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LSOF(8)								       LSOF(8)

NAME
       lsof - list open files

SYNOPSIS
       lsof  [	-?abChKlnNOPRtUvVX  ]  [ -A A ] [ -c c ] [ +c c ] [ +|-d d ] [
       +|-D D ] [ +|-e s ] [ +|-f [cfgGn] ] [ -F [f] ] [ -g [s] ] [ -i [i] ] [
       -k  k  ]	 [  +|-L  [l] ] [ +|-m m ] [ +|-M ] [ -o [o] ] [ -p s ] [ +|-r
       [t[m<fmt>]] ] [ -s [p:s] ] [ -S [t] ] [ -T [t] ] [ -u s ] [ +|-w ] [ -x
       [fl] ] [ -z [z] ] [ -Z [Z] ] [ -- ] [names]

DESCRIPTION
       Lsof  revision 4.87 lists on its standard output file information about
       files opened by processes for the following UNIX dialects:

	    Apple Darwin 9 and Mac OS X 10.[567]
	    FreeBSD 4.9 and 6.4 for x86-based systems
	    FreeBSD 8.2, 9.0 and 10.0 for AMD64-based systems
	    Linux 2.1.72 and above for x86-based systems
	    Solaris 9, 10 and 11

       (See the DISTRIBUTION section of this manual page  for  information  on
       how to obtain the latest lsof revision.)

       An  open file may be a regular file, a directory, a block special file,
       a character special file, an executing text  reference,	a  library,  a
       stream  or  a  network  file  (Internet socket, NFS file or UNIX domain
       socket.)	 A specific file or all the files in  a	 file  system  may  be
       selected by path.

       Instead	of  a  formatted display, lsof will produce output that can be
       parsed by other programs.  See the -F, option description, and the OUT‐
       PUT FOR OTHER PROGRAMS section for more information.

       In  addition to producing a single output list, lsof will run in repeat
       mode.  In repeat mode it will produce output, delay,  then  repeat  the
       output  operation  until stopped with an interrupt or quit signal.  See
       the +|-r [t[m<fmt>]] option description for more information.

OPTIONS
       In the absence of any options, lsof lists all open files	 belonging  to
       all active processes.

       If  any	list  request option is specified, other list requests must be
       specifically requested - e.g., if -U is specified for  the  listing  of
       UNIX  socket  files, NFS files won't be listed unless -N is also speci‐
       fied; or if a user list is specified with the -u	 option,  UNIX	domain
       socket  files,  belonging  to  users  not  in the list, won't be listed
       unless the -U option is also specified.

       Normally list options that are specifically stated  are	ORed  -	 i.e.,
       specifying  the	-i option without an address and the -ufoo option pro‐
       duces a listing of all network files OR files  belonging	 to  processes
       owned by user ``foo''.  The exceptions are:

       1) the `^' (negated) login name or user ID (UID), specified with the -u
	  option;

       2) the `^' (negated) process ID (PID), specified with the -p option;

       3) the `^' (negated) process group ID (PGID),  specified	 with  the  -g
	  option;

       4) the `^' (negated) command, specified with the -c option;

       5) the  (`^')  negated  TCP or UDP protocol state names, specified with
	  the -s [p:s] option.

       Since they represent exclusions, they are applied without ORing or AND‐
       ing and take effect before any other selection criteria are applied.

       The -a option may be used to AND the selections.	 For example, specify‐
       ing -a, -U, and -ufoo produces a listing of only UNIX socket files that
       belong to processes owned by user ``foo''.

       Caution:	 the  -a option causes all list selection options to be ANDed;
       it can't be used to cause ANDing of selected pairs of selection options
       by  placing it between them, even though its placement there is accept‐
       able.  Wherever -a is placed, it causes the  ANDing  of	all  selection
       options.

       Items of the same selection set - command names, file descriptors, net‐
       work addresses, process	identifiers,  user  identifiers,  zone	names,
       security	 contexts - are joined in a single ORed set and applied before
       the result participates	in  ANDing.   Thus,  for  example,  specifying
       -i@aaa.bbb,  -i@ccc.ddd,	 -a,  and -ufff,ggg will select the listing of
       files that belong to either login ``fff'' OR ``ggg'' AND	 have  network
       connections to either host aaa.bbb OR ccc.ddd.

       Options	may be grouped together following a single prefix -- e.g., the
       option set ``-a -b -C'' may be stated as -abC.  However,	 since	values
       are optional following +|-f, -F, -g, -i, +|-L, -o, +|-r, -s, -S, -T, -x
       and -z.	when you have no values for them be careful that the following
       character isn't ambiguous.  For example, -Fn might represent the -F and
       -n options, or it might represent the n field identifier character fol‐
       lowing  the  -F option.	When ambiguity is possible, start a new option
       with a `-' character - e.g., ``-F -n''.	If the next option is  a  file
       name,  follow the possibly ambiguous option with ``--'' - e.g., ``-F --
       name''.

       Either the `+' or the `-' prefix may be applied to a group of  options.
       Options that don't take on separate meanings for each prefix - e.g., -i
       - may be grouped under either prefix.  Thus, for example, ``+M -i'' may
       be  stated  as  ``+Mi''	and  the  group means the same as the separate
       options.	 Be careful of prefix grouping when one or more options in the
       group  does  take on separate meanings under different prefixes - e.g.,
       +|-M; ``-iM'' is not the same request as ``-i +M''.  When in doubt, use
       separate options with appropriate prefixes.

       -? -h	These  two  equivalent	options	 select	 a usage (help) output
		list.  Lsof displays a shortened form of this output  when  it
		detects	 an  error in the options supplied to it, after it has
		displayed messages explaining each  error.   (Escape  the  `?'
		character as your shell requires.)

       -a	causes list selection options to be ANDed, as described above.

       -A A	is  available  on  systems configured for AFS whose AFS kernel
		code is implemented via dynamic modules.  It allows  the  lsof
		user  to  specify  A  as an alternate name list file where the
		kernel addresses of the dynamic modules might be  found.   See
		the  lsof  FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.)  for more
		information about dynamic modules, their symbols, and how they
		affect lsof.

       -b	causes	lsof  to  avoid	 kernel	 functions  that might block -
		lstat(2), readlink(2), and stat(2).

		See the BLOCKS AND TIMEOUTS and AVOIDING  KERNEL  BLOCKS  sec‐
		tions for information on using this option.

       -c c	selects	 the listing of files for processes executing the com‐
		mand that begins with the characters of c.  Multiple  commands
		may  be specified, using multiple -c options.  They are joined
		in a single ORed set before participating in AND option selec‐
		tion.

		If  c begins with a `^', then the following characters specify
		a command name whose processes are to be ignored (excluded.)

		If c begins and	 ends  with  a	slash  ('/'),  the  characters
		between	 the  slashes are interpreted as a regular expression.
		Shell meta-characters in the regular expression must be quoted
		to  prevent  their  interpretation  by the shell.  The closing
		slash may be followed by these modifiers:

		     b	  the regular expression is a basic one.
		     i	  ignore the case of letters.
		     x	  the regular expression is an extended one
			  (default).

		See the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives	 its  location.)   for
		more information on basic and extended regular expressions.

		The  simple  command  specification  is tested first.  If that
		test fails, the command regular expression is applied.	If the
		simple	command	 test succeeds, the command regular expression
		test isn't made.  This may result in ``no  command  found  for
		regex:'' messages when lsof's -V option is specified.

       +c w	defines	 the maximum number of initial characters of the name,
		supplied by the UNIX dialect, of the UNIX  command  associated
		with a process to be printed in the COMMAND column.  (The lsof
		default is nine.)

		Note that many UNIX dialects do not supply  all	 command  name
		characters to lsof in the files and structures from which lsof
		obtains command name.  Often  dialects	limit  the  number  of
		characters  supplied  in  those	 sources.   For example, Linux
		2.4.27 and Solaris 9 both limit	 command  name	length	to  16
		characters.

		If w is zero ('0'), all command characters supplied to lsof by
		the UNIX dialect will be printed.

		If w is less than the length of the column title, ``COMMAND'',
		it will be raised to that length.

       -C	disables  the  reporting  of any path name components from the
		kernel's name cache.  See the KERNEL NAME  CACHE  section  for
		more information.

       +d s	causes	lsof  to  search for all open instances of directory s
		and the files and directories it contains at  its  top	level.
		+d does NOT descend the directory tree, rooted at s.  The +D D
		option may be used to request a	 full-descent  directory  tree
		search, rooted at directory D.

		Processing  of	the  +d	 option does not follow symbolic links
		within s unless the -x or -x  l option is also specified.  Nor
		does  it  search for open files on file system mount points on
		subdirectories of s unless the -x or  -x   f  option  is  also
		specified.

		Note:  the  authority  of the user of this option limits it to
		searching for files that the user has  permission  to  examine
		with the system stat(2) function.

       -d s	specifies  a list of file descriptors (FDs) to exclude from or
		include in the output listing.	The file descriptors are spec‐
		ified  in  the	comma-separated	 set  s	 -  e.g., ``cwd,1,3'',
		``^6,^2''.  (There should be no spaces in the set.)

		The list is an exclusion list if all entries of the set	 begin
		with  `^'.   It	 is  an inclusion list if no entry begins with
		`^'.  Mixed lists are not permitted.

		A file descriptor number range may be in the set  as  long  as
		neither	 member	 is  empty,  both members are numbers, and the
		ending member is larger than the starting one - e.g.,  ``0-7''
		or  ``3-10''.	Ranges	may be specified for exclusion if they
		have the  `^'  prefix  -  e.g.,	 ``^0-7''  excludes  all  file
		descriptors 0 through 7.

		Multiple  file	descriptor numbers are joined in a single ORed
		set before participating in AND option selection.

		When there are exclusion and inclusion	members	 in  the  set,
		lsof  reports  them as errors and exits with a non-zero return
		code.

		See the description of File Descriptor (FD) output  values  in
		the  OUTPUT  section  for  more information on file descriptor
		names.

       +D D	causes lsof to search for all open instances  of  directory  D
		and  all the files and directories it contains to its complete
		depth.

		Processing of the +D option does  not  follow  symbolic	 links
		within D unless the -x or -x  l option is also specified.  Nor
		does it search for open files on file system mount  points  on
		subdirectories	of  D  unless  the  -x or -x  f option is also
		specified.

		Note: the authority of the user of this option	limits	it  to
		searching  for	files  that the user has permission to examine
		with the system stat(2) function.

		Further note: lsof may process this option slowly and  require
		a large amount of dynamic memory to do it.  This is because it
		must descend the entire directory tree, rooted at  D,  calling
		stat(2)	 for  each  file and directory, building a list of all
		the files it finds, and searching that list for a  match  with
		every  open  file.  When directory D is large, these steps can
		take a long time, so use this option prudently.

       -D D	directs lsof's use of the device cache file.  The use of  this
		option	is  sometimes  restricted.   See the DEVICE CACHE FILE
		section and the sections that follow it for  more  information
		on this option.

		-D  must be followed by a function letter; the function letter
		may optionally be followed by a path  name.   Lsof  recognizes
		these function letters:

		     ? - report device cache file paths
		     b - build the device cache file
		     i - ignore the device cache file
		     r - read the device cache file
		     u - read and update the device cache file

		The  b,	 r,  and  u functions, accompanied by a path name, are
		sometimes restricted.  When these  functions  are  restricted,
		they  will not appear in the description of the -D option that
		accompanies -h or -?  option output.   See  the	 DEVICE	 CACHE
		FILE section and the sections that follow it for more informa‐
		tion on these functions and when they're restricted.

		The ?  function reports the read-only  and  write  paths  that
		lsof can use for the device cache file, the names of any envi‐
		ronment variables whose values lsof will examine when  forming
		the  device  cache  file path, and the format for the personal
		device cache file path.	 (Escape the  `?'  character  as  your
		shell requires.)

		When  available,  the b, r, and u functions may be followed by
		the  device  cache  file's  path.   The	 standard  default  is
		.lsof_hostname	in the home directory of the real user ID that
		executes lsof, but this could have been changed when lsof  was
		configured  and	 compiled.   (The  output  of  the  -h	and -?
		options show the current default prefix	 -  e.g.,  ``.lsof''.)
		The  suffix,  hostname,	 is  the first component of the host's
		name returned by gethostname(2).

		When available, the b function directs lsof  to	 build	a  new
		device cache file at the default or specified path.

		The i function directs lsof to ignore the default device cache
		file and obtain its information about devices via direct calls
		to the kernel.

		The  r	function  directs lsof to read the device cache at the
		default or specified path, but prevents it from creating a new
		device	cache  file  when  none	 exists or the existing one is
		improperly structured.	The r function, when specified without
		a  path name, prevents lsof from updating an incorrect or out‐
		dated device cache file, or creating a new one in  its	place.
		The  r function is always available when it is specified with‐
		out a path name argument; it may be restricted by the  permis‐
		sions of the lsof process.

		When available, the u function directs lsof to read the device
		cache file at the default or specified path, if possible,  and
		to rebuild it, if necessary.  This is the default device cache
		file function when no -D option has been specified.

       +|-e s	exempts the file system whose path name is s from  being  sub‐
		jected	to  kernel  function  calls  that might block.	The +e
		option exempts stat(2), lstat(2) and most  readlink(2)	kernel
		function  calls.   The	-e  option  exempts  only  stat(2) and
		lstat(2) kernel function calls.	 Multiple file systems may  be
		specified  with separate +|-e specifications and each may have
		readlink(2) calls exempted or not.

		This option is currently implemented only for Linux.

		CAUTION: this option can easily be mis-applied to  other  than
		the  file system of interest, because it uses path name rather
		than the more reliable device and inode numbers.  (Device  and
		inode  numbers	are  acquired  via  the	 potentially  blocking
		stat(2) kernel call and are thus not available,	 but  see  the
		+|-m  m	 option as a possible alternative way to supply device
		numbers.)  Use this option with great care and	fully  specify
		the path name of the file system to be exempted.

