MAILAGENT(1)MAILAGENT(1)NAMEmailagent - an automatic mail-processing tool
SYNOPSISmailagent [ -dhilqtFIVU ] [ -s{umaryt} ] [ -f file ] [ -e rule ] [ -c
config ] [ -L loglevel ] [ -r rulefile ] [ -o override ] [ mailfile ]
DESCRIPTION
Mailagent allows you to process your mail automatically. Given a set of
lex-like rules, you are able to fill mails to specific folders, forward
messages to a third person, pipe a message to a command or even post
the message to a newsgroup. It is also possible to process messages
containing some commands. The mailagent is not usually invoked manu‐
ally but is rather called via the filter program, which is in turn
invoked by sendmail. That means you must have sendmail on your system
to use this. You also must have perl to run the mailagent scripts.
There is a set of options which may be used when you invoke mailagent
yourself. Please refer to the OPTIONS section for a complete descrip‐
tion. You may use the -h option to get a cryptic usage reminder.
Product Overview
Mailagent has actually four distinct set of features, which can be used
simultaneously or one at a time. This involves:
· An @SH command processor, to remain compatible with the first
implementation. In this simplest usage, all the mail messages are
left in your mailbox (or the catch all folder required on Debian
systems: Please see /usr/share/doc/mailagent/SECURITY for
details), with special processing raised on messages whose subject
is Command. Please refer to the section entitled USING THE
DEFAULT RULES if you wish to use this feature.
· A complete mail filter, which helps you sort your mail based on
various sorting criteria and actions. Filtering is specified in a
rule file and supersedes the default Command mail processing
(which may be turned on again by explicitly setting up a rule for
it). This should be the most common use of mailagent and is fully
documented under the section entitled USING THE FILTER. You may
deliver mail to plain Unix-style folders but also to MMDF and MH
ones.
· A replacement for the vacation program, which will automatically
answer your mail while you are not there. You only need to supply
a message to be sent back and the frequency at which this will
occur. Some simple macro substitutions allow you to re-use some
parts of the mail header into your vacation message, for a more
personalized reply. See the VACATION MODE section for more
details.
· A generic mail server, which will let you implement a real mail
server without the hassle of the lower-level concerns like error
recovery, logging or command parsing. The full documentation can
be found in the section GENERIC MAIL SERVER at the end of this
manual page.
It is possible to extend the mailagent filtering commands by implement‐
ing them in perl and then having them automagically loaded when used.
Those extended commands will behave exactly like built in ones, as doc‐
umented in the EXTENDING FILTERING COMMANDS section.
Learning From Examples
It is quite possible that you will find this manual page too complex
for you. Unfortunately, it is not really meant to be a tutorial but
rather a reference material. If you wish, you may start by looking at
the examples held in the distribution source tree under agent/examples.
This directory contains two examples of rule files (look at the README
file first) and are verbosely commented.
GETTING STARTED
First, you need to install a minimum configuration and see how it
works. It would be useless to fully install the program and then dis‐
cover that it does not work as advertised...
To start the installation, you have to set up a ~/.mailagent file which
is the main configuration file, and choose the right filter program.
Choosing The Filter Program
The distribution comes with two filter programs. One written in shell
and one in C. The shell version might be the one to use if you can
receive your mail on many different platforms where your home directory
is NFS-mounted (i.e. shared among all those platforms). The C version
is safer and much faster, but you need to install it to a fixed loca‐
tion.
On some platforms, sendmail does not correctly reset its UID when pro‐
cessing mails in its own queue. In that case, you need to get a private
copy of the C filter program and make it setuid to yourself. The filter
will then correctly reset its UID if invoked with an effective UID dif‐
ferent from yours (it may also require the setgid bit to reset GID as
well). If this is indeed the case on your system, make sure you use
the path configuration variable to set a proper PATH, as the filter
will spawn a perl process with the '-S' option, looking for a mailagent
script.
Even if you do not need to get a setuid copy of the filter program, it
is wise to set up a proper path: someone might break into your account
by putting a mailagent Trojan horse in the appropriate location. Also
make sure the mailagent program is protected against writing, as well
as the directory which holds it, or someone might substitute his own
version of the script and break security. I believe the setuid filter
program to be safe, but overlooking is always possible so please report
any security hole to me.
The filter script can be found in the Lib/mailagent directory. It needs
some tailoring so you should copy it into your home directory and edit
it to suit your needs. Comments held in it should be self explanatory.
There is only a small section at the head of the script which needs to
be edited. You'll have to delete shell comments in the filter script
by yourself if your shell cannot deal with them.
As of version 3.0 PL44, I advise you to prefer the C version if you are
concerned about security. If you are in a position where multiple
architectures can process your .forward, then a shell wrapper selecting
the proper executable based on the architecture will be required.
Configuring Mailagent
If mailagent is in your path, you may automatically configure a default
installation by running:
mailagent-I
which will create a ~/.mailagent file from an existing template, cus‐
tomize some important variables for your site, and make some basic san‐
ity checks. Everything the command does is output on the screen for
checking purposes, and any problem found is reported.
Otherwise, you have to copy the mailagent.cf file held in the mailagent
sub-directory /usr/share/mailagent (hereafter named Lib) as a .maila‐
gent in your home directory. Edit it to configure the whole processing.
In particular, you have to choose a spool directory (hereafter named
Spool) and a log directory (hereafter named Log).
Note that using the automatic installation procedure above does not
prevent you from going through the file and modifying it as you wish.
In fact, you are greatly encouraged to do this, especially for the home
directory setting, the logging level and the path or p_host variables.
Once you are done, rerun the mailagent-I command to make sure every‐
thing is fine. Still, you will have to plug in mailagent by creating a
~/.forward file, as explained in a few sections.
Following is a description of each of the fields you will find in the
~/.mailagent file, followed by a suggested value, when applicable.
Fields marked as optional may not be present in the configuration file.
Some fields have a close relationship with others, and that is given
too.
agemax Period after which an entry in the database should be removed
(suggested: 1y) This field is optional, but needed if auto‐
clean is on.
authfile Remote sending authorizations (not implemented yet).
autoclean Set to ON (case insensitively), mailagent will perform auto‐
matic cleaning of the database entries under hash by removing
all the items older than agemax. This is an optional field,
omitting it defaults to OFF. (suggested: OFF, unless you use
ONCE, UNIQUE or RECORD commands, or activate the vacation
mode.)
biff Whether or not biffing is wanted when mailagent delivers mail
to a folder. Set it to ON (case insensitively) to allow local
biffing if you are logged in. (optional, defaults to: OFF)
biffhead When biffing is enabled, this variable lists which headers
should be printed out. Headers should be given in their nor‐
malized format and be separated with commas. (optional,
defaults to: From, To, Subject, Date).
bifflen The maximum length of the message body that should be printed
when biffing. (optional, defaults to 560).
bifflines The maximum number of lines of the message body that should
be printed when biffing. Actually, mailagent attempts to
print that amount of lines, provided the total amount of
characters printed is less than bifflen. (optional, defaults
to 7).
biffmh When turned ON, the body of the message is compacted before
biffing by removing consecutive spaces and replacing newlines
with a single space. The message itself is not altered phys‐
ically of course, only the output on the screen is concerned.
Since this may yield to a difficult-to-read message, I sug‐
gest you also turn on biffnice when using this option.
(optional, defaults to: OFF).
biffmsg The path to a file describing the format biffing should use.
If not set, a default hardwired format is used. Season to
taste. (suggested: ~/.biffmsg).
biffnice Whether the message should be reformatted to nicely fit into
the terminal. (optional, defaults to OFF, suggested: ON when
biffmh is also ON).
biffnl Controls whether "blank" body lines should be printed or not.
By "blank" lines, we mean lines not containing words. Set it
to ON to print such blank lines, to OFF if you wish to get a
more compact view of the body within the limits fixed by bif‐
flen and bifflines. (optional, defaults to ON).
biffquote Controls whether the leading attribution line introducing a
trimmed quotation should be part of the biff message or not.
