_PAPER_HEIGHT
	      elements, which return int values specifying the	dimensions  in
	      millimeters.

       LC_TELEPHONE (GNU extension, since glibc 2.2)
	      Change  settings that describe the formats to be used with tele‐
	      phone services.  Applications that need this information can use
	      nl_langinfo(3)   to   retrieve  nonstandard  elements,  such  as
	      _NL_TELEPHONE_INT_PREFIX (international prefix used to call num‐
	      bers  in	this locale), which returns a string such as "49" (for
	      Germany).	 (Other element names are listed in <langinfo.h>.)

       LC_TIME
	      This changes the behavior of the strftime(3) function to display
	      the current time in a locally acceptable form; for example, most
	      of Europe uses a 24-hour clock versus the 12-hour clock used  in
	      the United States.

       LC_ALL All of the above.

       If  the second argument to setlocale(3) is an empty string, "", for the
       default locale, it is determined using the following steps:

       1.     If there is a non-null environment variable LC_ALL, the value of
	      LC_ALL is used.

       2.     If an environment variable with the same name as one of the cat‐
	      egories above exists and is non-null, its value is used for that
	      category.

       3.     If  there	 is a non-null environment variable LANG, the value of
	      LANG is used.

       Values about local numeric formatting is made  available	 in  a	struct
       lconv  returned	by the localeconv(3) function, which has the following
       declaration:

	 struct lconv {

	     /* Numeric (nonmonetary) information */

	     char *decimal_point;     /* Radix character */
	     char *thousands_sep;     /* Separator for digit groups to left
					 of radix character */
	     char *grouping; /* Each element is the number of digits in a
				group; elements with higher indices are
				further left.  An element with value CHAR_MAX
				means that no further grouping is done.	 An
				element with value 0 means that the previous
				element is used for all groups further left. */

	     /* Remaining fields are for monetary information */

	     char *int_curr_symbol;   /* First three chars are a currency symbol
					 from ISO 4217.	 Fourth char is the
					 separator.  Fifth char is '\0'. */
	     char *currency_symbol;   /* Local currency symbol */
	     char *mon_decimal_point; /* Radix character */
	     char *mon_thousands_sep; /* Like thousands_sep above */
	     char *mon_grouping;      /* Like grouping above */
	     char *positive_sign;     /* Sign for positive values */
	     char *negative_sign;     /* Sign for negative values */
	     char  int_frac_digits;   /* International fractional digits */
	     char  frac_digits;	      /* Local fractional digits */
	     char  p_cs_precedes;     /* 1 if currency_symbol precedes a
					 positive value, 0 if succeeds */
	     char  p_sep_by_space;    /* 1 if a space separates currency_symbol
					 from a positive value */
	     char  n_cs_precedes;     /* 1 if currency_symbol precedes a
					 negative value, 0 if succeeds */
	     char  n_sep_by_space;    /* 1 if a space separates currency_symbol
					 from a negative value */
	     /* Positive and negative sign positions:
		0 Parentheses surround the quantity and currency_symbol.
		1 The sign string precedes the quantity and currency_symbol.
		2 The sign string succeeds the quantity and currency_symbol.
		3 The sign string immediately precedes the currency_symbol.
		4 The sign string immediately succeeds the currency_symbol. */
	     char  p_sign_posn;
	     char  n_sign_posn;
	 };

   POSIX.1-2008 extensions to the locale API
       POSIX.1-2008 standardized a number of extensions	 to  the  locale  API,
       based  on implementations that first appeared in version 2.3 of the GNU
       C library.  These extensions are designed to address the	 problem  that
       the traditional locale APIs do not mix well with multithreaded applica‐
       tions and with applications that must deal with multiple locales.

       The extensions take the form of new functions for creating and  manipu‐
       lating  locale  objects (newlocale(3), freelocale(3), duplocale(3), and
       uselocale(3)) and various new library functions with  the  suffix  "_l"
       (e.g.,  toupper_l(3)) that extend the traditional locale-dependent APIs
       (e.g., toupper(3)) to allow the specification of a locale  object  that
       should apply when executing the function.

CONFORMING TO
       POSIX.1-2001.

SEE ALSO
       locale(1),   localedef(1),   catopen(3),	  gettext(3),	localeconv(3),
       mbstowcs(3),  newlocale(3),  ngettext(3),  nl_langinfo(3),  rpmatch(3),
       setlocale(3),  strcoll(3),  strfmon(3), strftime(3), strxfrm(3), uselo‐
       cale(3), wcstombs(3), locale(5)

COLOPHON
       This page is part of release 3.65 of the Linux  man-pages  project.   A
       description  of	the project, and information about reporting bugs, can
       be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.

Linux				  2014-03-18			     LOCALE(7)
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