		When  open files on exempted file systems are reported, it may
		not be possible to obtain all their  information.   Therefore,
		some   information  columns  will  be  blank,  the  characters
		``UNKN'' preface the values in the TYPE column, and the appli‐
		cable  exemption  option is added in parentheses to the end of
		the NAME column.  (Some device	number	information  might  be
		made available via the +|-m m option.)

       +|-f [cfgGn]
		f by itself clarifies how path name arguments are to be inter‐
		preted.	 When followed by c, f, g, G, or n in any  combination
		it  specifies that the listing of kernel file structure infor‐
		mation is to be enabled (`+') or inhibited (`-').

		Normally a path name argument is taken to  be  a  file	system
		name  if  it  matches  a mounted-on directory name reported by
		mount(8), or if it represents a block  device,	named  in  the
		mount  output  and  associated	with a mounted directory name.
		When +f is specified, all path name arguments will be taken to
		be  file  system names, and lsof will complain if any are not.
		This can be useful, for example, when  the  file  system  name
		(mounted-on  device)  isn't  a block device.  This happens for
		some CD-ROM file systems.

		When -f is specified by itself, all path name  arguments  will
		be  taken  to be simple files.	Thus, for example, the ``-f --
		/'' arguments direct lsof to search for open files with a  `/'
		path name, not all open files in the `/' (root) file system.

		Be  careful to make sure +f and -f are properly terminated and
		aren't followed by a character (e.g., of the file or file sys‐
		tem  name)  that  might be taken as a parameter.  For example,
		use ``--'' after +f and -f as in these examples.

		     $ lsof +f -- /file/system/name
		     $ lsof -f -- /file/name

		The  listing  of  information  from  kernel  file  structures,
		requested  with the +f [cfgGn] option form, is normally inhib‐
		ited, and is not available in whole or part for some  dialects
		- e.g., /proc-based Linux kernels below 2.6.22.	 When the pre‐
		fix to f is a plus sign (`+'), these characters	 request  file
		structure information:

		     c	  file structure use count (not Linux)
		     f	  file structure address (not Linux)
		     g	  file flag abbreviations (Linux 2.6.22 and up)
		     G	  file flags in hexadecimal (Linux 2.6.22 and up)
		     n	  file structure node address (not Linux)

		When the prefix is minus (`-') the same characters disable the
		listing of the indicated values.

		File  structure	 addresses,  use  counts,  flags,   and	  node
		addresses  may	be used to detect more readily identical files
		inherited by child processes and identical  files  in  use  by
		different processes.  Lsof column output can be sorted by out‐
		put columns holding the values and listed to identify  identi‐
		cal  file use, or lsof field output can be parsed by an AWK or
		Perl post-filter script, or by a C program.

       -F f	specifies a character list, f, that selects the fields	to  be
		output	for  processing	 by another program, and the character
		that terminates each output field.  Each field to be output is
		specified  with a single character in f.  The field terminator
		defaults to NL, but may be changed to NUL (000).  See the OUT‐
		PUT  FOR OTHER PROGRAMS section for a description of the field
		identification characters and the field output process.

		When the field selection character list is empty, all standard
		fields	are  selected  (except	the raw device field, security
		context and zone field for compatibility reasons) and  the  NL
		field terminator is used.

		When  the  field selection character list contains only a zero
		(`0'), all fields are selected (except the  raw	 device	 field
		for compatibility reasons) and the NUL terminator character is
		used.

		Other combinations of fields and their associated field termi‐
		nator  character  must	be  set with explicit entries in f, as
		described in the OUTPUT FOR OTHER PROGRAMS section.

		When a field selection character identifies an item lsof  does
		not  normally list - e.g., PPID, selected with -R - specifica‐
		tion of the field character - e.g., ``-FR'' - also selects the
		listing of the item.

		When  the  field  selection character list contains the single
		character `?', lsof will display a  help  list	of  the	 field
		identification	characters.  (Escape the `?' character as your
		shell requires.)

       -g [s]	excludes or selects the listing of  files  for	the  processes
		whose optional process group IDentification (PGID) numbers are
		in the comma-separated set s - e.g., ``123'' or	 ``123,^456''.
		(There should be no spaces in the set.)

		PGID  numbers  that begin with `^' (negation) represent exclu‐
		sions.

		Multiple PGID numbers are joined in a single ORed  set	before
		participating  in  AND option selection.  However, PGID exclu‐
		sions are applied without ORing	 or  ANDing  and  take	effect
		before other selection criteria are applied.

		The -g option also enables the output display of PGID numbers.
		When specified without a PGID set that's all it does.

       -i [i]	selects the listing of files any  of  whose  Internet  address
		matches	 the  address specified in i.  If no address is speci‐
		fied, this option selects the listing of all Internet and x.25
		(HP-UX) network files.

		If  -i4	 or  -i6  is specified with no following address, only
		files of the indicated IP version,  IPv4  or  IPv6,  are  dis‐
		played.	  (An  IPv6  specification  may	 be  used  only if the
		dialects  supports  IPv6,  as  indicated   by	``[46]''   and
		``IPv[46]''  in lsof's -h or -?	 output.)  Sequentially speci‐
		fying -i4, followed by -i6 is the same as specifying  -i,  and
		vice-versa.   Specifying  -i4,	or -i6 after -i is the same as
		specifying -i4 or -i6 by itself.

		Multiple addresses (up to a limit of  100)  may	 be  specified
		with  multiple	-i  options.   (A  port number or service name
		range is counted as one address.)  They are joined in a single
		ORed set before participating in AND option selection.

		An  Internet address is specified in the form (Items in square
		brackets are optional.):

		[46][protocol][@hostname|hostaddr][:service|port]

		where:
		     46 specifies the IP version, IPv4 or IPv6
			  that applies to the following address.
			  '6' may be be specified only if the UNIX
			  dialect supports IPv6.  If neither '4' nor
			  '6' is specified, the following address
			  applies to all IP versions.
		     protocol is a protocol name - TCP, UDP
		     hostname is an Internet host name.	 Unless a
			  specific IP version is specified, open
			  network files associated with host names
			  of all versions will be selected.
		     hostaddr is a numeric Internet IPv4 address in
			  dot form; or an IPv6 numeric address in
			  colon form, enclosed in brackets, if the
			  UNIX dialect supports IPv6.  When an IP
			  version is selected, only its numeric
			  addresses may be specified.
		     service is an /etc/services name - e.g., smtp -
			  or a list of them.
		     port is a port number, or a list of them.

		IPv6 options may be used only if  the  UNIX  dialect  supports
		IPv6.  To see if the dialect supports IPv6, run lsof and spec‐
		ify the -h or -?  (help) option.  If the displayed description
		of  the	 -i  option contains ``[46]'' and ``IPv[46]'', IPv6 is
		supported.

		IPv4 host names and addresses may not be specified if  network
		file  selection is limited to IPv6 with -i 6.  IPv6 host names
		and addresses may not be specified if network  file  selection
		is  limited  to	 IPv4  with  -i	 4.  When an open IPv4 network
		file's address is mapped in an IPv6 address, the  open	file's
		type  will be IPv6, not IPv4, and its display will be selected
		by '6', not '4'.

		At least one address component -  4,  6,  protocol,  hostname,
		hostaddr,  or  service - must be supplied.  The `@' character,
		leading the host specification, is always required; as is  the
		`:',  leading the port specification.  Specify either hostname
		or hostaddr.  Specify either service name list or port	number
		list.	If  a service name list is specified, the protocol may
		also need to be specified if the TCP,  UDP  and	 UDPLITE  port
		numbers	 for  the  service name are different.	Use any case -
		lower or upper - for protocol.

		Service names and port numbers may be combined in a list whose
		entries	 are  separated	 by  commas  and  whose	 numeric range
		entries are separated by minus signs.  There may be no	embed‐
		ded spaces, and all service names must belong to the specified
		protocol.  Since service  names	 may  contain  embedded	 minus
		signs,	the starting entry of a range can't be a service name;
		it can be a port number, however.

		Here are some sample addresses:

		     -i6 - IPv6 only
		     TCP:25 - TCP and port 25
		     @1.2.3.4 - Internet IPv4 host address 1.2.3.4
		     @[3ffe:1ebc::1]:1234 - Internet IPv6 host address
			  3ffe:1ebc::1, port 1234
		     UDP:who - UDP who service port
		     TCP@lsof.itap:513 - TCP, port 513 and host name lsof.itap
		     tcp@foo:1-10,smtp,99 - TCP, ports 1 through 10,
			  service name smtp, port 99, host name foo
		     tcp@bar:1-smtp - TCP, ports 1 through smtp, host bar
		     :time - either TCP, UDP or UDPLITE time service port

       -K	selects the  listing  of  tasks	 (threads)  of	processes,  on
		dialects where task (thread) reporting is supported.  (If help
		output - i.e., the output of the -h or	-?   options  -	 shows
		this  option, then task (thread) reporting is supported by the
		dialect.)

		When -K and -a are both specified on Linux, and the tasks of a
		main  process  are selected by other options, the main process
		will also be listed as though it were a task,  but  without  a
		task ID.  (See the description of the TID column in the OUTPUT
		section.)

		Where the FreeBSD version supports threads, all	 threads  will
		be listed with their IDs.

		In  general threads and tasks inherit the files of the caller,
		but may close some and open others, so lsof always reports all
		the open files of threads and tasks.

       -k k	specifies  a  kernel  name  list file, k, in place of /vmunix,
		/mach, etc.   -k  is  not  available  under  AIX  on  the  IBM
		RISC/System 6000.

       -l	inhibits the conversion of user ID numbers to login names.  It
		is also useful when login name lookup is working improperly or
		slowly.

       +|-L [l] enables	 (`+')	or  disables  (`-')  the  listing of file link
		counts, where they are available - e.g., they aren't available
		for sockets, or most FIFOs and pipes.

		When  +L  is  specified	 without  a following number, all link
		counts will be listed.	When -L is specified (the default), no
		link counts will be listed.

		When  +L  is  followed	by  a number, only files having a link
		count less than that number will be listed.   (No  number  may
		follow	-L.)   A specification of the form ``+L1'' will select
		open files that have been unlinked.  A	specification  of  the
		form ``+aL1 <file_system>'' will select unlinked open files on
		the specified file system.

		For other link count comparisons, use field output (-F) and  a
		post-processing script or program.

       +|-m m	specifies  an  alternate kernel memory file or activates mount
		table supplement processing.

		The option form -m m specifies a kernel	 memory	 file,	m,  in
		place of /dev/kmem or /dev/mem - e.g., a crash dump file.

		The  option  form  +m requests that a mount supplement file be
		written to the standard output file.  All  other  options  are
		silently ignored.

		There  will  be	 a  line in the mount supplement file for each
		mounted file system, containing the mounted file system direc‐
		tory,  followed by a single space, followed by the device num‐
		ber in hexadecimal "0x" format - e.g.,

		     / 0x801

		Lsof can use the mount supplement file to get  device  numbers
		for  file  systems  when  it  can't  get  them	via stat(2) or
		lstat(2).

		The option form +m m identifies m as a mount supplement file.

		Note: the +m and +m m options are not available for  all  sup‐
		ported dialects.  Check the output of lsof's -h or -?  options
		to see if the +m and +m m options are available.

       +|-M	Enables (+) or disables (-) the reporting of portmapper regis‐
		trations for local TCP, UDP and UDPLITE ports, where port map‐
		ping is supported.  (See the last  paragraph  of  this	option
		description  for  information about where portmapper registra‐
		tion reporting is suported.)

		The default reporting mode is set by the lsof builder with the
		HASPMAPENABLED #define in the dialect's machine.h header file;
		lsof is distributed with the  HASPMAPENABLED  #define  deacti‐
		vated, so portmapper reporting is disabled by default and must
		be requested with +M.  Specifying lsof's -h or -?  option will
		report	the  default  mode.  Disabling portmapper registration
		when it is  already  disabled  or  enabling  it	 when  already
		enabled is acceptable.	When portmapper registration reporting
		is enabled, lsof displays the portmapper registration (if any)
		for local TCP, UDP or UDPLITE ports in square brackets immedi‐
		ately following the port numbers  or  service  names  -	 e.g.,
		``:1234[name]'' or ``:name[100083]''.  The registration infor‐
		mation may be a name or number, depending on what  the	regis‐
		tering	program	 supplied to the portmapper when it registered
		the port.

		When portmapper registration reporting is  enabled,  lsof  may
		run a little more slowly or even become blocked when access to
		the portmapper becomes	congested  or  stopped.	  Reverse  the
		reporting mode to determine if portmapper registration report‐
		ing is slowing or blocking lsof.

		For purposes of portmapper registration reporting lsof consid‐
		ers  a	TCP,  UDP or UDPLITE port local if: it is found in the
		local part of its containing kernel structure;	or  if	it  is
		located in the foreign part of its containing kernel structure
		and the local and foreign Internet addresses are the same;  or
		if  it is located in the foreign part of its containing kernel
		structure and the foreign Internet address is  INADDR_LOOPBACK
		(127.0.0.1).   This  rule  may	make  lsof ignore some foreign
		ports on machines with multiple interfaces  when  the  foreign
		Internet  address  is  on a different interface from the local
		one.

		See the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives	 its  location.)   for
		further	  discussion   of  portmapper  registration  reporting
		issues.

		Portmapper  registration  reporting  is	 supported   only   on
		dialects  that	have  RPC header files.	 (Some Linux distribu‐
		tions with GlibC 2.14 do not have them.)  When portmapper reg‐
		istration  reporting  is  supported, the -h or -?  help output
		will show the +|-M option.

       -n	inhibits the conversion of network numbers to host  names  for
		network	 files.	  Inhibiting  conversion  may  make  lsof  run
		faster.	 It is also useful when host name lookup is not	 work‐
		ing properly.

       -N	selects the listing of NFS files.