When turned OFF, the attribution line is trimmed along and
this is reported in the trimming message, when bifftrim is
ON. (optional, defaults to ON).
bifftrim Controls whether trimmed lines within the biff message should
be replaced by a message stating how many of them were
trimmed. Only used by the %-T biffing macro. When turned OFF,
it automatically turns off biffquote as well. (optional,
defaults to ON).
bifftrlen States how many lines long a leading quotation should be
before performing any trimming. Only used by the %-T biffing
macro. (optional, defaults to 2).
callout The name of the callout queue file where batched jobs are
kept. This parameter must be defined when using the AFTER
command. (suggested: $spool/callout)
cleanlaps Cleaning period for database entries. The value of the last
clean up is saved into the context file. This is optional,
but needed if autoclean is on. (suggested: 1M)
comfile Name of the file containing authorized commands. Needed when
PROCESS is used. (suggested: $spool/commands).
compress Name of the file containing the list of compressed folders.
See section about folder compression. This is an optional
parameter. (suggested: ~/.compress).
compspecs Name of the file containing specifications for how to handle
different types of compression formats. See section about
folder compression. This is an optional parameter. (sug‐
gested: $spool/compressors).
comptag The default compression tag when creating new folders. If
not specified, the default is 'compress'.
comserver Name of the file containing authorized SERVER commands and
their definition. This is an optional parameter if you don't
plan to use the generic mail server. (suggested:
$spool/server).
context File holding the mailagent context. The context saves some
variables which need to be kept over the life of the process.
Needed if auto cleaning is activated. (suggested: $spool/con‐
text)
distlist A list of all the available distributions. See the sample
held in Lib/mailagent/distribs. Needed by PROCESS only. (sug‐
gested: $spool/distribs)
domain Your domain name, without the leading dot, as in example.com.
The value is appended to the value of email when that vari‐
able does not have any '@', to construct a fully qualified e-
mail address. See also the hidenet variable. (optional,
defaults to the domain name determined at build time).
email Your electronic mail address. If left unspecified, mailagent
will try to guess it. This address is used by mailagent when
trying to send something to the user (you!). (suggested:
specify your e-mail address).
emergdir Name of the directory which should be used for dumps, prefer‐
ably. This is optional. (suggested: ~/tmp/lost+mail)
execsafe Whether to be strict before using exec() to launch a new
process or not. The value of this variable is used in place
of secure when checking executable files. (defaults to OFF,
suggested: ON if possible).
execskip Whether to skip the exec() security checks alltogether. Don't
turn this ON unless you really trust all the users having
access to your machine or file server. (optional, default to
OFF, suggested: OFF).
fromall Whether or not mailagent should escape all the From lines in
the message, not only those it thinks should appear dangerous
(i.e. a From after a blank line). This option only makes
sense when fromesc is also activated. It is ignored other‐
wise, and therefore is optional. By default, it is assumed to
be OFF. (suggested: OFF, until you have reasons to believe
your mail user-agent is confused in this mode: when it hap‐
pens, your user agent will split mail for no apparent rea‐
son).
fromesc Whether or not mailagent should escape potentially dangerous
From lines in mail messages. If you use MH or if your mail
reader does not use those lines to separate messages, then
you may set it to OFF. (suggested: ON)
fromfake Whether or not mailagent should fake a From: line into the
message header when it is absent. Naturally, it requires a
valid leading From line to operate! (optional, defaults to
ON, suggested: ON).
groupsafe If turned OFF, then group-writable files will be managed as
if they were secure, from a security point of view. Leave it
to ON if possible, or you may pass by a huge security hole
without your noticing (optional, defaults to ON, suggested:
ON).
hash The directory used for name hashing by the built-in database
used by ONCE, UNIQUE and RECORD commands. Optional, unless
you make use of those commands or activate auto cleaning. The
directory is placed in the spool area. (suggested:
$spool/dbr).
helpdir Directory where help files for SERVER commands are kept.
(suggested: $spool/help)
hidenet When set to ON, the value of the variable domain is the fully
qualified name used. When OFF, the hostname is prepended to
the domain. If the hostname is already fully qualified, then
the value of domain is ignored. Assuuming domain is set to
example.com and the hostname is host, then the fully quali‐
fied name will be host.example.com if hidenet is OFF, and
example.com if ON. (optional, defaults to whatever was
determined at build time)
home Defines where the home directory is. This must be accurate.
level Log level, see below for a definition of available levels
(suggested: 9).
linkdirs When set to ON, carefully checks symbolic links to directo‐
ries when performing security checks on sensitive files. This
will (recursively) check for each symbolic link level that
the target directory is not world writable or group writable
and that the parent directory of each target link is not
world writable. If the secure option is OFF, this parameter
is ignored. (optional, defaults to: ON, suggested: ON when
secure is also ON).
lockdekay The delay in seconds between two locking attempts. (optional,
defaults to: 2).
lockhold The maximum delay in seconds for holding a lock. After that
time, the lock will be broken. (optional, defaults to: 3600).
lockmax Maximum number of locking attempts before giving up.
(optional, defaults to: 20).
locksafe When locking a file, mailagent normally makes lockmax
attempts separated by lockdelay seconds, and then gives up.
When facing a delivery to a mailbox, it may make sense to
continue even if no lock was grabbed, or even if only a par‐
tial locking was done (e.g. one of the .lock or flock()-style
locking succeeded). This variable controls how safe you want
to be. Set it to OFF to let mailagent continue its mailbox
delivery even though no locking was done, to ON if you want
strict locking, to PARTIAL if you can live with partial lock‐
ing. Messages not saved in a folder are dumped to an emer‐
gency mailbox. (optional, defaults to ON). On Debian systems,
since mailagent can not grab locks,it should always be left
ON, or else mail garbling may occur. See
/usr/share/doc/mailagent/SECURITY for details.
lockwarn This variable controls the time after which mailagent should
start emiting a warning when busy trying to acquire a lock.
It is a comma separated list of values, in seconds. If two
values are given, the first is the initial time threshold,
the second is the repeat period. For instance, a value of
"15,60" would cause a warning after 15 seconds, then every 60
seconds until the lock is taken or the locking attempt time
is expired (see lockmax and lockdelay). If only one value is
given, it is taken as being both the initial threshold and
the period. (optional, defaults to: 20,300).
log Name of the log file which will be put in Log directory.
(suggested: agentlog).
logdir Logging directory. (suggested: ~/var/log).
mailbox The name of the system mailbox file, which by default is the
value of the user configuration variable. This is an optional
parameter.
maildrop Location of the system mail spool directory. If none is pro‐
vided, then the mailagent will use the value determined by
Configure.
mailopt Options to be passed to the mailer (see sendmail). (optional,
suggested: -odq -i, when using sendmail).
maxcmds Maximum number of commands that are allowed to be executed by
a SERVER command before flushing the remaining of the mail
message. (suggested: 10).
maxerrors Maximum number of errors for the SERVER command before flush‐
ing the remaining of the mail message. (suggested: 10).
maxsize Maximum size in bytes of files before using kit for sending
files. This is used by PROCESS. (suggested: 150000).
mboxlock The format to be used for locking mailboxes before delivering
to them. This string goes through a small macro substitution
mechanism to make it more general. The file name derived
after macro substitution is the name of the lock that will be
used, given the name of the file that is to be locked.
Available macros are:
%D: the file directory name
%f: the file name to be locked (full path)
%F: the file base name (last path component)
%p: the current process pid number
%%: a plain % character
Common locking formats are "%f.lock" and "%D/.%F.lock". Of
course, to be able to use this feature, mailagent must not
have been configured to use flock()-style locking only.
(optional, defaults to: %f.lock). This has no effect on
Debian systems, since mailagent can not get a lock anyway,
since it is not sgid mail.
mhprofile The name of the MH profile to be used. This is needed only
when attempting to save in an MH folder. If this optional
parameter is not set, the default value ~/.mh_profile is
used.
mmdf Set this to ON if you wish to be able to save mail in MMDF-
style mailboxes. (suggested: OFF, unless you use MMDF or
MH). This is invalid on a Debian system.
mmdfbox The value of this variable only matters when mmdf is on. If
set to ON, then new folders will be created as MMDF ones.