       -o	directs	 lsof  to display file offset at all times.  It causes
		the SIZE/OFF output column title  to  be  changed  to  OFFSET.
		Note: on some UNIX dialects lsof can't obtain accurate or con‐
		sistent file offset information from its kernel data  sources,
		sometimes  just	 for  particular  kinds of files (e.g., socket
		files.)	 Consult the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its loca‐
		tion.)	for more information.

		The  -o and -s options are mutually exclusive; they can't both
		be specified.  When neither is specified, lsof displays	 what‐
		ever value - size or offset - is appropriate and available for
		the type of the file.

       -o o	defines the number of decimal digits (o) to be	printed	 after
		the  ``0t''  for  a file offset before the form is switched to
		``0x...''.  An o value of zero (unlimited) directs lsof to use
		the ``0t'' form for all offset output.

		This  option  does  NOT	 direct	 lsof to display offset at all
		times; specify -o (without a trailing number) to do that.   -o
		o  only	 specifies the number of digits after ``0t'' in either
		mixed size and offset or offset-only output.  Thus, for	 exam‐
		ple, to direct lsof to display offset at all times with a dec‐
		imal digit count of 10, use:

		     -o -o 10
		or
		     -oo10

		The default number of digits allowed after ``0t'' is  normally
		8, but may have been changed by the lsof builder.  Consult the
		description of the -o o option in the output of the -h	or  -?
		option to determine the default that is in effect.

       -O	directs	 lsof  to  bypass  the strategy it uses to avoid being
		blocked by some kernel operations - i.e., doing them in forked
		child  processes.   See	 the  BLOCKS AND TIMEOUTS and AVOIDING
		KERNEL BLOCKS sections for more information on	kernel	opera‐
		tions that may block lsof.

		While use of this option will reduce lsof startup overhead, it
		may also cause lsof to hang when the kernel doesn't respond to
		a function.  Use this option cautiously.

       -p s	excludes  or  selects  the  listing of files for the processes
		whose optional process IDentification (PID) numbers are in the
		comma-separated set s - e.g., ``123'' or ``123,^456''.	(There
		should be no spaces in the set.)

		PID numbers that begin with `^'	 (negation)  represent	exclu‐
		sions.

		Multiple  process  ID  numbers are joined in a single ORed set
		before participating in AND option  selection.	 However,  PID
		exclusions are applied without ORing or ANDing and take effect
		before other selection criteria are applied.

       -P	inhibits the conversion of port numbers to port names for net‐
		work  files.   Inhibiting  the	conversion may make lsof run a
		little faster.	It is also useful when port name lookup is not
		working properly.

       +|-r [t[m<fmt>]]
		puts  lsof  in	repeat	mode.	There lsof lists open files as
		selected by other options, delays t seconds (default fifteen),
		then  repeats  the  listing, delaying and listing repetitively
		until stopped by a condition defined  by  the  prefix  to  the
		option.

		If  the prefix is a `-', repeat mode is endless.  Lsof must be
		terminated with an interrupt or quit signal.

		If the prefix is `+', repeat mode will end the first cycle  no
		open  files  are  listed  - and of course when lsof is stopped
		with an interrupt or  quit  signal.   When  repeat  mode  ends
		because	 no  files  are	 listed, the process exit code will be
		zero if any open files were ever listed;  one,	if  none  were
		ever listed.

		Lsof  marks  the  end  of  each listing: if field output is in
		progress (the -F, option  has  been  specified),  the  default
		marker	is  `m'; otherwise the default marker is ``========''.
		The marker is followed by a NL character.

		The optional "m<fmt>" argument	specifies  a  format  for  the
		marker	line.	The  <fmt> characters following `m' are inter‐
		preted as a format specification to the strftime(3)  function,
		when  both  it	and the localtime(3) function are available in
		the dialect's C library.  Consult the  strftime(3)  documenta‐
		tion  for  what	 may appear in its format specification.  Note
		that when field output is requested with the -F option,	 <fmt>
		cannot	contain	 the  NL  format, ``%n''.  Note also that when
		<fmt> contains spaces or  other	 characters  that  affect  the
		shell's	 interpretation	 of  arguments,	 <fmt>	must be quoted
		appropriately.

		Repeat mode reduces lsof startup overhead, so it is more effi‐
		cient  to  use this mode than to call lsof repetitively from a
		shell script, for example.

		To use repeat mode most efficiently, accompany +|-r with spec‐
		ification  of  other  lsof selection options, so the amount of
		kernel memory access lsof does will  be	 kept  to  a  minimum.
		Options	 that  filter at the process level - e.g., -c, -g, -p,
		-u - are the most efficient selectors.

		Repeat mode is useful when coupled with field output (see  the
		-F,  option description) and a supervising awk or Perl script,
		or a C program.

       -R	directs lsof to list the Parent Process IDentification	number
		in the PPID column.

       -s [p:s] s  alone  directs  lsof to display file size at all times.  It
		causes the SIZE/OFF output column title to be changed to SIZE.
		If the file does not have a size, nothing is displayed.

		The  optional  -s  p:s	form  is  available  only for selected
		dialects, and only when the -h or -?  help output lists it.

		When the optional form is available, the s may be followed  by
		a  protocol  name  (p), either TCP or UDP, a colon (`:') and a
		comma-separated protocol state name list,  the	option	causes
		open  TCP  and UDP files to be excluded if their state name(s)
		are in the list (s) preceded by a `^'; or  included  if	 their
		name(s) are not preceded by a `^'.

		When  an  inclusion  list  is defined, only network files with
		state names in the list will be present in  the	 lsof  output.
		Thus,  specifying one state name means that only network files
		with that lone state name will be listed.

		Case is unimportant in the protocol or state names, but	 there
		may  be	 no spaces and the colon (`:') separating the protocol
		name (p) and the state name list (s) is required.

		If only TCP and UDP files are to be listed, as	controlled  by
		the specified exclusions and inclusions, the -i option must be
		specified, too.	 If only a single protocol's files are	to  be
		listed, add its name as an argument to the -i option.

		For example, to list only network files with TCP state LISTEN,
		use:

		     -iTCP -sTCP:LISTEN

		Or, for example, to list network files	with  all  UDP	states
		except Idle, use:

		     -iUDP -sUDP:Idle

		State  names  vary with UNIX dialects, so it's not possible to
		provide a complete list.  Some common  TCP  state  names  are:
		CLOSED,	 IDLE, BOUND, LISTEN, ESTABLISHED, SYN_SENT, SYN_RCDV,
		ESTABLISHED,   CLOSE_WAIT,   FIN_WAIT1,	  CLOSING,   LAST_ACK,
		FIN_WAIT_2,  and  TIME_WAIT.   Two  common UDP state names are
		Unbound and Idle.

		See the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives	 its  location.)   for
		more  information  on  how to use protocol state exclusion and
		inclusion, including examples.

		The -o (without a following decimal digit count) and -s option
		(without  a  following protocol and state name list) are mutu‐
		ally exclusive; they can't both be specified.  When neither is
		specified,  lsof displays whatever value - size or offset - is
		appropriate and available for the type of file.

		Since some types of files don't have  true  sizes  -  sockets,
		FIFOs, pipes, etc. - lsof displays for their sizes the content
		amounts in their associated kernel buffers, if possible.

       -S [t]	specifies an optional time-out seconds value for kernel	 func‐
		tions - lstat(2), readlink(2), and stat(2) - that might other‐
		wise deadlock.	The minimum for t is two;  the	default,  fif‐
		teen; when no value is specified, the default is used.

		See the BLOCKS AND TIMEOUTS section for more information.

       -T [t]	controls  the  reporting  of  some  TCP/TPI  information, also
		reported by netstat(1), following the network  addresses.   In
		normal	output	the  information  appears in parentheses, each
		item except TCP or TPI state name  identified  by  a  keyword,
		followed by `=', separated from others by a single space:

		     <TCP or TPI state name>
		     QR=<read queue length>
		     QS=<send queue length>
		     SO=<socket options and values>
		     SS=<socket states>
		     TF=<TCP flags and values>
		     WR=<window read length>
		     WW=<window write length>

		Not all values are reported for all UNIX dialects.  Items val‐
		ues (when available) are reported after the item name and '='.

		When the field output mode is in effect (See OUTPUT FOR	 OTHER
		PROGRAMS.)   each  item	 appears as a field with a `T' leading
		character.

		-T with no following key characters disables TCP/TPI  informa‐
		tion reporting.

		-T with following characters selects the reporting of specific
		TCP/TPI information:

		     f	  selects reporting of socket options,
			  states and values, and TCP flags and
			  values.
		     q	  selects queue length reporting.
		     s	  selects connection state reporting.
		     w	  selects window size reporting.

		Not all selections are enabled for some UNIX dialects.	 State
		may  be	 selected for all dialects and is reported by default.
		The -h or -?  help output for the -T  option  will  show  what
		selections may be used with the UNIX dialect.

		When  -T  is used to select information - i.e., it is followed
		by one or more selection characters - the displaying of	 state
		is  disabled  by  default,  and it must be explicitly selected
		again in the characters following -T.  (In effect,  then,  the
		default	 is equivalent to -Ts.)	 For example, if queue lengths
		and state are desired, use -Tqs.

		Socket options, socket states, some socket values,  TCP	 flags
		and  one TCP value may be reported (when available in the UNIX
		dialect) in the form of the names that commonly	 appear	 after
		SO_,  so_,  SS_, TCP_  and TF_ in the dialect's header files -
		most	often	 <sys/socket.h>,     <sys/socketvar.h>	   and
		<netinet/tcp_var.h>.  Consult those header files for the mean‐
		ing of the flags, options, states and values.

		``SO='' precedes socket options and  values;  ``SS='',	socket
		states; and ``TF='', TCP flags and values.

		If  a flag or option has a value, the value will follow an '='
		and  the  name	--   e.g.,   ``SO=LINGER=5'',	``SO=QLIM=5'',
		``TF=MSS=512''.	 The following seven values may be reported:

		     Name
		     Reported  Description (Common Symbol)

		     KEEPALIVE keep alive time (SO_KEEPALIVE)
		     LINGER    linger time (SO_LINGER)
		     MSS       maximum segment size (TCP_MAXSEG)
		     PQLEN     partial listen queue connections
		     QLEN      established listen queue connections
		     QLIM      established listen queue limit
		     RCVBUF    receive buffer length (SO_RCVBUF)
		     SNDBUF    send buffer length (SO_SNDBUF)

		Details	 on what socket options and values, socket states, and
		TCP flags and values may  be  displayed	 for  particular  UNIX
		dialects  may be found in the answer to the ``Why doesn't lsof
		report socket options, socket states, and TCP flags and values
		for  my	 dialect?''  and ``Why doesn't lsof report the partial
		listen queue connection count for my dialect?''	 questions  in
		the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.)

       -t	specifies  that	 lsof should produce terse output with process
		identifiers only and no header - e.g., so that the output  may
		be piped to kill(1).  -t selects the -w option.

       -u s	selects the listing of files for the user whose login names or
		user ID numbers are in	the  comma-separated  set  s  -	 e.g.,
		``abe'',  or  ``548,root''.  (There should be no spaces in the
		set.)

		Multiple login names or user ID numbers are joined in a single
		ORed set before participating in AND option selection.

		If  a login name or user ID is preceded by a `^', it becomes a
		negation - i.e., files of processes owned by the login name or
		user ID will never be listed.  A negated login name or user ID
		selection is neither ANDed nor ORed with other selections;  it
		is applied before all other selections and absolutely excludes
		the listing of the files of  the  process.   For  example,  to
		direct	lsof to exclude the listing of files belonging to root
		processes, specify ``-u^root'' or ``-u^0''.

       -U	selects the listing of UNIX domain socket files.

       -v	selects the listing of lsof  version  information,  including:
		revision  number;  when	 the  lsof binary was constructed; who
		constructed the binary and where; the  name  of	 the  compiler
		used  to  construct the lsof binary; the version number of the
		compiler when readily available; the compiler and loader flags
		used  to  construct  the  lsof binary; and system information,
		typically the output of uname's -a option.

       -V	directs lsof to indicate the items it was asked	 to  list  and
		failed to find - command names, file names, Internet addresses
		or files, login names, NFS files, PIDs, PGIDs, and UIDs.

		When other options  are	 ANDed	to  search  options,  or  com‐
		pile-time options restrict the listing of some files, lsof may
		not report that it failed to find a search item when an	 ANDed
		option or compile-time option prevents the listing of the open
		file containing the located search item.

		For example, ``lsof -V -iTCP@foobar -a -d 999'' may not report
		a  failure  to locate open files at ``TCP@foobar'' and may not
		list any, if none have a file descriptor  number  of  999.   A
		similar	 situation  arises when HASSECURITY and HASNOSOCKSECU‐
		RITY are defined at compile time and they prevent the  listing
		of open files.

       +|-w	Enables	 (+)  or  disables (-) the suppression of warning mes‐
		sages.

		The lsof builder may choose to have warning messages  disabled
		or  enabled  by default.  The default warning message state is
		indicated in the output of the -h or  -?   option.   Disabling
		warning	 messages  when	 they are already disabled or enabling
		them when already enabled is acceptable.

		The -t option selects the -w option.

       -x [fl]	may accompany the +d and +D options to direct their processing
		to  cross  over symbolic links and|or file system mount points
		encountered when scanning the directory (+d) or directory tree
		(+D).

		If  -x	is  specified by itself without a following parameter,
		cross-over processing of both symbolic links and  file	system
		mount points is enabled.  Note that when -x is specified with‐
		out a parameter, the next argument must begin with '-' or '+'.

		The optional 'f' parameter enables  file  system  mount	 point
		cross-over  processing; 'l', symbolic link cross-over process‐
		ing.

		The -x option may not be supplied without also supplying a  +d
		or +D option.

       -X	This is a dialect-specific option.

	   AIX:
		This IBM AIX RISC/System 6000 option requests the reporting of
		executed text file and shared library references.

		WARNING: because this option uses the kernel readx() function,
		its  use  on  a	 busy  AIX  system  might cause an application
		process to hang so completely that it can  neither  be	killed
		nor stopped.  I have never seen this happen or had a report of
		its happening, but I think there is a  remote  possibility  it
		could happen.

		By  default  use  of readx() is disabled.  On AIX 5L and above
		lsof may need setuid-root permission to	 perform  the  actions
		this option requests.

		The  lsof builder may specify that the -X option be restricted
		to processes whose real UID is root.  If that has  been	 done,
		the  -X	 option	 will  not appear in the -h or -?  help output
		unless the real UID of the lsof process is root.  The  default
		lsof  distribution allows any UID to specify -X, so by default
		it will appear in the help output.

		When AIX readx() use is disabled, lsof	may  not  be  able  to
		report	information  for  all text and loader file references,
		but it may also avoid exacerbating  an	AIX  kernel  directory
		search kernel error, known as the Stale Segment ID bug.

		The  readx()  function,	 used  by lsof or any other program to
		access some sections of kernel virtual memory, can trigger the
		Stale  Segment ID bug.	It can cause the kernel's dir_search()
		function to believe erroneously that part of an in-memory copy
		of  a file system directory has been zeroed.  Another applica‐
		tion process, distinct from lsof, asking the kernel to	search
		the   directory	  -   e.g.,  by	 using	open(2)	 -  can	 cause
		dir_search() to loop forever,  thus  hanging  the  application
		process.

		Consult	 the  lsof  FAQ	 (The FAQ section gives its location.)
		and the 00README file of the lsof distribution for a more com‐
		plete  description  of the Stale Segment ID bug, its APAR, and
		methods for defining readx() use when compiling lsof.

	   Linux:
		This Linux option requests that lsof  skip  the	 reporting  of
		information  on	 all  open  TCP, UDP and UDPLITE IPv4 and IPv6
		files.

		This Linux option is  most  useful  when  the  system  has  an
		extremely large number of open TCP, UDP and UDPLITE files, the
		processing of whose  information  in  the  /proc/net/tcp*  and
		/proc/net/udp*	files  would  take lsof a long time, and whose
		reporting is not of interest.

		Use this option with care and only when you are sure that  the
		information  you  want	lsof  to display isn't associated with
		open TCP, UDP or UDPLITE socket files.

	   Solaris 10 and above:
		This Solaris 10 and above option  requests  the	 reporting  of
		cached	paths for files that have been deleted - i.e., removed
		with rm(1) or unlink(2).

		The cached path is followed by the  string  `` (deleted)''  to
		indicate  that	the path by which the file was opened has been
		deleted.

		Because intervening changes made to the path -	i.e.,  renames
		with mv(1) or rename(2) - are not recorded in the cached path,
		what lsof reports is only the  path  by	 which	the  file  was
		opened, not its possibly different final path.

       -z [z]	specifies  how Solaris 10 and higher zone information is to be
		handled.

		Without a following argument - e.g., NO z - the option	speci‐
		fies  that zone names are to be listed in the ZONE output col‐
		umn.

		The -z option may be followed by a zone name, z.  That	causes
		lsof to list only open files for processes in that zone.  Mul‐
		tiple -z z option and argument pairs may be specified to  form
		a list of named zones.	Any open file of any process in any of
		the zones will be listed, subject to other  conditions	speci‐
		fied by other options and arguments.

       -Z [Z]	specifies how SELinux security contexts are to be handled.  It
		and 'Z' field output  character	 support  are  inhibited  when
		SELinux	 is  disabled in the running Linux kernel.  See OUTPUT
		FOR OTHER PROGRAMS for more information on the 'Z' field  out‐
		put character.

		Without	 a following argument - e.g., NO Z - the option speci‐
		fies that security contexts are to  be	listed	in  the	 SECU‐
		RITY-CONTEXT output column.

		The  -Z	 option may be followed by a wildcard security context
		name, Z.  That causes lsof to list only open  files  for  pro‐
		cesses	in  that  security  context.  Multiple -Z Z option and
		argument pairs may be specified to form	 a  list  of  security
		contexts.  Any open file of any process in any of the security
		contexts will be listed, subject to other conditions specified
		by  other  options and arguments.  Note that Z can be A:B:C or
		*:B:C or A:B:* or *:*:C to match against the A:B:C context.

       --	The double minus sign option is a marker that signals the  end
		of  the	 keyed options.	 It may be used, for example, when the
		first file name begins with a minus sign.  It may also be used
		when  the absence of a value for the last keyed option must be
		signified by the presence of a minus  sign  in	the  following
		option and before the start of the file names.

       names	These  are  path  names	 of  specific files to list.  Symbolic
		links are resolved before use.	The first name	may  be	 sepa‐
		rated from the preceding options with the ``--'' option.

		If  a name is the mounted-on directory of a file system or the
		device of the file system, lsof will list all the  files  open
		on  the file system.  To be considered a file system, the name
		must match a mounted-on directory name in mount(8) output,  or
		match  the name of a block device associated with a mounted-on
		directory name.	 The +|-f option may be used to force lsof  to
		consider a name a file system identifier (+f) or a simple file
		(-f).

		If name is a path to a directory that is  not  the  mounted-on
		directory name of a file system, it is treated just as a regu‐
		lar file is treated - i.e., its listing is restricted to  pro‐
		cesses	that  have  it open as a file or as a process-specific
		directory, such as the root or current working directory.   To
		request that lsof look for open files inside a directory name,
		use the +d s and +D D options.

		If a name is the base name of a family of multiplexed files  -
		e.  g,	AIX's  /dev/pt[cs] - lsof will list all the associated
		multiplexed  files  on	the  device  that  are	open  -	 e.g.,
		/dev/pt[cs]/1, /dev/pt[cs]/2, etc.

		If  a  name  is	 a  UNIX domain socket name, lsof will usually
		search for it by the characters of the name alone - exactly as
		it  is	specified  and is recorded in the kernel socket struc‐
		ture.  (See the next paragraph for an exception to  that  rule
		for  Linux.)   Specifying  a relative path - e.g., ./file - in
		place of the file's absolute path - e.g.,  /tmp/file  -	 won't
		work  because  lsof must match the characters you specify with
		what it finds in the kernel UNIX domain socket structures.

		If a name is a Linux UNIX domain socket name, in one case lsof
		is  able  to  search  for  it  by its device and inode number,
		allowing name to be a relative path.  The case	requires  that
		the absolute path -- i.e., one beginning with a slash ('/') be
		used by the process that created  the  socket,	and  hence  be
		stored	in  the /proc/net/unix file; and it requires that lsof
		be able to obtain the device and  node	numbers	 of  both  the
		absolute  path	in  /proc/net/unix  and	 name  via  successful
		stat(2) system calls.  When those  conditions  are  met,  lsof
		will  be  able	to search for the UNIX domain socket when some
		path to it is is specified in name.  Thus, for example, if the
		path  is  /dev/log,  and  an lsof search is initiated when the
		working directory is /dev, then name could be ./log.

		If a name is none of the above, lsof will list any open	 files
		whose device and inode match that of the specified path name.

		If  you	 have also specified the -b option, the only names you
		may safely specify are file systems for which your mount table
		supplies  alternate  device  numbers.  See the AVOIDING KERNEL
		BLOCKS and ALTERNATE DEVICE NUMBERS sections for more informa‐
		tion.

		Multiple  file	names  are  joined in a single ORed set before
		participating in AND option selection.

AFS
       Lsof supports the recognition of AFS files for these dialects (and  AFS
       versions):

	    AIX 4.1.4 (AFS 3.4a)
	    HP-UX 9.0.5 (AFS 3.4a)
	    Linux 1.2.13 (AFS 3.3)
	    Solaris 2.[56] (AFS 3.4a)

       It may recognize AFS files on other versions of these dialects, but has
       not been tested there.  Depending on how AFS is implemented,  lsof  may
       recognize  AFS files in other dialects, or may have difficulties recog‐
       nizing AFS files in the supported dialects.

       Lsof may have trouble identifying all aspects of AFS files in supported
       dialects	 when  AFS  kernel  support is implemented via dynamic modules
       whose addresses do not appear in the kernel's variable name  list.   In
       that  case,  lsof  may  have to guess at the identity of AFS files, and
       might not be able to obtain volume information from the kernel that  is
       needed  for  calculating AFS volume node numbers.  When lsof can't com‐
       pute volume node numbers, it reports blank in the NODE column.

       The -A A option is available in some dialect  implementations  of  lsof
       for specifying the name list file where dynamic module kernel addresses
       may be found.  When this option is available, it will be listed in  the
       lsof help output, presented in response to the -h or -?

       See the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.)  for more infor‐
       mation about dynamic modules, their symbols, and how they  affect  lsof
       options.

       Because AFS path lookups don't seem to participate in the kernel's name
       cache operations, lsof can't identify  path  name  components  for  AFS
       files.

SECURITY
       Lsof  has  three features that may cause security concerns.  First, its
       default compilation mode allows anyone to list all open files with  it.
       Second,	by default it creates a user-readable and user-writable device
       cache file in the home directory of the	real  user  ID	that  executes
       lsof.   (The  list-all-open-files and device cache features may be dis‐
       abled when lsof is compiled.)  Third, its -k and -m options name alter‐
       nate kernel name list or memory files.

       Restricting  the	 listing  of  all open files is controlled by the com‐
       pile-time HASSECURITY and HASNOSOCKSECURITY options.  When  HASSECURITY
       is  defined, lsof will allow only the root user to list all open files.
       The non-root user may list only open files of processes with  the  same
       user  IDentification  number  as	 the  real  user ID number of the lsof
       process (the one that its user logged on with).

       However, if HASSECURITY and HASNOSOCKSECURITY are both defined,	anyone
       may  list  open	socket	files,	provided they are selected with the -i
       option.

       When HASSECURITY is not defined, anyone may list all open files.

       Help output, presented in response to the -h or -?  option,  gives  the
       status of the HASSECURITY and HASNOSOCKSECURITY definitions.

       See  the Security section of the 00README file of the lsof distribution
       for information on building lsof with the HASSECURITY and  HASNOSOCKSE‐
       CURITY options enabled.

       Creation and use of a user-readable and user-writable device cache file
       is controlled by the compile-time HASDCACHE  option.   See  the	DEVICE
       CACHE  FILE  section and the sections that follow it for details on how
       its path is formed.  For security considerations	 it  is	 important  to
       note  that  in the default lsof distribution, if the real user ID under
       which lsof is executed is root, the device cache file will  be  written
       in  root's  home	 directory  - e.g., / or /root.	 When HASDCACHE is not
       defined, lsof does not write or attempt to read a device cache file.

       When HASDCACHE is defined, the lsof help output, presented in  response
       to the -h, -D?, or -?  options, will provide device cache file handling
       information.  When HASDCACHE is not defined, the -h or -?  output  will
       have no -D option description.

       Before  you  decide to disable the device cache file feature - enabling
       it improves the performance of lsof by reducing the startup overhead of
       examining  all the nodes in /dev (or /devices) - read the discussion of
       it in the 00DCACHE file of the lsof distribution and the lsof FAQ  (The
       FAQ section gives its location.)

       WHEN  IN DOUBT, YOU CAN TEMPORARILY DISABLE THE USE OF THE DEVICE CACHE
       FILE WITH THE -Di OPTION.

       When lsof user declares alternate kernel name list or memory files with
       the  -k	and  -m options, lsof checks the user's authority to read them
       with access(2).	This is intended to  prevent  whatever	special	 power
       lsof's modes might confer on it from letting it read files not normally
       accessible via the authority of the real user ID.

OUTPUT
       This section describes the information lsof lists for each  open	 file.
       See the OUTPUT FOR OTHER PROGRAMS section for additional information on
       output that can be processed by another program.

       Lsof only outputs printable (declared so by isprint(3)) 8  bit  charac‐
       ters.   Non-printable characters are printed in one of three forms: the
       C ``\[bfrnt]'' form; the control character `^' form (e.g., ``^@'');  or
       hexadecimal  leading ``\x'' form (e.g., ``\xab'').  Space is non-print‐
       able in the COMMAND column (``\x20'') and printable elsewhere.

       For some dialects  -  if	 HASSETLOCALE  is  defined  in	the  dialect's
       machine.h  header  file - lsof will print the extended 8 bit characters
       of a language locale.  The lsof process must  be	 supplied  a  language
       locale environment variable (e.g., LANG) whose value represents a known
       language locale in which the extended characters are considered	print‐
       able  by	 isprint(3).  Otherwise lsof considers the extended characters
       non-printable and prints them according to its rules for	 non-printable
       characters, stated above.  Consult your dialect's setlocale(3) man page
       for the names of other environment variables that may be used in	 place
       of LANG - e.g., LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, etc.

       Lsof's  language	 locale support for a dialect also covers wide charac‐
       ters - e.g., UTF-8 - when HASSETLOCALE and HASWIDECHAR are  defined  in
       the  dialect's  machine.h  header  file,	 and  when a suitable language
       locale has been defined in the appropriate environment variable for the
       lsof  process.  Wide characters are printable under those conditions if
       iswprint(3) reports them to be.	If  HASSETLOCALE,  HASWIDECHAR	and  a
       suitable language locale aren't defined, or if iswprint(3) reports wide
       characters that aren't printable, lsof considers	 the  wide  characters
       non-printable  and  prints  each of their 8 bits according to its rules
       for non-printable characters, stated above.

       Consult the answers to the "Language locale support" questions  in  the
       lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.) for more information.

       Lsof dynamically sizes the output columns each time it runs, guarantee‐
       ing that each column is a minimum size.	It also guarantees  that  each
       column is separated from its predecessor by at least one space.

       COMMAND	  contains  the	 first nine characters of the name of the UNIX
		  command associated with the process.	If a non-zero w	 value
		  is  specified	 to  the  +c w option, the column contains the
		  first w characters of the name of the UNIX  command  associ‐
		  ated with the process up to the limit of characters supplied
		  to lsof by the UNIX dialect.	(See the description of the +c
		  w  command  or  the  lsof FAQ for more information.  The FAQ
		  section gives its location.)