This variable is not used when saving to an existing folder,
since in that case the mailagent will automatically determine
the type and save the message accordingly. (suggested: OFF,
unless you use MMDF or wish to use MH's mshf).
msgprefix Name of the file to put in directory folders, specifying the
message prefix to be used. Optional, defaults to .msg_prefix.
name First name of the user, used by mailagent when referring to
you. This sets the value of the %U macro.
newcmd Name of the file describing new filtering commands. See sec‐
tion Extending Filtering Commands for more details. Leave
this optional parameter out unless you are a mailagent
expert. (suggested: $spool/newcmd).
newsopt Options to be passed to the news posting program (see send‐
news). (optional, suggested: leave empty when using inews).
nfslock Set it to ON to ensure NFS-secure locks. The difference is
that the hostname is used in conjunction with the PID to
obtain a lock. However, mailagent has to fork/exec to obtain
that information. This is an optional parameter which is set
to OFF by default. (suggested: OFF if you deliver mail from
only one machine, even though it's via NFS).
passwd File where SERVER power passwords are kept -- encrypted usu‐
ally. (suggested: $powers/passwd).
path Minimum path to be used by C filter program. To set a spe‐
cific path for a machine host, set up a p_host variable. This
will be prepended to the default PATH variable supplied by
other programs. (suggested: /bin:/usr/bin:/usr/ucb). Note
that the host name must be specified without any domain name
appended to it (e.g. for an host name of lyon.eiffel.com, use
variable p_lyon). If your host name contains an '-' in it,
you must write it as a '_', since '-' is not a valid charac‐
ter for a perl variable name.
perlib This variable may be used to change the perl search path for
required files. Directories should be separated using a ':'
character, just like a shell PATH. This path is prepended to
the default perl search path. Any directory not starting with
a '/' (after ~name substitution) is taken relatively to the
mailagent private lib directory determined at configuration
time.
plsave Name of the file used to save the patchlevels for archived
distributions. This is only used by the commands invoked via
PROCESS. (suggested: $spool/plsave).
powerdir Directory listing user clearances for SERVER powers. (sug‐
gested: $powers/clearance)
powerlist Name of file containing SERVER power aliases. Since power
names can be arbitrary long but some filesystems still have a
14 character limitation on filename length, internal aliases
are created and maintained by mailagent. (suggested: $pow‐
ers/aliases).
powerlog File where SERVER power requests are logged, in addition to
the agentlog. Since those are a security concern, it is a
good idea to log them separately. If not defined, log them
only in agentlog. (suggested: $logdir/powerlog).
powers Directory for SERVER power administration. (suggested:
$spool/powers)
proglist A small description for the available distributions. See the
sample held in Lib/mailagent/proglist. This is used by
PROCESS only. (suggested: $spool/proglist)
queue Queue directory (messages waiting to be processed). Required,
of course. (suggested: $spool/queue)
queuehold Maximum number of seconds a mail can sit in the mailagent
queue before being actually processed. During that time,
mailagent will not try to process the message even when -q is
used. (optional, defaults to: 1800).
queuelost Maximum number of seconds after which mailagent should flag
messages still in its queue as being old. (optional, defaults
to: 86400, i.e. a day).
queuewait Time in seconds telling the C filter program how long it must
wait before launching mailagent. (optional, defaults to: 60,
but can be lowered to 0 if you don't want to wait to delay
getting new messages).
rulecache The name of the file used to cache the latest compiled rules.
Since usually mailagent works mainly with one same rule file,
this saves the overhead of recompiling all the rules each
time. (optional, suggested: $spool/rulecache).
rulemac Set this to ON to enable macro substitutions in rule pat‐
terns. (optional, defaults to: OFF).
rules The name of the file holding the filtering rules (optional on
non Debian systems, suggested: ~/.rules). On Debian systems,
one must have a minimal rules file to prevent mailagent from
trying to put messages into /var/spool/mail/srivasta, since
mailagent can't lock that directory to prevent mail from
being garbled. This is because Debian policy requires all
entities attempting locks on that directory to be sgid mail,
and making mailagent sgid anything would be a security loop‐
hole.
{ SAVE incoming };
is the suggested minimal rules file.
runmax Timeout for RUN commands and friends. (optional, defaults to:
3600).
scriptcc Flag indicating whether a copy of the SERVER session tran‐
script should be send to the user running mailagent. (sug‐
gested: OFF).
secure When set to ON, mailagent and the C filter will perform
extensive security checks on sensitive files. This includes
checks for group writability, ownerships and protection test‐
ing on the directory where the file resides, and checks on
symbolic links to directories (mailagent only, when linkdirs
is ON too). Note that secure is assumed to be ON, whatever
its real setting, when running as super-user. (suggested:
ON).
sendmail The name of the program used to send mail. That program must
accept the mail message with headers on its standard input
and a list of recipients on the command line. If not speci‐
fied, will use the mailer chosen at configuration time (send‐
mail usually). The command line used to mail a message will
be sendmail mailopt address(es). (optional, suggested:
/usr/lib/sendmail).
sendnews The name of the program used to post news. That program must
accept the news article with headers on its standard input.
If not specified, will use the news posting program chosen at
configuration time (inews usually). The command line used to
post an article will be sendnews -h newsopt. (optional, sug‐
gested: /usr/local/bin/inews).
seq File used to compute job numbers (suggested: .seq).
servdir The directory name where shell and perl server commands are
stored. This is the default lookup place. Optional parameter
unless SERVER is used. (suggested: $spool/cmds).
servshell This is the name of the shell used to launch SERVER shell
commands (actually to proces the wrapper file that will ulti‐
mately exec() the command). On some systems like HPUX 10.x,
this has to be set to /usr/old/bin/sh to get the plain old
Bourne shell, because /bin/sh is a braindead POSIX shell that
closes file descriptors greater than 2 upon exec(), whereas
the Bourne shell does not. (optional, suggested: /bin/sh
unless you're on HPUX 10.x, as explained before).
spool Spool directory, required (suggested: ~/var/mailagent).
statfile File where statistics should be gathered. If no such file
exists, no statistics will be recorded (suggested:
$spool/mailagent.st).
tofake Whether or not mailagent should fake a To: line into the mes‐
sage header when it is absent, which will be used for filter‐
ing purposes (no physical alteration of the header occur). It
uses Alternate-To: headers if found, otherwise it assumes the
message was send to the user and takes the value from the
user configuration variable. (optional, defaults to ON, sug‐
gested: ON; turn it OFF only if you want to identify missing
To: lines to detect SPAM).
tome This optional variable may contain a comma separated list of
alternate logins that are also valid for the user (mail
aliases). This is used in vacation mode to check whether the
mail was sent to the user or to a mailing list. Matching is
anchored on the login name, so saying "ro*" will match both
root and rom.
track Set to on (case insensitively), this turns on the -t option
which tracks all the rule matches and the actions on standard
output. This is optional (suggested: OFF).
timezone The time zone value for environment variable TZ (optional).
tmpdir Directory for temporary files. Required (suggested: /tmp).
umask Default umask which is reset by mailagent before processing a
message. Assumed to be decimal unless starting with '0' (for
octal) or '0x' (for hexadecimal). The octal format is the
easiest way to specify it nonetheless. (optional, defaults
to: 077).
user Login name of the user who runs mailagent. This sets the
value of the %u macro.
vacation A flag set to ON or OFF to switch the vacation mode accord‐
ingly.
vacfile The name of the file to be sent back in vacation mode (sug‐
gested: ~/.vacation).
vacfixed When ON, all changes to the vacation file (even locally) by
means of the VACATION command are forbidden. This is useful
if you usually have many customized vacation messages for
different people but temporarily want to force one unique
message (optional, defaults to: OFF).
vacperiod The minimum time elapsed between two vacation messages to a
given address (suggested: 1d).
Available Logging Levels
The following log levels can be used while running mailagent:
0 No logging
1 Major problems only
2 Failed deliveries
3 Successful deliveries
4 Deferred messages
5 Successful filter actions
6 Unusual but benign incidents
7 Informative messages
8 Non-delivery filter actions
9 Mail reception
12 Debug
19 Verbose
20 Lot more verbose
Plugging Mailagent
Once you have configured mailagent in a ~/.mailagent (where ~ stands
for your home directory), you must tell sendmail how to invoke it.
This is done by setting a ~/.forward file which looks like this (lead‐
ing and trailing double quotes are a mandatory part of it):
"| exec /users/ram/mail/filter >>/users/ram/.bak 2>&1"
This will pipe all your mails to the filter program, redirecting all
unusual messages to ~/.bak. A sample filter shell script may be found
in Lib/mailagent, as well as a C filter program. On some systems, it
may be necessary to move the '|' character before the leading quote,
but don't try this unless you have no other choice (i.e. only as a last
resort). Also, apparently Exim takes exeption to the exec, and even
perhaps to the redirection -- which would be a pity.