		  If w is less than the length of  the	column	title,	``COM‐
		  MAND'', it will be raised to that length.

		  If  a zero w value is specified to the +c w option, the col‐
		  umn contains all the characters of the name of the UNIX com‐
		  mand associated with the process.

		  All  command name characters maintained by the kernel in its
		  structures are displayed in field output  when  the  command
		  name	descriptor  (`c')  is  specified.   See the OUTPUT FOR
		  OTHER COMMANDS section for information  on  selecting	 field
		  output and the associated command name descriptor.

       PID	  is the Process IDentification number of the process.

       TID	  is the task (thread) IDentification number, if task (thread)
		  reporting is supported by the dialect and a task (thread) is
		  being	 listed.  (If help output - i.e., the output of the -h
		  or -?	 options -  shows  this	 option,  then	task  (thread)
		  reporting is supported by the dialect.)

		  A  blank  TID	 column in Linux indicates a process - i.e., a
		  non-task.

       ZONE	  is the Solaris 10 and higher zone name.  This column must be
		  selected with the -z option.

       SECURITY-CONTEXT
		  is  the  SELinux  security  context.	 This  column  must be
		  selected with the -Z option.	Note that  the	-Z  option  is
		  inhibited when SELinux is disabled in the running Linux ker‐
		  nel.

       PPID	  is the Parent Process IDentification number of the  process.
		  It is only displayed when the -R option has been specified.

       PGID	  is  the  process group IDentification number associated with
		  the process.	It is only displayed when the  -g  option  has
		  been specified.

       USER	  is  the user ID number or login name of the user to whom the
		  process belongs, usually the	same  as  reported  by	ps(1).
		  However,  on	Linux USER is the user ID number or login that
		  owns the directory in /proc  where  lsof  finds  information
		  about	 the process.  Usually that is the same value reported
		  by ps(1), but may differ when the process  has  changed  its
		  effective  user  ID.	 (See  the  -l	option description for
		  information on when a user ID number or login name  is  dis‐
		  played.)

       FD	  is the File Descriptor number of the file or:

		       cwd  current working directory;
		       Lnn  library references (AIX);
		       err  FD information error (see NAME column);
		       jld  jail directory (FreeBSD);
		       ltx  shared library text (code and data);
		       Mxx  hex memory-mapped type number xx.
		       m86  DOS Merge mapped file;
		       mem  memory-mapped file;
		       mmap memory-mapped device;
		       pd   parent directory;
		       rtd  root directory;
		       tr   kernel trace file (OpenBSD);
		       txt  program text (code and data);
		       v86  VP/ix mapped file;

		  FD  is  followed  by one of these characters, describing the
		  mode under which the file is open:

		       r for read access;
		       w for write access;
		       u for read and write access;
		       space if mode unknown and no lock
			    character follows;
		       `-' if mode unknown and lock
			    character follows.

		  The mode character is followed by one of these lock  charac‐
		  ters, describing the type of lock applied to the file:

		       N for a Solaris NFS lock of unknown type;
		       r for read lock on part of the file;
		       R for a read lock on the entire file;
		       w for a write lock on part of the file;
		       W for a write lock on the entire file;
		       u for a read and write lock of any length;
		       U for a lock of unknown type;
		       x  for an SCO OpenServer Xenix lock on part	of the
		  file;
		       X for an SCO OpenServer Xenix lock on  the	entire
		  file;
		       space if there is no lock.

		  See  the  LOCKS  section  for	 more  information on the lock
		  information character.

		  The FD column contents constitutes a single field for	 pars‐
		  ing in post-processing scripts.

       TYPE	  is  the  type	 of  the node associated with the file - e.g.,
		  GDIR, GREG, VDIR, VREG, etc.

		  or ``IPv4'' for an IPv4 socket;

		  or ``IPv6'' for an open IPv6 network	file  -	 even  if  its
		  address is IPv4, mapped in an IPv6 address;

		  or ``ax25'' for a Linux AX.25 socket;

		  or ``inet'' for an Internet domain socket;

		  or ``lla'' for a HP-UX link level access file;

		  or ``rte'' for an AF_ROUTE socket;

		  or ``sock'' for a socket of unknown domain;

		  or ``unix'' for a UNIX domain socket;

		  or ``x.25'' for an HP-UX x.25 socket;

		  or ``BLK'' for a block special file;

		  or ``CHR'' for a character special file;

		  or ``DEL'' for a Linux map file that has been deleted;

		  or ``DIR'' for a directory;

		  or ``DOOR'' for a VDOOR file;

		  or ``FIFO'' for a FIFO special file;

		  or ``KQUEUE'' for a BSD style kernel event queue file;

		  or ``LINK'' for a symbolic link file;

		  or ``MPB'' for a multiplexed block file;

		  or ``MPC'' for a multiplexed character file;

		  or  ``NOFD'' for a Linux /proc/<PID>/fd directory that can't
		  be opened -- the directory path appears in the NAME  column,
		  followed by an error message;

		  or ``PAS'' for a /proc/as file;

		  or ``PAXV'' for a /proc/auxv file;

		  or ``PCRE'' for a /proc/cred file;

		  or ``PCTL'' for a /proc control file;

		  or ``PCUR'' for the current /proc process;

		  or ``PCWD'' for a /proc current working directory;

		  or ``PDIR'' for a /proc directory;

		  or ``PETY'' for a /proc executable type (etype);

		  or ``PFD'' for a /proc file descriptor;

		  or ``PFDR'' for a /proc file descriptor directory;

		  or ``PFIL'' for an executable /proc file;

		  or ``PFPR'' for a /proc FP register set;

		  or ``PGD'' for a /proc/pagedata file;

		  or ``PGID'' for a /proc group notifier file;

		  or ``PIPE'' for pipes;

		  or ``PLC'' for a /proc/lwpctl file;

		  or ``PLDR'' for a /proc/lpw directory;

		  or ``PLDT'' for a /proc/ldt file;

		  or ``PLPI'' for a /proc/lpsinfo file;

		  or ``PLST'' for a /proc/lstatus file;

		  or ``PLU'' for a /proc/lusage file;

		  or ``PLWG'' for a /proc/gwindows file;

		  or ``PLWI'' for a /proc/lwpsinfo file;

		  or ``PLWS'' for a /proc/lwpstatus file;

		  or ``PLWU'' for a /proc/lwpusage file;

		  or ``PLWX'' for a /proc/xregs file'

		  or ``PMAP'' for a /proc map file (map);

		  or ``PMEM'' for a /proc memory image file;

		  or ``PNTF'' for a /proc process notifier file;

		  or ``POBJ'' for a /proc/object file;

		  or ``PODR'' for a /proc/object directory;

		  or  ``POLP''	for  an	 old format /proc light weight process
		  file;

		  or ``POPF'' for an old format /proc PID file;

		  or ``POPG'' for an old format /proc page data file;

		  or ``PORT'' for a SYSV named pipe;

		  or ``PREG'' for a /proc register file;

		  or ``PRMP'' for a /proc/rmap file;

		  or ``PRTD'' for a /proc root directory;

		  or ``PSGA'' for a /proc/sigact file;

		  or ``PSIN'' for a /proc/psinfo file;

		  or ``PSTA'' for a /proc status file;

		  or ``PSXSEM'' for a POSIX semaphore file;

		  or ``PSXSHM'' for a POSIX shared memory file;

		  or ``PUSG'' for a /proc/usage file;

		  or ``PW'' for a /proc/watch file;

		  or ``PXMP'' for a /proc/xmap file;

		  or ``REG'' for a regular file;

		  or ``SMT'' for a shared memory transport file;

		  or ``STSO'' for a stream socket;

		  or ``UNNM'' for an unnamed type file;

		  or ``XNAM'' for an OpenServer Xenix special file of  unknown
		  type;

		  or ``XSEM'' for an OpenServer Xenix semaphore file;

		  or ``XSD'' for an OpenServer Xenix shared data file;

		  or  the  four	 type  number octets if the corresponding name
		  isn't known.

       FILE-ADDR  contains the kernel file structure address when f  has  been
		  specified to +f;

       FCT	  contains  the	 file  reference  count	 from  the kernel file
		  structure when c has been specified to +f;

       FILE-FLAG  when g or G has been specified to +f,	 this  field  contains
		  the  contents	 of  the  f_flag[s]  member of the kernel file
		  structure and the kernel's per-process open file  flags  (if
		  available);  `G' causes them to be displayed in hexadecimal;
		  `g', as short-hand names; two lists may  be  displayed  with
		  entries  separated by commas, the lists separated by a semi‐
		  colon (`;'); the first list may contain short-hand names for
		  f_flag[s] values from the following table:

		       AIO	 asynchronous I/O (e.g., FAIO)
		       AP	 append
		       ASYN	 asynchronous I/O (e.g., FASYNC)
		       BAS	 block, test, and set in use
		       BKIU	 block if in use
		       BL	 use block offsets
		       BSK	 block seek
		       CA	 copy avoid
		       CIO	 concurrent I/O
		       CLON	 clone
		       CLRD	 CL read
		       CR	 create
		       DF	 defer
		       DFI	 defer IND
		       DFLU	 data flush
		       DIR	 direct
		       DLY	 delay
		       DOCL	 do clone
		       DSYN	 data-only integrity
		       DTY	 must be a directory
		       EVO	 event only
		       EX	 open for exec
		       EXCL	 exclusive open
		       FSYN	 synchronous writes
		       GCDF	 defer during unp_gc() (AIX)
		       GCMK	 mark during unp_gc() (AIX)
		       GTTY	 accessed via /dev/tty
		       HUP	 HUP in progress
		       KERN	 kernel
		       KIOC	 kernel-issued ioctl
		       LCK	 has lock
		       LG	 large file
		       MBLK	 stream message block
		       MK	 mark
		       MNT	 mount
		       MSYN	 multiplex synchronization
		       NATM	 don't update atime
		       NB	 non-blocking I/O
		       NBDR	 no BDRM check
		       NBIO	 SYSV non-blocking I/O
		       NBF	 n-buffering in effect
		       NC	 no cache
		       ND	 no delay
		       NDSY	 no data synchronization
		       NET	 network
		       NFLK	 don't follow links
		       NMFS	 NM file system
		       NOTO	 disable background stop
		       NSH	 no share
		       NTTY	 no controlling TTY
		       OLRM	 OLR mirror
		       PAIO	 POSIX asynchronous I/O
		       PP	 POSIX pipe
		       R	 read
		       RC	 file and record locking cache
		       REV	 revoked
		       RSH	 shared read
		       RSYN	 read synchronization
		       RW	 read and write access
		       SL	 shared lock
		       SNAP	 cooked snapshot
		       SOCK	 socket
		       SQSH	 Sequent shared set on open
		       SQSV	 Sequent SVM set on open
		       SQR	 Sequent set repair on open
		       SQS1	 Sequent full shared open
		       SQS2	 Sequent partial shared open
		       STPI	 stop I/O
		       SWR	 synchronous read
		       SYN	 file integrity while writing
		       TCPM	 avoid TCP collision
		       TR	 truncate
		       W	 write
		       WKUP	 parallel I/O synchronization
		       WTG	 parallel I/O synchronization
		       VH	 vhangup pending
		       VTXT	 virtual text
		       XL	 exclusive lock

		  this	list of names was derived from F* #define's in dialect
		  header  files	  <fcntl.h>,   <linux</fs.h>,	<sys/fcntl.c>,
		  <sys/fcntlcom.h>,  and  <sys/file.h>;	 see the lsof.h header
		  file for a list showing the correspondence between the above
		  short-hand names and the header file definitions;

		  the second list (after the semicolon) may contain short-hand
		  names for kernel per-process open file flags from  this  ta‐
		  ble:

		       ALLC	 allocated
		       BR	 the file has been read
		       BHUP	 activity stopped by SIGHUP
		       BW	 the file has been written
		       CLSG	 closing
		       CX	 close-on-exec (see fcntl(F_SETFD))
		       LCK	 lock was applied
		       MP	 memory-mapped
		       OPIP	 open pending - in progress
		       RSVW	 reserved wait
		       SHMT	 UF_FSHMAT set (AIX)
		       USE	 in use (multi-threaded)

       NODE-ID	  (or  INODE-ADDR for some dialects) contains a unique identi‐
		  fier for the file node (usually the kernel  vnode  or	 inode
		  address, but also occasionally a concatenation of device and
		  node number) when n has been specified to +f;

       DEVICE	  contains the device numbers,	separated  by  commas,	for  a
		  character  special, block special, regular, directory or NFS
		  file;

		  or ``memory'' for a memory  file  system  node  under	 Tru64
		  UNIX;

		  or  the address of the private data area of a Solaris socket
		  stream;

		  or a kernel reference address that identifies the file  (The
		  kernel  reference  address may be used for FIFO's, for exam‐
		  ple.);

		  or the base address or device name of a Linux	 AX.25	socket
		  device.

		  Usually  only the lower thirty two bits of Tru64 UNIX kernel
		  addresses are displayed.

       SIZE, SIZE/OFF, or OFFSET
		  is the size of the file or the  file	offset	in  bytes.   A
		  value	 is  displayed in this column only if it is available.
		  Lsof displays whatever value - size or offset - is appropri‐
		  ate for the type of the file and the version of lsof.

		  On  some UNIX dialects lsof can't obtain accurate or consis‐
		  tent file offset information from its kernel	data  sources,
		  sometimes  just  for particular kinds of files (e.g., socket
		  files.)  In other cases, files don't have true sizes - e.g.,
		  sockets, FIFOs, pipes - so lsof displays for their sizes the
		  content amounts it finds in their kernel buffer  descriptors
		  (e.g.,  socket  buffer  size counts or TCP/IP window sizes.)
		  Consult the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives  its  location.)
		  for more information.

		  The  file  size  is displayed in decimal; the offset is nor‐
		  mally displayed in decimal with a leading ``0t'' if it  con‐
		  tains 8 digits or less; in hexadecimal with a leading ``0x''
		  if it is longer than 8 digits.  (Consult  the	 -o  o	option
		  description  for information on when 8 might default to some
		  other value.)

		  Thus the leading ``0t'' and ``0x'' identify an  offset  when
		  the  column may contain both a size and an offset (i.e., its
		  title is SIZE/OFF).

		  If the -o option is specified, lsof always displays the file
		  offset (or nothing if no offset is available) and labels the
		  column OFFSET.  The offset  always  begins  with  ``0t''  or
		  ``0x'' as described above.

		  The  lsof  user can control the switch from ``0t'' to ``0x''
		  with the -o o option.	  Consult  its	description  for  more
		  information.

		  If the -s option is specified, lsof always displays the file
		  size (or nothing if no size is  available)  and  labels  the
		  column  SIZE.	 The -o and -s options are mutually exclusive;
		  they can't both be specified.

		  For files that don't have a fixed size - e.g., don't	reside
		  on a disk device - lsof will display appropriate information
		  about the current size or position of	 the  file  if	it  is
		  available in the kernel structures that define the file.

       NLINK	  contains the file link count when +L has been specified;

       NODE	  is the node number of a local file;

		  or the inode number of an NFS file in the server host;

		  or the Internet protocol type - e. g, ``TCP'';

		  or ``STR'' for a stream;

		  or ``CCITT'' for an HP-UX x.25 socket;

		  or the IRQ or inode number of a Linux AX.25 socket device.

       NAME	  is  the name of the mount point and file system on which the
		  file resides;

		  or the name of a file specified in the names	option	(after
		  any symbolic links have been resolved);

		  or the name of a character special or block special device;

		  or  the  local  and  remote  Internet addresses of a network
		  file; the local host name or IP  number  is  followed	 by  a
		  colon	 (':'),	 the  port,  ``->'',  and  the two-part remote
		  address; IP addresses may be reported as numbers  or	names,
		  depending  on	 the +|-M, -n, and -P options; colon-separated
		  IPv6	numbers	 are  enclosed	in   square   brackets;	  IPv4
		  INADDR_ANY  and  IPv6 IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED addresses, and
		  zero port numbers are represented by an  asterisk  ('*');  a
		  UDP  destination  address  may  be followed by the amount of
		  time elapsed since the last packet was sent to the  destina‐
		  tion;	 TCP, UDP and UDPLITE remote addresses may be followed
		  by  TCP/TPI  information  in	parentheses  -	state	(e.g.,
		  ``(ESTABLISHED)'',  ``(Unbound)''),  queue sizes, and window
		  sizes (not all dialects) - in a fashion similar to what net‐
		  stat(1)  reports;  see  the  -T  option  description	or the
		  description of the TCP/TPI field in OUTPUT  FOR  OTHER  PRO‐
		  GRAMS	 for more information on state, queue size, and window
		  size;

		  or the address or name of a  UNIX  domain  socket,  possibly
		  including a stream clone device name, a file system object's
		  path name, local and foreign kernel addresses,  socket  pair
		  information, and a bound vnode address;

		  or the local and remote mount point names of an NFS file;

		  or ``STR'', followed by the stream name;

		  or  a	 stream	 character device name, followed by ``->'' and
		  the stream name or a list of stream module names,  separated
		  by ``->'';

		  or ``STR:'' followed by the SCO OpenServer stream device and
		  module names, separated by ``->'';

		  or system directory name, `` -- '', and as  many  components
		  of the path name as lsof can find in the kernel's name cache
		  for selected dialects (See the KERNEL NAME CACHE section for
		  more information.);

		  or ``PIPE->'', followed by a Solaris kernel pipe destination
		  address;

		  or ``COMMON:'', followed by  the  vnode  device  information
		  structure's device name, for a Solaris common vnode;

		  or  the  address family, followed by a slash (`/'), followed
		  by fourteen comma-separated  bytes  of  a  non-Internet  raw
		  socket address;

		  or  the  HP-UX  x.25	local address, followed by the virtual
		  connection number (if any), followed by the  remote  address
		  (if any);

		  or ``(dead)'' for disassociated Tru64 UNIX files - typically
		  terminal files that have been	 flagged  with	the  TIOCNOTTY
		  ioctl and closed by daemons;

		  or ``rd=<offset>'' and ``wr=<offset>'' for the values of the
		  read and write offsets of a FIFO;

		  or ``clone n:/dev/event'' for SCO OpenServer file clones  of
		  the /dev/event device, where n is the minor device number of
		  the file;

		  or ``(socketpair: n)'' for a Solaris 2.6, 8, 9  or  10  UNIX
		  domain  socket,  created by the socketpair(3N) network func‐
		  tion;

		  or ``no PCB'' for socket files that do not have  a  protocol
		  block	 associated  with  them,  optionally  followed	by ``,
		  CANTSENDMORE'' if sending on the socket has  been  disabled,
		  or  ``,  CANTRCVMORE''  if  receiving on the socket has been
		  disabled (e.g., by the shutdown(2) function);

		  or the local and remote addresses of a Linux IPX socket file
		  in  the  form <net>:[<node>:]<port>, followed in parentheses
		  by the transmit and receive queue sizes, and the  connection
		  state;

		  or  ``dgram''	 or ``stream'' for the type UnixWare 7.1.1 and
		  above in-kernel UNIX domain sockets,	followed  by  a	 colon
		  (':')	 and  the  local path name when available, followed by
		  ``->'' and the remote path name or kernel socket address  in
		  hexadecimal when available;

		  or the association value, association index, endpoint value,
		  local address, local port, remote address  and  remote  port
		  for Linux SCTP sockets;

		  or  ``protocol:  ''  followed by the Linux socket's protocol
		  attribute.

       For dialects that support a ``namefs'' file system, allowing  one  file
       to   be	 attached   to	 another   with	 fattach(3C),  lsof  will  add
       ``(FA:<address1><direction><address2>)''	  to	the    NAME    column.
       <address1> and <address2> are hexadecimal vnode addresses.  <direction>
       will be ``<-'' if <address2> has been fattach'ed to  this  vnode	 whose
       address	is  <address1>; and ``->'' if <address1>, the vnode address of
       this vnode, has been fattach'ed to <address2>.  <address1> may be omit‐
       ted if it already appears in the DEVICE column.

       Lsof  may  add  two  parenthetical  notes  to  the NAME column for open
       Solaris 10 files: ``(?)'' if lsof considers the path name of  question‐
       able  accuracy;	and  ``(deleted)'' if the -X option has been specified
       and lsof detects the open file's path name has been  deleted.   Consult
       the  lsof  FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.)  for more informa‐
       tion on these NAME column additions.

LOCKS
       Lsof can't adequately report the wide  variety  of  UNIX	 dialect  file
       locks  in a single character.  What it reports in a single character is
       a compromise between the information it finds in	 the  kernel  and  the
       limitations of the reporting format.

       Moreover, when a process holds several byte level locks on a file, lsof
       only reports the status of the first lock it encounters.	 If  it	 is  a
       byte level lock, then the lock character will be reported in lower case
       - i.e., `r', `w', or `x'	 -  rather  than  the  upper  case  equivalent
       reported for a full file lock.

       Generally  lsof	can  only  report  on locks held by local processes on
       local files.  When a local process sets a lock on  a  remotely  mounted
       (e.g.,  NFS)  file,  the	 remote	 server	 host usually records the lock
       state.  One exception is Solaris - at some patch levels of 2.3, and  in
       all  versions  above  2.4,  the	Solaris	 kernel records information on
       remote locks in local structures.

       Lsof has trouble reporting locks for some UNIX dialects.	  Consult  the
       BUGS section of this manual page or the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives
       its location.)  for more information.

OUTPUT FOR OTHER PROGRAMS
       When the -F option is specified, lsof produces output that is  suitable
       for  processing by another program - e.g, an awk or Perl script, or a C
       program.

       Each unit of information is output in a field that is identified with a
       leading character and terminated by a NL (012) (or a NUL (000) if the 0
       (zero) field identifier character is specified.)	 The data of the field
       follows	immediately  after  the	 field	identification	character  and
       extends to the field terminator.

       It is possible to think of field output as process and  file  sets.   A
       process	set  begins  with a field whose identifier is `p' (for process
       IDentifier (PID)).  It extends to the beginning of the next  PID	 field
       or  the beginning of the first file set of the process, whichever comes
       first.  Included in the process set are fields that identify  the  com‐
       mand, the process group IDentification (PGID) number, the task (thread)
       ID (TID), and the user ID (UID) number or login name.

       A file set begins with a	 field	whose  identifier  is  `f'  (for  file
       descriptor).   It  is followed by lines that describe the file's access
       mode, lock state, type, device, size, offset, inode, protocol, name and
       stream  module  names.  It extends to the beginning of the next file or
       process set, whichever comes first.

       When the NUL (000) field terminator has been selected with the 0 (zero)
       field  identifier character, lsof ends each process and file set with a
       NL (012) character.

       Lsof always produces one field, the PID (`p') field.  All other	fields
       may  be declared optionally in the field identifier character list that
       follows the -F option.  When a field selection character identifies  an
       item lsof does not normally list - e.g., PPID, selected with -R - spec‐
       ification of the field character - e.g., ``-FR''	 -  also  selects  the
       listing of the item.

       It is entirely possible to select a set of fields that cannot easily be
       parsed - e.g., if the field descriptor field is not selected, it may be
       difficult  to  identify	file sets.  To help you avoid this difficulty,
       lsof supports the -F option; it selects the output of all  fields  with
       NL  terminators	(the  -F0 option pair selects the output of all fields
       with NUL terminators).  For compatibility reasons neither  -F  nor  -F0
       select the raw device field.

       These  are  the	fields	that  lsof will produce.  The single character
       listed first is the field identifier.

	    a	 file access mode
	    c	 process command name (all characters from proc or
		 user structure)
	    C	 file structure share count
	    d	 file's device character code
	    D	 file's major/minor device number (0x<hexadecimal>)
	    f	 file descriptor
	    F	 file structure address (0x<hexadecimal>)
	    G	 file flaGs (0x<hexadecimal>; names if +fg follows)
	    g	 process group ID
	    i	 file's inode number
	    K	 tasK ID
	    k	 link count
	    l	 file's lock status
	    L	 process login name
	    m	 marker between repeated output
	    n	 file name, comment, Internet address
	    N	 node identifier (ox<hexadecimal>
	    o	 file's offset (decimal)
	    p	 process ID (always selected)
	    P	 protocol name
	    r	 raw device number (0x<hexadecimal>)
	    R	 parent process ID
	    s	 file's size (decimal)
	    S	 file's stream identification
	    t	 file's type
	    T	 TCP/TPI information, identified by prefixes (the
		 `=' is part of the prefix):
		     QR=<read queue size>
		     QS=<send queue size>
		     SO=<socket options and values> (not all dialects)
		     SS=<socket states> (not all dialects)
		     ST=<connection state>
		     TF=<TCP flags and values> (not all dialects)
		     WR=<window read size>  (not all dialects)
		     WW=<window write size>  (not all dialects)
		 (TCP/TPI information isn't reported for all supported
		   UNIX dialects. The -h or -? help output for the
		   -T option will show what TCP/TPI reporting can be
		   requested.)
	    u	 process user ID
	    z	 Solaris 10 and higher zone name
	    Z	 SELinux security context (inhibited when SELinux is disabled)
	    0	 use NUL field terminator character in place of NL
	    1-9	 dialect-specific field identifiers (The output
		 of -F? identifies the information to be found
		 in dialect-specific fields.)

       You can get on-line help information  on	 these	characters  and	 their
       descriptions by specifying the -F?  option pair.	 (Escape the `?' char‐
       acter as your shell requires.)  Additional information on field content
       can be found in the OUTPUT section.

       As  an  example,	 ``-F pcfn'' will select the process ID (`p'), command
       name (`c'), file descriptor (`f') and file name (`n') fields with an NL
       field terminator character; ``-F pcfn0'' selects the same output with a
       NUL (000) field terminator character.

       Lsof doesn't produce all fields for every process  or  file  set,  only
       those  that  are	 available.   Some fields are mutually exclusive: file
       device characters and file major/minor device numbers; file inode  num‐
       ber  and	 protocol name; file name and stream identification; file size
       and offset.  One or the other member of these mutually  exclusive  sets
       will appear in field output, but not both.

       Normally	 lsof ends each field with a NL (012) character.  The 0 (zero)
       field identifier character may be specified to change the field	termi‐
       nator  character	 to  a	NUL  (000).  A NUL terminator may be easier to
       process with xargs (1), for example, or	with  programs	whose  quoting
       mechanisms  may	not  easily  cope  with the range of characters in the
       field output.  When the NUL field terminator is in use, lsof ends  each
       process and file set with a NL (012).

       Three aids to producing programs that can process lsof field output are
       included in the lsof distribution.  The	first  is  a  C	 header	 file,
       lsof_fields.h, that contains symbols for the field identification char‐
       acters, indexes for storing them in a table,  and  explanation  strings
       that may be compiled into programs.  Lsof uses this header file.

       The  second  aid	 is a set of sample scripts that process field output,
       written in awk, Perl 4, and Perl 5.  They're  located  in  the  scripts
       subdirectory of the lsof distribution.

       The  third aid is the C library used for the lsof test suite.  The test
       suite is written in C and uses field output  to	validate  the  correct
       operation  of lsof.  The library can be found in the tests/LTlib.c file
       of the  lsof  distribution.   The  library  uses	 the  first  aid,  the
       lsof_fields.h header file.

BLOCKS AND TIMEOUTS
       Lsof  can  be blocked by some kernel functions that it uses - lstat(2),
       readlink(2), and stat(2).  These functions are stalled in  the  kernel,
       for  example,  when  the	 hosts	where  mounted NFS file systems reside
       become inaccessible.

       Lsof attempts to break these blocks with timers	and  child  processes,
       but  the	 techniques are not wholly reliable.  When lsof does manage to
       break a block, it will report the break with  an	 error	message.   The
       messages may be suppressed with the -t and -w options.