It is very important to redirect error messages to some file within
your home directory. For one thing, that will get you out of trouble if
strange things start to happen, but more to the point, it makes your
.forward file unique. Older sendmail program, in an heroic attempt to
"optimize" delivery, will silently remove duplicate recipients, and if
a recipient has a .forward, its literal content is used in place of his
e-mail address. Therefore, two local recipients with the same filtering
string will be considered as one unique recipient and only one of them
will get the message...
If your system does not allow shell redirection from within the .for‐
ward, you can use this instead (only supported by the C filter):
"| exec /users/ram/mail/filter -o /users/ram/.bak"
which in effect redirects stdout and stderr to the specified file for
you, appending data at the end of the file. If the filter runs setuid
or setgid, you will not be allowed to create the file, nor to append to
it unless the owner of the file is the real uid invoking the program
(for security reasons).
Note that the .forward file only pipes the mail to the filter program
and does not leave any copy in the mailbox. It is up to you to decide
in the rule file whether you want to trash the mail away or leave it in
the mailbox.(Note that on Debian systems mailagent can not lock the
spool directory, and letting it leave mail in mailbox may cause it to
get garbled). If you do not have a rule file (i.e. you left a blank
entry in your ~/.mailagent, or you named a non-existent file, or your
file is simply empty), the default action is to leave the mail in the
mailbox, which is not a good idea for Debian machines. Please onstall a
minimal rules file in any case,
{ SAVE incoming };
is the suggested minimal rules file.
Allowed Commands
The allowed command file (as specified by the comfile variable in your
~/.mailagent) contains all the recognized and allowed commands. The
file commands held in directory Lib/mailagent should be copied as-is
into your Spool directory.
Testing Your Installation
Now, assuming you have set a proper ~/.mailagent file and edited the
configuration section of the filter, it is time to test your installa‐
tion. Make sure your .forward is world readable and that the filter has
the execution bits set (there is no reason to make the filter world
readable). Set a log-level of 20 and disable vacation mode (the vaca‐
tion entry in the ~/.mailagent should be OFF). Set the name of the rule
file to an file containing a catch-all rule:
{ SAVE incoming };
You are ready to proceed...
Send yourself a mail and give mailagent time to process your mail. The
subject of the message should be 'test' (in fact, anything but 'Com‐
mand'). You may want to run a "tail -f logfile" to see what's happen‐
ing. At the end of the processing, the logfile should contain something
like the following (names of temporaries may -and will- of course dif‐
fer; timestamps have been removed):
got the right to process mail
building default rules
parsing mail
analyzing mail
in mode 'INITIAL' for ALL
selector 'All' on '<1,->', pattern '/^Subject: [Cc]ommand/'
matching '/^Subject: [Cc]ommand/' on 'All' (<1,->) was false
selector 'All' on '<1,->'
matching . on 'All' (<1,->) was true
saving in folder incoming
XEQ (LEAVE)
starting LEAVE
starting SAVE /home/ram/mail/incoming
SAVED [qm7831] in folder incoming
FILTERED [qm7831] from ram (Raphael Manfredi)
mailagent continues
mailagent exits
If you do not get that, there is a problem somewhere. Start by looking
at the ~/.bak file (or whatever file the .forward uses to redirect out‐
put of the filter). If you see something like:
FATAL no valid queue directory
DUMPED in ~/mbox.filter
then it means the queue parameter in your ~/.mailagent does not point
to a valid directory. Your mail has been dumped in an emergency mail‐
box.
The ~/.bak file may also contain error messages stating that perl was
not found. In that case, there should be an error message in the log‐
file:
ERROR mailagent failed, [qm7886] left in queue
In that case, make sure the mail has correctly been queued in a file
qm7886. The queue will be processed again when another mail arrives or
when the mailagent is invoked with -q (however, to avoid race condi‐
tions, only mails which have remained for a while will be processed).
Queuing of mail also happens when another mailagent is running. If the
logfile says:
denied right to process mail
then remove the perl.lock file in the Spool directory. Old lock files
are automatically discarded by the mailagent anyway (after one hour).
If none of these occurs, then maybe sendmail did not process your
~/.forward at all or the file has a syntax error. Check your mailbox,
and if your mail is in there, your .forward has not been processed.
Otherwise, ask your system administrator to check sendmail's logfile. A
correct entry would appear as (with leading timestamps and syslog
stamps removed):
message-id=<9202041919.AA07882@york.eiffel.com>
from=ram, size=395, class=0, received from local
to="| /york/ram/mail/filter >>/york/ram/.bak 2>&1", delay=00:00:05, stat=Sent
If you still cannot find why the mail was not correctly processed, you
should make sure you normally receive mail by removing (or renaming)
your ~/.forward and sending yourself another test mail. Also make sure
your home directory is world readable and "executable".
If you are using the C filter, make sure it is running on the right
platform. There may be a low-level routing of all your mail to a mail‐
host machine, responsible for the final delivery, and the filter pro‐
gram will run on that machine, which may be a different platform than
the one you compiled filter on. Also make sure your home directory is
mounted on that machine, or the mail transport agent will be unable to
locate your .forward file, less process it.
This kind of centralized mail delivery is good only when a few people
have mail processing hooks (i.e. .forward files piping mail to a pro‐
gram); otherwise it's better to route mail to each user's workstation
or machine, for local processing, to avoid an excessive workload on the
mailhost machine, especially if it is a dedicated NFS server. If you
are a system administrator installing mailagent and expect many people
to use it, keep this in mind.
OPTIONS
There is a limited set of options which may be used when calling the
mailagent directly. Only one special option at a time may be specified.
Invoking mailagent as mailqueue is equivalent to using the -l option.
-c file Specify an alternate configuration file (~ substitution
occurs). The default is ~/.mailagent.
-d The mailagent parses the rule file, compiles the rules
and dumps them on the standard output. This option is
mainly used to check the syntax of the rule file and
make sure the rules are what the user really thinks they
are.
-e rule This option lets you specify some rules on the command
line, which will override those specified via the
~/.mailagent, if any. There may be as many -e as neces‐
sary, all the rules being concatenated together as one
happy array, which is then parsed the same way a rule
file is. If only one rule is given and there is no
action specified between {...} braces, then the whole
line is enclosed between braces. Hence saying -e 'SAVE
foo' will be understood as -e '{SAVE foo}', which will
always match and be executed. Using the -d option in
conjunction with this one is a convenient way to debug a
set of rules.
-f mailfile Using mailfile as a UNIX-style mailbox (i.e. one where
each mail is preceded by a special From line stating the
sender and the date the message was issued), extract all
its messages into the queue and process them as if they
were freshly arrived from the mail delivery subsystem.
-F Force processing on already seen messages. Usually,
mailagent enters the special _SEEN_ state when it
detects an X-Filter: line issued by itself, but this
option will have it continue as usual (although vacation
messages are disabled). Use this option when post-pro‐
cessing mail already filtered. Also look at the -U
switch if you are using the RECORD or UNIQUE actions in
some rules.
-h Print out a usage message on the standard error and
exit.
-i Interactive mode, directs mailagent to print a copy of
all the log messages on stderr.
-I Install a ~/.mailagent file from template, or merge new
configuration variables into an existing file; then per‐
form sanity checks and create mandatory files or direc‐
tories. This option may be viewed as an help into set‐
ting up mailagent's environment. In any case, the cre‐
ated/merged ~/.mailagent file should be manually veri‐
fied before letting mailagent deal with your mail by
hooking it into ~/.forward.
-l List the mailagent queue. Recently queued mails which
are waited for by the filter are skipped for about half
an hour, to avoid race conditions. This may be config‐
ured via the queuehold variable. Really old messages
(more than queuelost seconds old) are flagged with a '#'
character. Messages out of the queue (queue variable)
are flagged with a '*', whilst old messages out of the
queue are signaled by an '@'. Locked messages have a '*'
appended to their status.
-L level Override the log level specified in the configuration
file.
-o override This option lets you override a specific configuration
option. The option must be followed by a valid configu‐
ration line, which will be parsed after the configura‐
tion file itself. For instance, the -L 4 option is com‐
pletely equivalent to -o 'level: 4'. Note that any white
space must be protected against shell interpretation by
using the appropriate quoting mechanism. There may be as
many -o options on the command line as necessary.
-q Force processing of mailagent's queue. Only the mails
not tagged as skipped by the -l option will be pro‐
cessed.
-r file Specify an alternate rule file.
-s {umaryt} Build a summary of all the statistics gathered so far.
The output can be controlled by appending one or more
letters from the set {umaryt}. Using -summary is a con‐
venient way to get the whole history of the filter
actions. The u modifier will print only used rules. The
m will merge all the statistics at the end while a
reports the mode the filter was in when the command was
executed. The r asks for rule-based statistics and the y
is pretty useless and is here only to get a nice
mnemonic option. Note that specifying an option more
than once has no effect whatsoever on the option itself
(i.e. you may put three Uu and only one m, but you'll
still get the summary!). The t letter may be followed by
digits specifying how many rule file versions relative
to the topmost (most recent) rule file we should extract
from the statistics, that amount defaulting to 1: using
-surat will print a complete statistics report for the
last version of your rules, while -surt12a would do the
same for the last twelve versions of those same rules.
-t Put mailagent in a special tracking mode where all the
rule matches and executed actions are printed on the
standard output. This is mostly useful for debugging a
rule file. See also the track parameter in the configu‐
ration file.
-V Print version number and exit.
-U Prevent the UNIQUE and RECORD commands from rejecting an
already processed Message-ID the first time they are run
on a given message. This is useful when processing mes‐
sages that have been dropped in the emergdir directory
due to some abnormal (but transient) condition and you
wish to reprocess the message. Also see the -F switch if
you are re-processing messages.
If you invoke mailagent without options and without any arguments, the
program waits for a mail on its standard input. If an argument is pro‐
vided, it is the name of a file holding one mail to be processed. This
is the normal calling procedure from the filter, the argument being the
location of the queued mail.
USING THE DEFAULT RULES
If you do not want to use the filtering feature of mailagent, (NOTE:
This may cause mail to be garbled on Debian systems, since mailagent
can not lock the spol directory under Debian policy restrictions) then
the default built-in rules will be used. Those are really simple: all
the mails are left in your mailbox and mails with a line "Subject: Com‐
mand" anywhere in the message will be processed. Commands are looked
for on lines starting with "@SH". The remaining of the line is then
given to a shell for execution.
Available commands are read from a file (entry comfile in your configu‐
ration file), one command name per line. Only those listed there will
be executed, others will produce an error message. The mailagent traps
the exit status and will send an error report if a command fails (pro‐
vided that the command does not issue a message by itself, in which
case it should return a zero exit status).
If you do not want to use the default rules, you may skip the remaining
of this section.
Configuring Help
The help text mailagent will send to people must be copied from
Lib/mailagent/agenthelp into your own spool directory, as specified in
your ~/.mailagent. Two macros may be used:
=DEST= This will be expanded to the sender's address (the one who
sent you the mail currently processed by mailagent).
=MAXSIZE= This stands for the maximum size set before kit is used to
send files back (parameter maxsize in your ~/.mailagent
file).
You may use the default help file or design one that will give even
more details to the poor user.
Distribution Files
The two files proglist and distribs held in Lib/mailagent describe the
distributions your mailagent will be able to distribute. The samples
given show the expected syntax. In order to clarify things, here is
what the format should be:
File proglist contains a small description for programs. The name of
the program appears after a single star. It is followed by lines in
free format. An optional three-dashes line separates each program's
description. Note that a leading tab will be added to each line of
description.
The distribs file holds lines of the following form:
progname version path archived compressed patches
where:
progname is the program name (the same as the one mentioned in
proglist).
version is the current version number. If none, a three-dashed line
may be used.
path is the path where the distribution is stored. The ~ will be
expanded into your home directory. Note that if the distribu‐
tion is stored in archived form, the path name is the one of
the archive without the ending extension (which may be
.cpio.Z or .tar.Z).
archived is either y or n depending on whether the distribution is
archived or not.
compressed
is either y or n depending on whether the distribution is
compressed or not. This could be guessed from the extension's
name, but we must think of file systems with short names.
patches is y or n depending on whether the distribution is maintained
or not by you. If you put a p, this means official patches
are available, although you do not maintain the distribution.
Finally, an o means that this is an old version, where only
patches are available, but maildist will not work. In that
case, assuming the version number is 1.0, old patches are
expected in a bugs-1.0 directory.
You may include comments in both files: all lines starting with a lead‐
ing # will be ignored.
Testing Your Mail Agent
It is now time to make sure your mailagent works. Send yourself the
following mail:
Subject: Command
@SH mailhelp
You should receive back a mail from yourself with the subject set to:
"How to use my mailagent". If you don't, check the file ~/.bak (or
whatever file you set in your .forward). If it is empty, look at the
log file. If the log file is not empty, then perhaps the mail has been
queued. Check the sendmail queue. Also make sure that you removed the
'#' comments in the filter script. On some systems, they cause some
trouble. If you are using the C filter, maybe your sendmail is broken
and you need to make your own setuid copy (or perl might complain that
you have a kernel bug, etc...).
If you have done everything right but it still does not work properly,
increase log level to 20 and resend your command mail. Then check the
log file. The diagnosis should be easier.
Once this works, you should check your distribs and proglist files by
sending yourself the following mail:
Subject: Command
@SH maillist
If the list you have in return is incorrect, then your distribution
files are wrongly written. If you do not get the list, there is a prob‐
lem with your mailagent's configuration. Retry with a log level set to
20 and look at the issued log messages in your Log directory. Make sure
that the file listed in the plsave entry of your ~/.mailagent is cor‐
rectly updated after a maillist has been run.
USING THE FILTER
The mailagent can also be used as a filter: mail is parsed and some
actions are taken based on simple lex-like rules. Actions range from a
simple saving in a folder, a forwarding to another person, or even
spawning of a shell command. Before going further, here is a small
example of a valid rule file:
From: root { FORWARD postmaster };
To: gue@eiffel.fr { POST mail.gue };
Subject: /metaconfig/ { SAVE dist };
{ SAVE incoming };
There are three distinct rules. Rules are applied in sequence, until
one matches (so the order is important). Any mail coming from root will
be forwarded to user postmaster. A mail addressed to gue@eiffel.fr is a
mail coming from a mailing list. The mail is posted on a local news‐
group mail.gue. Mails whose subject contains the word "metaconfig" will
be saved in a folder dist for delayed reading and will not appear in
the main mailbox. If no rule matched, the mail is left in the folder
incoming.
Rule File Syntax
Here is a non-formal description of the rule file. Parsing of the file
is done lexically, hence the choice of non-ambiguous tokens like '{' or
';' which are easily parsed. This introduces some limitations which are
silently applied: for instance, no '{' may be used as part of an
address.
Comments are introduced by a leading '#' , which must be on the left
margin. Unlike shell comments, a '#' which is not left justified will
not be understood as a comment. However, spaces or tabs are allowed in
front of '#'.
All the statements in the rule file must end with a ';'. There are
mainly four parts in each line. A list of comma separated modes,
between '<' and '>', which give the set of modes in which the rule
applies. The special mode ALL will match everything. The filter begins
in the mode INITIAL. Omitting the mode defaults to "<ALL>". It is pos‐
sible to guard a rule against some specific mode by negating it, which
is done by prefixing the mode with '!'. Negated modes take precedence
other plain modes, meaning "<!ALL>" will never be matched, ever, and
that "<MODE, !MODE>" is equivalent to "<!MODE>".
Then comes a list of selectors. Those selectors must be space separated
and end with ':'. They represent the names of header fields which must
be looked at by the forthcoming pattern. An empty selector list
defaults to "Subject:". Special selectors "All:", "Body:" and "Head:"
apply to the whole message, its body or its header. A commonly used
selector list is "To Cc:" which tests the recipient fields of the
header. If the selector name is preceded by an exclamation mark '!',
then the logical value of the test for that selector is negated.
The list of selectors may end with an optional range specification,
given as <min, max>, before the final ':' character marking the end of
the selector list. The minimum or the maximum may be given as '-', in
which case it is replaced with the minimal or maximal possible value.
Indices for selection begin at 1 (not 0), for instance: <3, 7>. If no
range selection is given, then the default <1, -> is used. Ranges nor‐
mally select lines within the matching buffer, unless the selector is
expecting a list in which case it operates on the list items. For
instance, Body <3, 5>: would select lines #3 to #5 (included) from the
mail body, whereas To Cc <1,3>: would focus on the first three
addresses on each To: or Cc: header lines. Negative values refer to
that many lines or addresses back from the end, i.e. Cc <-2,->:
selects the last two addresses on the Cc: line. A single number such
as <2> is understood as <2, 2>, i.e. it select only one item in the
list, <-> meaning everything (and being therefore redundant).