       The  default  timeout value may be displayed with the -h or -?  option,
       and it may be changed with the -S [t] option.  The minimum for t is two
       seconds,	 but  you should avoid small values, since slow system respon‐
       siveness can cause short timeouts to expire  unexpectedly  and  perhaps
       stop lsof before it can produce any output.

       When lsof has to break a block during its access of mounted file system
       information, it normally	 continues,  although  with  less  information
       available to display about open files.

       Lsof  can  also be directed to avoid the protection of timers and child
       processes when using the kernel functions that might block by  specify‐
       ing  the	 -O  option.  While this will allow lsof to start up with less
       overhead, it exposes lsof completely  to	 the  kernel  situations  that
       might block it.	Use this option cautiously.

AVOIDING KERNEL BLOCKS
       You  can use the -b option to tell lsof to avoid using kernel functions
       that would block.  Some cautions apply.

       First, using this option	 usually  requires  that  your	system	supply
       alternate device numbers in place of the device numbers that lsof would
       normally obtain with the lstat(2) and stat(2)  kernel  functions.   See
       the  ALTERNATE DEVICE NUMBERS section for more information on alternate
       device numbers.

       Second, you can't specify names for lsof to locate unless they're  file
       system  names.  This is because lsof needs to know the device and inode
       numbers of files listed with names in the  lsof	options,  and  the  -b
       option  prevents	 lsof  from obtaining them.  Moreover, since lsof only
       has device numbers for the file systems that have alternates, its abil‐
       ity  to	locate	files on file systems depends completely on the avail‐
       ability and accuracy of the alternates.	If no  alternates  are	avail‐
       able,  or  if  they're incorrect, lsof won't be able to locate files on
       the named file systems.

       Third, if the names of your file system directories that	 lsof  obtains
       from  your  system's mount table are symbolic links, lsof won't be able
       to resolve the links.  This is because the -b  option  causes  lsof  to
       avoid  the  kernel  readlink(2)	function  it  uses to resolve symbolic
       links.

       Finally, using the -b option causes lsof to issue warning messages when
       it  needs  to use the kernel functions that the -b option directs it to
       avoid.  You can suppress these messages by specifying  the  -w  option,
       but  if	you do, you won't see the alternate device numbers reported in
       the warning messages.

ALTERNATE DEVICE NUMBERS
       On some dialects, when lsof has to break a block because it  can't  get
       information  about  a  mounted file system via the lstat(2) and stat(2)
       kernel functions, or because you specified  the	-b  option,  lsof  can
       obtain  some of the information it needs - the device number and possi‐
       bly the file system type - from the system mount table.	When  that  is
       possible,  lsof	will  report  the device number it obtained.  (You can
       suppress the report by specifying the -w option.)

       You can assist this process if your mount table is  supported  with  an
       /etc/mtab  or /etc/mnttab file that contains an options field by adding
       a ``dev=xxxx'' field for mount points that do not  have	one  in	 their
       options	strings.  Note: you must be able to edit the file - i.e., some
       mount tables like recent Solaris /etc/mnttab or Linux /proc/mounts  are
       read-only and can't be modified.

       You  may	 also  be  able to supply device numbers using the +m and +m m
       options, provided they are supported by your dialect.  Check the output
       of  lsof's  -h  or  -?	options	 to see if the +m and +m m options are
       available.

       The ``xxxx'' portion of the field is the hexadecimal value of the  file
       system's device number.	(Consult the st_dev field of the output of the
       lstat(2) and stat(2) functions for the appropriate values for your file
       systems.)   Here's  an example from a Sun Solaris 2.6 /etc/mnttab for a
       file system remotely mounted via NFS:

	    nfs	 ignore,noquota,dev=2a40001

       There's an advantage to having ``dev=xxxx'' entries in your mount table
       file,  especially  for  file  systems  that are mounted from remote NFS
       servers.	 When a remote server crashes and you  want  to	 identify  its
       users  by  running  lsof	 on one of its clients, lsof probably won't be
       able to get output from the lstat(2) and stat(2) functions for the file
       system.	 If  it	 can  obtain  the file system's device number from the
       mount table, it will be able to display the files open on  the  crashed
       NFS server.

       Some  dialects  that  do not use an ASCII /etc/mtab or /etc/mnttab file
       for the mount table may still provide an alternative device  number  in
       their internal mount tables.  This includes AIX, Apple Darwin, FreeBSD,
       NetBSD, OpenBSD, and Tru64 UNIX.	 Lsof knows how to obtain the alterna‐
       tive  device  number for these dialects and uses it when its attempt to
       lstat(2) or stat(2) the file system is blocked.

       If you're not sure your dialect supplies alternate device  numbers  for
       file  systems from its mount table, use this lsof incantation to see if
       it reports any alternate device numbers:

	      lsof -b

       Look for standard error file warning  messages  that  begin  ``assuming
       "dev=xxxx" from ...''.

KERNEL NAME CACHE
       Lsof  is	 able  to  examine the kernel's name cache or use other kernel
       facilities (e.g., the ADVFS  4.x	 tag_to_path()	function  under	 Tru64
       UNIX)  on  some dialects for most file system types, excluding AFS, and
       extract recently used path name components from it.  (AFS  file	system
       path  lookups don't use the kernel's name cache; some Solaris VxFS file
       system operations apparently don't use it, either.)

       Lsof reports the complete paths it finds in the NAME column.   If  lsof
       can't  report  all  components in a path, it reports in the NAME column
       the file system name, followed by a space, two `-' characters,  another
       space,  and  the	 name  components it has located, separated by the `/'
       character.

       When lsof is run in repeat mode - i.e., with the -r option specified  -
       the  extent  to	which  it can report path name components for the same
       file may vary from cycle to cycle.  That's because other	 running  pro‐
       cesses  can  cause the kernel to remove entries from its name cache and
       replace them with others.

       Lsof's use of the kernel name cache to identify the paths of files  can
       lead  it to report incorrect components under some circumstances.  This
       can happen when the kernel name cache uses device and node number as  a
       key  (e.g., SCO OpenServer) and a key on a rapidly changing file system
       is reused.  If the UNIX dialect's kernel doesn't purge the  name	 cache
       entry  for a file when it is unlinked, lsof may find a reference to the
       wrong entry in the cache.  The lsof FAQ	(The  FAQ  section  gives  its
       location.)  has more information on this situation.

       Lsof can report path name components for these dialects:

	    FreeBSD
	    HP-UX
	    Linux
	    NetBSD
	    NEXTSTEP
	    OpenBSD
	    OPENSTEP
	    SCO OpenServer
	    SCO|Caldera UnixWare
	    Solaris
	    Tru64 UNIX

       Lsof can't report path name components for these dialects:

	    AIX

       If you want to know why lsof can't report path name components for some
       dialects, see the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.)

DEVICE CACHE FILE
       Examining all members of the /dev (or /devices) node tree with  stat(2)
       functions  can  be  time	 consuming.  What's more, the information that
       lsof needs - device number, inode number, and path - rarely changes.

       Consequently, lsof normally maintains an ASCII text file of cached /dev
       (or  /devices) information (exception: the /proc-based Linux lsof where
       it's not needed.)  The local system administrator who builds  lsof  can
       control	the  way  the device cache file path is formed, selecting from
       these options:

	    Path from the -D option;
	    Path from an environment variable;
	    System-wide path;
	    Personal path (the default);
	    Personal path, modified by an environment variable.

       Consult the output of the -h, -D? , or -?  help options for the current
       state  of  device  cache	 support.   The	 help output lists the default
       read-mode device cache file path that is	 in  effect  for  the  current
       invocation  of  lsof.   The  -D?	 option output lists the read-only and
       write device cache file paths, the names of any applicable  environment
       variables, and the personal device cache path format.

       Lsof  can  detect  that the current device cache file has been acciden‐
       tally or maliciously modified by integrity checks, including the compu‐
       tation  and verification of a sixteen bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
       sum on the file's contents.  When lsof senses something wrong with  the
       file, it issues a warning and attempts to remove the current cache file
       and create a new copy, but only to a path that the process can  legiti‐
       mately write.

       The  path  from which a lsof process may attempt to read a device cache
       file may not be the same as the	path  to  which	 it  can  legitimately
       write.	Thus when lsof senses that it needs to update the device cache
       file, it may choose a different path for writing it from the path  from
       which it read an incorrect or outdated version.

       If  available,  the -Dr option will inhibit the writing of a new device
       cache file.  (It's always available when specified without a path  name
       argument.)

       When  a	new  device  is added to the system, the device cache file may
       need to be recreated.  Since lsof compares  the	mtime  of  the	device
       cache  file  with  the mtime and ctime of the /dev (or /devices) direc‐
       tory, it usually detects that a new device has been added; in that case
       lsof  issues a warning message and attempts to rebuild the device cache
       file.

       Whenever lsof writes a device cache file, it sets its ownership to  the
       real  UID  of  the executing process, and its permission modes to 0600,
       this restricting its reading and writing to the file's owner.

LSOF PERMISSIONS THAT AFFECT DEVICE CACHE FILE ACCESS
       Two permissions of the lsof executable affect  its  ability  to	access
       device cache files.  The permissions are set by the local system admin‐
       istrator when lsof is installed.

       The first and rarer permission is setuid-root.  It  comes  into	effect
       when  lsof  is executed; its effective UID is then root, while its real
       (i.e., that of the logged-on user) UID is not.  The  lsof  distribution
       recommends that versions for these dialects run setuid-root.

	    HP-UX 11.11 and 11.23
	    Linux

       The  second and more common permission is setgid.  It comes into effect
       when the effective  group  IDentification  number  (GID)	 of  the  lsof
       process	is  set	 to  one that can access kernel memory devices - e.g.,
       ``kmem'', ``sys'', or ``system''.

       An lsof process that has setgid permission usually surrenders the  per‐
       mission	after it has accessed the kernel memory devices.  When it does
       that, lsof can allow more liberal device cache  path  formations.   The
       lsof  distribution recommends that versions for these dialects run set‐
       gid and be allowed to surrender setgid permission.

	    AIX 5.[12] and 5.3-ML1
	    Apple Darwin 7.x Power Macintosh systems
	    FreeBSD 4.x, 4.1x, 5.x and [6789].x for x86-based systems
	    FreeBSD 5.x and [6789].x for Alpha, AMD64 and Sparc64-based
		systems
	    HP-UX 11.00
	    NetBSD 1.[456], 2.x and 3.x for Alpha, x86, and SPARC-based
		systems
	    NEXTSTEP 3.[13] for NEXTSTEP architectures
	    OpenBSD 2.[89] and 3.[0-9] for x86-based systems
	    OPENSTEP 4.x
	    SCO OpenServer Release 5.0.6 for x86-based systems
	    SCO|Caldera UnixWare 7.1.4 for x86-based systems
	    Solaris 2.6, 8, 9 and 10
	    Tru64 UNIX 5.1

       (Note: lsof for AIX 5L and above needs setuid-root permission if its -X
       option is used.)

       Lsof for these dialects does not support a device cache, so the permis‐
       sions given to the executable don't apply to the device cache file.

	    Linux

DEVICE CACHE FILE PATH FROM THE -D OPTION
       The -D option provides limited means for specifying  the	 device	 cache
       file  path.  Its ?  function will report the read-only and write device
       cache file paths that lsof will use.

       When the -D b, r, and u functions are available, you can	 use  them  to
       request	that the cache file be built in a specific location (b[path]);
       read but not rebuilt (r[path]); or read and rebuilt (u[path]).  The  b,
       r,  and	u  functions  are  restricted under some conditions.  They are
       restricted when the lsof process is setuid-root.	  The  path  specified
       with the r function is always read-only, even when it is available.

       The  b,	r,  and	 u functions are also restricted when the lsof process
       runs setgid and lsof doesn't surrender the setgid permission.  (See the
       LSOF  PERMISSIONS  THAT	AFFECT	DEVICE CACHE FILE ACCESS section for a
       list of implementations that normally don't surrender their setgid per‐
       mission.)

       A further -D function, i (for ignore), is always available.

       When  available,	 the  b function tells lsof to read device information
       from the kernel with the stat(2) function and build a device cache file
       at the indicated path.

       When  available,	 the  r	 function  tells lsof to read the device cache
       file, but not update it.	 When a	 path  argument	 accompanies  -Dr,  it
       names  the  device cache file path.  The r function is always available
       when it is specified without a path name argument.  If lsof is not run‐
       ning  setuid-root  and  surrenders  its	setgid permission, a path name
       argument may accompany the r function.

       When available, the u function tells lsof to attempt to	read  and  use
       the  device  cache file.	 If it can't read the file, or if it finds the
       contents of the file incorrect or outdated, it  will  read  information
       from  the kernel, and attempt to write an updated version of the device
       cache file, but only to a path it considers  legitimate	for  the  lsof
       process effective and real UIDs.

DEVICE CACHE PATH FROM AN ENVIRONMENT VARIABLE
       Lsof's  second  choice for the device cache file is the contents of the
       LSOFDEVCACHE environment variable.  It avoids this choice if  the  lsof
       process is setuid-root, or the real UID of the process is root.

       A  further  restriction	applies to a device cache file path taken from
       the LSOFDEVCACHE environment variable: lsof will	 not  write  a	device
       cache file to the path if the lsof process doesn't surrender its setgid
       permission.  (See the LSOF PERMISSIONS THAT AFFECT  DEVICE  CACHE  FILE
       ACCESS  section for information on implementations that don't surrender
       their setgid permission.)

       The local system administrator can disable the use of the  LSOFDEVCACHE
       environment  variable  or  change its name when building lsof.  Consult
       the output of -D?  for the environment variable's name.

SYSTEM-WIDE DEVICE CACHE PATH
       The local system administrator may choose to have a system-wide	device
       cache file when building lsof.  That file will generally be constructed
       by a special system administration procedure when the system is	booted
       or  when	 the contents of /dev or /devices) changes.  If defined, it is
       lsof's third device cache file path choice.