The selector is then followed by a pattern within '/' or by a single
name. In order to ease the writing of the rules, the semantic of a
single name varies depending on the selector used. For the special
selectors "From:", "To:", "Cc:", "Sender:", their associated "Resent-"
fields, "Reply-To:", "Envelope:" and "Apparently-To:", a single name is
understood as a match on the login name of the address. Note that if no
"To:" field is present in the header, one will be forged from the
"Apparently-To:" for the purpose of filtering only (i.e. no physical
modification on the header is done). If the login name of the address
is a full name of the form First.Last, only the last name is kept, and
is lower-cased. If only a single name is given, only shell metacharac‐
ters * and ? are allowed, as well as intervals [].
If the pattern is preceded by a single exclamation mark '!', then the
matching status is negated (i.e. it will succeed if the pattern is not
found). If a single word is used for non-special selectors, the same
rules apply but the pattern is anchored at the beginning and the end
for an exact match. With a pattern starting with '/', any regular
expression understood by perl may be used and your pattern will not be
modified in any way. The other special selector "Newsgroups:" works as
"To:", excepted that newsgroups names are expected and a match is
attempted on every item in the list. Every pattern match on a single
name for an address-type field (i.e. "Newsgroups:" excluded), are made
in case-insensitive mode. Otherwise, you can force a case-insensitive
match by appending a trailing i option, as in /pattern/i.
There is also a little magic involved when matching on an address
field. Namely, if the pattern is not a single word and is anchored at
the beginning, then only the address part of the field will be kept.
For instance, if we have a From: field whose value is Raphael Manfredi
<ram@eiffel.com>, then the pattern /Raphael/ would match, but not
/^Raphael/. Instead, /^ram@.*$/ would match, but this is more easily
done with a single word pattern ram, for it only focuses on the login
name of the address and would also match if the address was written as
eiffel.com!ram. A single address in Internet form, as in ram@eif‐
fel.com is implicitely matching on the address part of the field, and
you must not escape the '.' as you would have to in a regular expres‐
sion.
This may sound a little complex, but this design is meant to make
things easier for the user. Here are some other examples:
# Match ram@eiffel.com as well as ram@educ.emse.fr.
From: ram
# Match root@eiffel.com, ram but not ribbon@eiffel.com
From: r[oa]*
# Match gue@eiffel.fr but not algue@eiffel.fr
To Cc: /^gue@eiffel\.fr/
# This will match gue@eiffel.fr as well as algue@eiffel.com
To Cc: /gue@eiffel/
# Match comp.lang.perl but not comp.lang.perl.poetry (?)
Newsgroups: comp.lang.perl
# Accept anything but messages coming from root
From: !root
When attempting a match on "To:", "Cc:" or "Apparently-To:", a list of
addresses separated by a comma is expected, whereas only one address is
expected after "From:". If you omit the pattern, it will be understood
as * (recall that a single word uses shell meta-characters), which will
match anything.
Then comes the action to be taken when a match occurs. There are only a
limited set of valid actions which will be described soon in detail.
The action is enclosed in curly braces '{' and '}' and actions are sep‐
arated or terminated (depending on your taste) by a ';'. Action names
are spelled in upper-case for readability, but case is irrelevant. If
you want to put a ';' within the rule, it must be escaped by preceding
it with a backslash. A double backslash is translated into a single
one, and any other escape sequence involving the backslash character is
ignored (i.e. \n would be kept verbatim).
Note that a rule should be ended by a single ';' after the last '}'. It
is possible to omit this final ';', but that single token is the re-
synchronizing point for error recovery. One could argue however that
there should be no syntax error, and thus the ';' ought to be safely
omitted. Whenever in doubt, check your rule file with the -d option.
Here is a prototypical rule (using perl regular expressions; please
refer to the subsection Regular Expressions for more information):
<ROOT> From: /^\w+@eiffel.com$/ { SAVE eiffel };
That rule will only be taken into account when the filter is in the
mode ROOT (recall that the processing starts in mode INITIAL; use BEGIN
to change the mode, as in lex). So in mode ROOT, anything which comes
from a user located in the eiffel.com site is saved in folder eiffel
for deferred reading. The mail will not appear in the mailbox.
It is possible to have more than one selection for a rule. Identical
selectors are logically or'ed while different ones are and'ed. The
selections are comma separated. For instance,
From: root, To: ram, From: ram, Subject: /\btest\b/ { DELETE };
will delete a mail from root or ram if it is sent to ram and has the
word test in its subject. It is also possible to write the previous
rule as:
From: root, ram, To: ram, Subject: /\btest\b/ { DELETE };
because if no selector is given, the previous one is used (with the
first selector being "Subject:" by default).
Anywhere in the rule file, it is possible to define some variables. The
list of recognized variables is given later. For now, let's say that
maildir is the default folder directory. This variable is used by the
SAVE command when the argument is not an absolute path. Setting
maildir = ~/mail;
will direct the filter to use ~/mail as the folder directory (default
is ~/Mail). Note the ~ substitution and the final ';'. It is not possi‐
ble (currently) to modify the environment by setting PATH for instance.
Finally, there is a special construct to load patterns from a file. A
pattern enclosed in double quotes means that the patterns to be applied
should be taken from the specified file. The file is expected to be in
the directory mailfilter if it is not an absolute path (~ substitution
occurs). If the variable is not set maildir will be used. If by chance
(!) maildir is not set either, the home directory is used. The file
should contain one pattern per line, shell comments (#) being allowed
at the beginning of each line.
An action may be followed by other rules. Hence the following is per‐
fectly valid:
From:
ram { SAVE ram }
/plc/i { SAVE plc }
root { SAVE ~/admin }
/xyz/ { DELETE }
"users" { LEAVE }
;
Note the use of the file inclusion: all the users listed in file users
will have their mail left in the system mailbox. The usual rules apply
for these loaded patterns.
Selector Combination
A single rule may have a various set of selectors. For instance, in the
following rule:
From: ram, To Cc: root, !Subject: /test/, From: raphael
we have the following set { From, To Cc, !Subject }. The first two
selectors are called direct selectors, !Subject: is called a negated
selector. The To Cc: selector is a group selector decomposing into two
direct selectors, while From: is an atomic selector. Finally, From: is
also a selector with multiple occurrences. The value of a selector is
its matching status logical value.
Let D be the set of direct selectors and N the set of negated selec‐
tors, which form a partition of R, the set of all the selectors in the
rule. That is to say, R is the union of D and N, and D intersected with
N is the empty set (trivial proof: a selector is either direct or
negated). If either D or N is empty, then it's not a partition but in
that case we have either D = R or else N = R.
Let's define the logical value of a set S as being the logical value
the filter would return if those rules were actually written. Then the
logical value of D is the logical value of each of its item with the
AND logical operator distributed among them, i.e. the logical value of
{ a, b, c } is the value of (a AND b AND c). Let's write it AND(D). The
logical value of each of the items is the logical value of the selector
itself if it is not multiple, or it is the logical value of all the
occurrences of the multiple selector within the rule, with the logical
OR operation distributed among them. That is to say, in the above exam‐
ple, the value of From is true iff the From: fields contains ram OR
raphael. Let's write that OR[From].
To be sound, we have to apply De Morgan's Law on N, hence the following
rules: the logical value of N is OR(N) and given a negated selector s,
its logical value is AND[s]. And finally, the logical value of R is
that of D AND N, with by convention having the logical value of the
empty set be true.
For those who do not know De Morgan's Law, here it is: given two logi‐
cal propositions p and q, then the following identities occur:
NOT (p AND q) <=> (NOT p) OR (NOT q)
NOT (p OR q) <=> (NOT p) AND (NOT q)
While we are in the logic of the propositions, note also that OR and
AND are mutually distributive, that is to say, given three logical
propositions p, q and r, we have:
p AND (q OR r) <=> (p AND q) OR (p AND r)
p OR (q AND r) <=> (p OR q) AND (p OR r)
To be complete, OR and AND are associative with themselves and commuta‐
tive. And the B set { 0, 1 } equipped with the set of operations (NOT,
OR, AND) is an algebra (a Boolean one). I will spare you the definition
of an algebra, which really has nothing to do in this manual page
(which is for a mail agent, in case you don't remember :-).