       You can tell that a system-wide device cache file is in effect for your
       local installation by examining the lsof help option output - i.e., the
       output from the -h or -?	 option.

       Lsof will never write to the system-wide	 device	 cache	file  path  by
       default.	  It  must  be	explicitly  named  with	 a  -D	function  in a
       root-owned procedure.  Once the file has been  written,	the  procedure
       must  change  its permission modes to 0644 (owner-read and owner-write,
       group-read, and other-read).

PERSONAL DEVICE CACHE PATH (DEFAULT)
       The default device cache file path of  the  lsof	 distribution  is  one
       recorded	 in  the  home	directory  of the real UID that executes lsof.
       Added to the home directory is a second	path  component	 of  the  form
       .lsof_hostname.

       This is lsof's fourth device cache file path choice, and is usually the
       default.	 If a system-wide device cache file path was defined when lsof
       was  built, this fourth choice will be applied when lsof can't find the
       system-wide device cache file.  This is the only	 time  lsof  uses  two
       paths when reading the device cache file.

       The  hostname part of the second component is the base name of the exe‐
       cuting host, as returned by gethostname(2).  The base name  is  defined
       to  be  the  characters	preceding the first `.'	 in the gethostname(2)
       output, or all the gethostname(2) output if it contains no `.'.

       The device cache file belongs to	 the  user  ID	and  is	 readable  and
       writable	 by  the  user ID alone - i.e., its modes are 0600.  Each dis‐
       tinct real user ID on a given host that executes lsof  has  a  distinct
       device  cache file.  The hostname part of the path distinguishes device
       cache files in an NFS-mounted home directory into  which	 device	 cache
       files are written from several different hosts.

       The  personal device cache file path formed by this method represents a
       device cache file that lsof will attempt to read, and will  attempt  to
       write  should  it not exist or should its contents be incorrect or out‐
       dated.

       The -Dr option without a path name argument will inhibit the writing of
       a new device cache file.

       The -D?	option will list the format specification for constructing the
       personal device cache file.  The conversions used in the format	speci‐
       fication are described in the 00DCACHE file of the lsof distribution.

MODIFIED PERSONAL DEVICE CACHE PATH
       If  this	 option is defined by the local system administrator when lsof
       is built, the LSOFPERSDCPATH environment variable contents may be  used
       to add a component of the personal device cache file path.

       The  LSOFPERSDCPATH  variable  contents are inserted in the path at the
       place marked by the local system administrator with the ``%p''  conver‐
       sion  in	 the HASPERSDC format specification of the dialect's machine.h
       header file.  (It's placed  right  after	 the  home  directory  in  the
       default lsof distribution.)

       Thus, for example, if LSOFPERSDCPATH contains ``LSOF'', the home direc‐
       tory is ``/Homes/abe'', the host name is ``lsof.itap.purdue.edu'',  and
       the  HASPERSDC  format is the default (``%h/%p.lsof_%L''), the modified
       personal device cache file path is:

	    /Homes/abe/LSOF/.lsof_vic

       The LSOFPERSDCPATH  environment	variable  is  ignored  when  the  lsof
       process is setuid-root or when the real UID of the process is root.

       Lsof  will  not	write to a modified personal device cache file path if
       the lsof process doesn't surrender setgid permission.   (See  the  LSOF
       PERMISSIONS  THAT AFFECT DEVICE CACHE FILE ACCESS section for a list of
       implementations that normally don't surrender their setgid permission.)

       If, for example, you want to create a sub-directory of personal	device
       cache  file  paths  by using the LSOFPERSDCPATH environment variable to
       name it, and lsof doesn't surrender its	setgid	permission,  you  will
       have  to	 allow	lsof to create device cache files at the standard per‐
       sonal path and move them to your subdirectory with shell commands.

       The local system administrator may: disable this option	when  lsof  is
       built;  change the name of the environment variable from LSOFPERSDCPATH
       to something else; change the HASPERSDC format to include the  personal
       path component in another place; or exclude the personal path component
       entirely.  Consult the output of the -D?	 option	 for  the  environment
       variable's name and the HASPERSDC format specification.

DIAGNOSTICS
       Errors are identified with messages on the standard error file.

       Lsof returns a one (1) if any error was detected, including the failure
       to locate command names, file names, Internet addresses or files, login
       names, NFS files, PIDs, PGIDs, or UIDs it was asked to list.  If the -V
       option is specified, lsof will indicate the search items it  failed  to
       list.

       It  returns a zero (0) if no errors were detected and if it was able to
       list some information about all the specified search arguments.

       When lsof cannot open access to /dev (or /devices) or one of its subdi‐
       rectories, or get information on a file in them with stat(2), it issues
       a warning message and continues.	 That lsof will issue warning messages
       about inaccessible files in /dev (or /devices) is indicated in its help
       output - requested with the -h or >B -?	options -  with the message:

	    Inaccessible /dev warnings are enabled.

       The warning message may be suppressed with the -w option.  It may  also
       have been suppressed by the system administrator when lsof was compiled
       by the setting of the WARNDEVACCESS definition.	In this case, the out‐
       put from the help options will include the message:

	    Inaccessible /dev warnings are disabled.

       Inaccessible  device  warning messages usually disappear after lsof has
       created a working device cache file.

EXAMPLES
       For a more extensive set of examples, documented more  fully,  see  the
       00QUICKSTART file of the lsof distribution.

       To list all open files, use:

	      lsof

       To list all open Internet, x.25 (HP-UX), and UNIX domain files, use:

	      lsof -i -U

       To  list all open IPv4 network files in use by the process whose PID is
       1234, use:

	      lsof -i 4 -a -p 1234

       Presuming the UNIX dialect supports IPv6, to list only open  IPv6  net‐
       work files, use:

	      lsof -i 6

       To  list all files using any protocol on ports 513, 514, or 515 of host
       wonderland.cc.purdue.edu, use:

	      lsof -i @wonderland.cc.purdue.edu:513-515

       To list all files using any protocol on any port of  mace.cc.purdue.edu
       (cc.purdue.edu is the default domain), use:

	      lsof -i @mace

       To  list	 all  open  files  for login name ``abe'', or user ID 1234, or
       process 456, or process 123, or process 789, use:

	      lsof -p 456,123,789 -u 1234,abe

       To list all open files on device /dev/hd4, use:

	      lsof /dev/hd4

       To find the process that has /u/abe/foo open, use:

	      lsof /u/abe/foo

       To send a SIGHUP to the processes that have /u/abe/bar open, use:

	      kill -HUP `lsof -t /u/abe/bar`

       To find any open file, including an open UNIX domain socket file,  with
       the name /dev/log, use:

	      lsof /dev/log

       To  find	 processes  with  open	files  on  the	NFS  file system named
       /nfs/mount/point whose server is inaccessible, and presuming your mount
       table supplies the device number for /nfs/mount/point, use:

	      lsof -b /nfs/mount/point

       To do the preceding search with warning messages suppressed, use:

	      lsof -bw /nfs/mount/point

       To ignore the device cache file, use:

	      lsof -Di

       To  obtain  PID	and  command  name field output for each process, file
       descriptor, file device number, and file inode number for each file  of
       each process, use:

	      lsof -FpcfDi

       To  list	 the files at descriptors 1 and 3 of every process running the
       lsof command for login ID ``abe'' every 10 seconds, use:

	      lsof -c lsof -a -d 1 -d 3 -u abe -r10

       To list the current working directory of processes  running  a  command
       that is exactly four characters long and has an 'o' or 'O' in character
       three, use this regular expression form of the -c c option:

	      lsof -c /^..o.$/i -a -d cwd

       To find an IP version 4 socket file by its associated numeric  dot-form
       address, use:

	      lsof -i@128.210.15.17

       To  find	 an  IP	 version 6 socket file (when the UNIX dialect supports
       IPv6) by its associated numeric colon-form address, use:

	      lsof -i@[0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7]

       To find an IP version 6 socket file (when  the  UNIX  dialect  supports
       IPv6)  by  an  associated  numeric colon-form address that has a run of
       zeroes in it - e.g., the loop-back address - use:

	      lsof -i@[::1]

       To obtain a repeat mode marker line that	 contains  the	current	 time,
       use:

	      lsof -rm====%T====

       To add spaces to the previous marker line, use:

	      lsof -r "m==== %T ===="

BUGS
       Since  lsof  reads  kernel  memory  in its search for open files, rapid
       changes in kernel memory may produce unpredictable results.

       When a file has multiple record locks, the lock status character	 (fol‐
       lowing  the  file  descriptor) is derived from a test of the first lock
       structure, not from any combination of the individual record locks that
       might be described by multiple lock structures.

       Lsof can't search for files with restrictive access permissions by name
       unless it is installed with root set-UID permission.  Otherwise	it  is
       limited	to  searching for files to which its user or its set-GID group
       (if any) has access permission.

       The display of the destination address of a raw socket (e.g., for ping)
       depends on the UNIX operating system.  Some dialects store the destina‐
       tion address in the raw socket's protocol control block, some do not.

       Lsof can't always represent Solaris device numbers in the same way that
       ls(1)  does.   For example, the major and minor device numbers that the
       lstat(2) and stat(2) functions report for the directory on which CD-ROM
       files  are mounted (typically /cdrom) are not the same as the ones that
       it reports for the device on which CD-ROM files are mounted  (typically
       /dev/sr0).  (Lsof reports the directory numbers.)

       The  support for /proc file systems is available only for BSD and Tru64
       UNIX dialects, Linux, and dialects derived from SYSV R4 -  e.g.,	 Free‐
       BSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris, UnixWare.

       Some  /proc  file  items - device number, inode number, and file size -
       are unavailable in some dialects.  Searching for files in a /proc  file
       system may require that the full path name be specified.

       No  text (txt) file descriptors are displayed for Linux processes.  All
       entries for files other than the current working	 directory,  the  root
       directory, and numerical file descriptors are labeled mem descriptors.

       Lsof  can't  search  for	 Tru64 UNIX named pipes by name, because their
       kernel implementation of lstat(2) returns an improper device number for
       a named pipe.

       Lsof  can't  report  fully or correctly on HP-UX 9.01, 10.20, and 11.00
       locks because of insufficient access to kernel data or  errors  in  the
       kernel  data.   See  the lsof FAQ (The FAQ section gives its location.)
       for details.

       The AIX SMT file type is a fabrication.	It's made up for  file	struc‐
       tures  whose type (15) isn't defined in the AIX /usr/include/sys/file.h
       header file.  One way to create	such  file  structures	is  to	run  X
       clients with the DISPLAY variable set to ``:0.0''.

       The  +|-f[cfgGn]	 option is not supported under /proc-based Linux lsof,
       because it doesn't read kernel structures from kernel memory.

ENVIRONMENT
       Lsof may access these environment variables.

       LANG		 defines a language locale.  See setlocale(3) for  the
			 names of other variables that can be used in place of
			 LANG - e.g., LC_ALL, LC_TYPE, etc.

       LSOFDEVCACHE	 defines the path to a device  cache  file.   See  the
			 DEVICE	 CACHE	PATH FROM AN ENVIRONMENT VARIABLE sec‐
			 tion for more information.

       LSOFPERSDCPATH	 defines the middle component of a  modified  personal
			 device	 cache	file  path.  See the MODIFIED PERSONAL
			 DEVICE CACHE PATH section for more information.

FAQ
       Frequently-asked questions and their answers (an FAQ) are available  in
       the 00FAQ file of the lsof distribution.

       That file is also available via anonymous ftp from lsof.itap.purdue.edu
       at pub/tools/unix/lsofFAQ.  The URL is:

	      ftp://lsof.itap.purdue.edu/pub/tools/unix/lsof/FAQ

FILES
       /dev/kmem	 kernel virtual memory device

       /dev/mem		 physical memory device

       /dev/swap	 system paging device

       .lsof_hostname	 lsof's device cache file (The	suffix,	 hostname,  is
			 the  first  component	of the host's name returned by
			 gethostname(2).)

AUTHORS
       Lsof was written by Victor A. Abell <abe@purdue.edu> of Purdue  Univer‐
       sity.   Many  others  have  contributed to lsof.	 They're listed in the
       00CREDITS file of the lsof distribution.

DISTRIBUTION
       The latest distribution of lsof is available via anonymous ftp from the
       host  lsof.itap.purdue.edu.   You'll  find the lsof distribution in the
       pub/tools/unix/lsof directory.

       You can also use this URL:

	      ftp://lsof.itap.purdue.edu/pub/tools/unix/lsof

       Lsof is also mirrored elsewhere.	 When you access  lsof.itap.purdue.edu
       and change to its pub/tools/unix/lsof directory, you'll be given a list
       of some mirror sites.  The pub/tools/unix/lsof directory also  contains
       a  more	complete list in its mirrors file.  Use mirrors with caution -
       not all mirrors always have the latest lsof revision.

       Some pre-compiled Lsof  executables  are	 available  on	lsof.itap.pur‐
       due.edu, but their use is discouraged - it's better that you build your
       own from the sources.  If you feel you must  use	 a  pre-compiled  exe‐
       cutable,	 please	 read  the cautions that appear in the README files of
       the pub/tools/unix/lsof/binaries subdirectories and in the 00* files of
       the distribution.

       More  information  on  the  lsof	 distribution  can  be	found  in  its
       README.lsof_<version> file.  If you intend to get the lsof distribution
       and build it, please read README.lsof_<version> and the other 00* files
       of the distribution before sending questions to the author.

SEE ALSO
       Not all the following manual pages may exist in every UNIX  dialect  to
       which lsof has been ported.

       access(2),  awk(1),  crash(1),  fattach(3C), ff(1), fstat(8), fuser(1),
       gethostname(2),	isprint(3),  kill(1),  localtime(3),  lstat(2),	  mod‐
       load(8), mount(8), netstat(1), ofiles(8L), perl(1), ps(1), readlink(2),
       setlocale(3), stat(2), strftime(3), time(2), uname(1).

				 Revision-4.87			       LSOF(8)
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