The attentive reader will certainly have noted that I have not speci‐
fied the logical value of a group selector. Well, given a group selec‐
tor G, we decompose it into a DG and NG partition, DG being the subset
of (atomic) direct selectors of G and NG being the subset of (atomic)
negated selectors. Then the logical value of DG is OR(DG) and the log‐
ical value of NG is AND(NG); the global logical value of G being that
of DG OR NG. In case either DG or NG is empty, then we don't have a
partition, but by convention the value of the empty set is false, and
one of the sets is equal to G. Note that within a group selector, the
rules are exactly the dual of the rules within R.
Now the only rule which is not logical is whether a group selector
belongs to D or N. I've chosen, for analogy reasons, to make the group
selector belong to D if it does not start by '!' and to N otherwise.
That is, !To Cc: belongs to N whilst Cc !To: belongs to D. Apart from
that, order within the group selector is irrelevant: To Cc: is equiva‐
lent to Cc To:, so the behavior in the quotient set is sound.
Here are some examples:
# Match anything: (not from ram OR not from root) is always true.
From: !ram, !root
# Match anything but reject mails coming from ram OR root
!From: ram, root
# Reject mails whose headers matching /^Re.*/ contain the word test
!^Re.*: /\btest\b/
# Keep mails whose subject contains test AND host
!Subject: !/test/, !/host/
# Matches if ram is listed in the To OR the Cc line
To Cc: ram
Minimal Header
A minimal set of selectors are guaranteed to be set, regardless of the
actual header of the message. This is for the purpose of filtering
only, no physical alteration is performed.
Envelope: This is the address found in the mail envelope, i.e. the
address where the mail seems to originate from. This can be
different from the From: address field if the mail originates
from a trusted user, in sendmail's terminology. If you don't
know what that is, simply ignore it.
From: User who wrote the mail. If this line is missing, uses the
address found in the first From line.
Length: The physical length of the body, in bytes, once content-
transfer-encoding (if any) has been removed.
Lines: The amount of lines in the body (decoded, if necessary).
To: The main recipient(s) of the message. If this line is missing
but a set of Apparently-To: lines is found, then those
addresses are used instead. If no such line exists, then
assume the mail was directed to the user (which seems a rea‐
sonable assumption :-).
Sender: User who sent the mail. This may differ from the From: line.
If no such field exists, then the address in the first From
line is used (mail envelope).
Relayed: This computed header is a comma-separated list of all the
hosts where the message was relayed, in the proper transmis‐
sion order. Each item in this list can be a machine name such
as mail.hp.com or an IP address such as [15.125.38.12]. The
list is derived from the Received: lines present in the mes‐
sage.
Reply-To: Where any reply should be sent. If no Reply-To: field is
present, then the Return-Path is used (with <> stripped out),
or the From: line is parsed to extract the e-mail address of
the author.
Variables
The mailagent supports user-defined variables, which are globals. They
are set via the ASSIGN command and referred to with the %# macro.
Assuming we set a variable host, then %#host would be replaced by the
actual value of the variable. This enables some variable propagation
across the rules.
For example, let's say the user receives cron outputs from various
machines and wishes to save them on a per-machine basis, differentiat‐
ing between daily outputs and weekly ones. Here is a solution:
Subject: /output for host (\w+)/ { ASSIGN host '%1'; REJECT };
Subject: /^Daily output/ { SAVE %#host/daily.%D };
Subject: /^Weekly output/ { SAVE %#host/weekly.%m-%d };
Besides variable interpolation via the %# escape, it is also possible
to perform substitutions and translations on the content of a variable
(or a back-reference, i.e. a number between 1 and 99). The two commands
SUBST and TR will respectively perform in-place substitutions and
translations. In that case however, the name of the variable must be
preceded by a single #. This differentiates the back-reference 1 from
the variable #1, although 1 is a funny name for a variable. The need
for # also prevents the common mistake of writing %#, as mailagent will
loudly complain if the first parameter of SUBST or TR is not a digit
between 1 and 99 or does not start with a #.
Here are some actions to canonicalize the host name into lower case and
strip down the domain name, if any:
{ TR #host /A-Z/a-z/; SUBST #host /^([^.]*)\..*/$1/ };
Those actions are directly translated into their perl equivalent, and
any error in the specification of the regular expression will be
reported.
If the variable name begins with a colon ':', then the variable is made
persistent. That is to say it will keep its value across different
mailagent invocations. The variable is simply stored (with the leading
':' removed) in mailagent's database and is thus subject to the aging
policy set up in the ~/.mailagent.
Within PERL commands or mail hooks using perl (see the MAIL HOOKS sec‐
tion), you can manipulate those (so-called) external variables via a
set of interface functions located in the extern package (i.e. you must
prefix each of the function name with its package name, set becoming
extern'set). The following three interface functions are provided:
val(name) Return the value of the variable name (the leading ':' is not
part of the name, in any of these three interface functions).
set(name, value)
Set the external variable name to hold value. No interpreta‐
tion is done by the function on the actual content of the
value you are providing.
age(name) Returns the age of the variable, i.e. the elapsed time in
seconds since the last modification made by set.
There is currently no way for erasing a variable from the database. But
if you do not use the variable any more, it will be removed when its
age becomes greater than the maximum age specified by the agemax con‐
figuration variable.
Regular Expressions
All the regular expressions follow the V8 syntax, as in perl, with all
the perl extensions. If a bracketing construct (...) is used inside a
rule, then the %digit macro matches the digit's substring held inside
the bracket. All those back-references are memorized on a per-rule
basis, numbered from left to right. However, great care must be taken
when using a back-reference in multiply present selectors, as all the
matches will be performed up-to the first match, and back-references
are computed on the fly while doing pattern matching.
For instance:
To: /(.*)/, Subject: /Output from (\w+)/ { ASSIGN to '%1'; SAVE %2 };
will save the To: field in variable 'to' and save the mail in a folder
derived from the host name specified in the subject. However, if we
say:
Subject: /host (\w+)/, /from (\w+)/ { ASSIGN match '%1' };
then there will be only one back-reference set, and it will come from
the first pattern matching if it succeeds, or from the second. Should
the second or the first pattern have no bracketing construct and still
match, then the back-reference would not be recorded at all, which
means the following is probably not what you want:
Subject: /from/, /host (\w+)/, To: /(.*)/ { SAVE %1; REJECT };
as if the /from/ pattern matches then /host (\w+)/ will not be checked
(identical selectors are or'ed and that is optimized), then %1 would
refer to the To: field whereas if /host (\w+)/ matches, then %1 will be
the host name.
However, this behavior can be used to selectively store a news article
which has been mailed to you in a folder whose name is the newsgroup
name in dot form. Assuming we want to give priority to comp.lang.perl,
we could say:
Newsgroups:
/(comp.lang.perl)/,
/(comp.mail.mh)/,
/(comp.compilers)/,
/([^,]*)/ { SAVE %1 };
An article cross-posted to both comp.lang.perl and comp.mail.mh would
be saved in a comp.lang.perl folder, since this is what would match
first. The last rules takes care of other articles: the folder used
being whatever newsgroup appears first.
There is also a special macro %&, which lists (it's a comma separated
list) all the selectors specified via a regular expression which indeed
matched. For instance:
Re.*: /york/ { ASSIGN which '%&' };
would assign to which the list of all the fields matching the /Re.*/
pattern which contained 'york', be it a Received: field or a Resent-
From: field (as both match the selector specification). Assuming both
those fields contained the word york, the value of %& would be
'Received,Resent-From;' (the fields are alphabetically sorted).
Should you have more than one such specified selector within a single
rule, then it might be worth knowing that all the set of matching
selectors are recorded within %&, each set terminated with a ';'. If a
negated selector is used, then %& will record all the fields which did
not contain the pattern, assuming the selection succeeded (otherwise
nothing is recorded).
Available Actions
The following actions are available as filtering commands. Case is
irrelevant although the recommended style is to spell them upper-cased.
As explained later, most of the actions record their exit status in a
special variable which may be tested via the -t and -f options of
ABORT, REJECT and RESTART. For every command returning such an exit
status, the failure or success conditions are given at the end of each
description. If nothing is specified, then the command does not return
a meaningful status.
ABORT [-tf] [mode]
Abort application of filtering rules immediately. See REJECT
for the meaning of the optional parameters. (Does not modify
existing status)
AFTER [-sanc] (time) action
Records a callback for after the specified time, where action
will be performed. By default, a mailagent filtering action
is assumed (-a option), on the current mail message. A shell
command (-c) may be given instead, receiving the current mail
message as standard input. Finally, a plain shell command may
be run (with no input) using the -s option. The option -n
may be used when the current mail message does not need to be
kept for input. For instance:
AFTER -an (1 day) DO ~/process:proc'run(%u)
would call proc'run defined in the ~/process file in one day
from now, without giving any input (the action here does not
require any).
When running mailagent commands, the initial working mode is
set to _CALLOUT_. This may matter if you call APPLY for
instance. If the recorded time is less or equal than the cur‐
rent time (which is now), the callback will occur when maila‐
gent is done with the messages in its queue, before exiting.
This allows for the following cute trick, found out by Randal
Schwartz:
AFTER (now) # fork a copy I can mangle
STRIP Reply-To \; RESYNC \;
ANNOTATE -du Reply-To %2 \; RESYNC \;
NOTIFY message %r \; DELETE \;
;
Note that the command is not called AT because the call will
only be performed at the next mailagent invocation after the
specified time has elapsed. Dates are specified using the
same format as in SELECT. (Fails if the action cannot be
recorded in the callout queue).
ANNOTATE [-du] field value
Annotate message by adding field into the mail header, with
the supplied value. This is like the MH command anno, but the
annotation is performed at the end of the header, whereas MH
does it at the top. Normally, an extra field is added, with
the current date as field value.
This can be suppressed by using the -d option. If value is
omitted, only the date field is generated (hence it is an
error to use the -d option without supplying a value). As
with all the commands which alter the header, a RESYNC is
necessary for the filter part to actually see the new header.
The -u option means "unique", and prevents ANNOTATE from exe‐
cuting if the specified field is already present in the
header. Don't forget to RESYNC between successive ANNOTATE
commands using this option if the field refers to a previous
ANNOTATE target. (Fails when no annotation takes place)
APPLY rulefile
Get the rules held in rulefile and apply them to the current
message. The filter will begin in whatever mode you were
when using this command, but no feed back will occur, i.e.
any mode changing will be lost when returning from the com‐
mand.
Variables (see the %# macro) are propagated back and forth
through APPLY, meaning you see variables set by the caller,
and you may change their values or create new variables for
the caller to later use.
If mail is saved during the application of the rules, then
the corresponding flag is set in the main filter (the one
that started the APPLY command). You may nest them, of
course. (Fails if mail is not saved by the rules held in
rulefile)
ASSIGN var value
Assign the value to the user-defined variable var, which may
further be accessed as '%#var' for macro substitution or #var
in the TR and SUBST commands in place of the variable name.
Note that there is no leading # in front of the variable
name. The value you provide is first ran through perl to see
if it contains some arithmetic operations. If the evaluation
is successful, the resulting value is used instead. If an
error occurs in this evaluation process, then the literal
value provided is used. To avoid the evaluation, you may
enclose the whole value in simple quotes. Those will be
trimmed before the assignment takes place. If you actually
want simple quotes in the first AND last position, you have
to double each of them. (Does not modify existing status)
BACK command
Execute command and take its output as new actions to be per‐
formed on the mail (hence performing something analogous to
`command` in shell). If there is no output, nothing is done.
BACK commands can be nested, although this may lead to sur‐
prises this manpage will not disclose (but I assure you it
will be funny, assuming we have the same sense of humor...
:-). Note that both the standard output and the standard
error from the command are used.
If the command fails, the output is mailed back to the user
and no action is performed. Furthermore, normal feedback does
not occur here: any output from the command is taken as fil‐
ter actions, which means the semantics of PASS, for instance,
is changed: we do not take a body back but commands. (The
execution status is that of the command)
BEEP [-l] count
This command may be used to tune the amount of beeps emitted
when biffing on the terminal, for each %a expansion. By
default, that amount is set to 1. Using the -l option alters
the beep count locally for the rule. Otherwise, the default
amount is changed.
Note that this simply expands %a into the suitable amount of
Ctrl-G characters. Your terminal must be allowed to issue
consecutive bells for this to work. Very often, terminals
are configured so that the first bell received disables fur‐
ther beeps for some period, to avoid cascades of bells. If
you use xterm for instance, you should use:
xterm -xrm "XTerm*BellSuppressTime: 0"
to enable consecutive bells. Otherwise, xterm will swallow
them during 200 ms, hence making the BEEP command ineffec‐
tive, apparently. (Does not modify existing status)
BEGIN [-ft] state
Enter a new state. An explicit REJECT or RESTART is necessary
to abort the processing of the current rule. The processing
begins in the state INITIAL. If the -f (resp. -t) flag is
specified, then the state change only occurs if the last com‐
mand status indicated a failure (resp. a success). A state
name can contain alphanumeric characters and underscores.
(Does not modify existing status)
BIFF [-l] on|off|path
Allow or disallow biffing dynamically. When biffing is turned
on via the configuration file or via this command, a message
is printed on some of the terminals where the user is logged
when mail is received, as explained under the section MAIL
BIFFING.
Instead of on or off, you can specify a file name (~ substi‐
tution allowed) being the new path to be used for the biffing
format template.
If you use the -l option, changes are made locally, for the
duration of the rule only. If you REJECT to go to some other
rule, your changes will be lost. The global value of the
altered parameters is changed on the first local usage and
restored when a new rule is entered. (Does not alter execu‐
tion status)
BOUNCE address(es)
Bounce the message to the specified address(es) and acts as
if a save had been done. The only difference with FORWARD is
that no Resent-like lines are added to the header. If an
address is specified in double quotes, it is taken as the
name of a file to be loaded to get addresses (one address per
line, shell comments (#) allowed). The file name resolving is
the same as the one used for pattern loading. (Fails if mail
cannot be resent)
DO routine [(arg1, arg2, ... , argn)]
Calls the perl routine, with the supplied arguments if any.
This is a very low level hook into mailagent's internal. The
routine can be specified by itself (package'name, package
being main by default), or identified by a leading tag, fol‐
lowed by a ':', then the routine name as before. The tag can
be a path to a file where the routine is defined, or a com‐
mand name (for user-defined commands which are loaded dynami‐
cally). For instance
DO UNKIT:newcmd'unkit('true')
would lookup the user-defined UNKIT command, load the file
where it is defined (in the newcmd package), then call the
routine with 'true' as argument. The package specified
determines where the loading is done, so be sure it is con‐
sistent with the definition in the file where the routine is
defined. (Fails if the routine cannot be located and exe‐
cuted)
DELETE Delete the current message. Actually, this does not do any‐
thing, it just marks the mail as saved. If no further action
involving saving is done, then the mail will never show up in
the mailbox. (Never fails)
FEED [-be] program
Feed the whole message to a program and get the output back
as the new message. Hence the program appears as a filter for
the whole message. It does not tag the message as having
been saved. A RESYNC is automatically done upon return.
(Returns the status of program)
WARNING: Your program must be able to properly parse a MIME
message and must deal with transfer-encoded bodies by itself.
To make the program task simpler, you can supply the -b
switch wich will let mailagent decode the whole body for you,
suppressing any Content-Transfer-Encoding header (implying
"binary"). This is an invalid message format for sending the
message, but it makes processing easier. You still have to
parse the MIME parts yourself though.
Using -b does not prevent your program from outputing a valid
message back, one that can be possibly sent on the network so
you have two options: either you do not supply any Content-
Transfer-Encoding in the headers, and mailagent will recode
the body for you using the initial transfer encoding present
in the message (a relatively safe option if you make only
changes in the body at well-defined spots without introducing
8-bit chars), or you can supply the Content-Transfer-Encoding
yourself and perform the body encoding manually.
To be completely safe and minimize the work in your program,
the -e switch will let mailagent analyse the message body you
are returning and select the proper transfer encoding auto‐
matically. Since this will cause the whole body to be ana‐
lysed, and it can be potentially huge, that behaviour must be
explicitly asked for. If you need -e then you probably want
-b as well (you can supply both by saying -be naturally).
If you do not supply any switch, mailagent will give you the
message as-is and will get your message as-is without any
additional magic.
FORWARD address(es)
Forward mail to the specified address(es). This acts as if a
save had been done, in order to avoid the DELETE. Usually
when you forward a mail, you do not wish to keep it. The com‐
mand adds Resent-like lines in the header. As for BOUNCE,
file inclusion is possible (i.e. use an address "for‐
ward_list" to forward a mail to all the users listed in the
file forward_list). (Fails if mail cannot be resent)
GIVE program
Give the body of the message to the specified program by
feeding its standard input. Any output is mailed to the user
who runs the mailagent. Note that the message is not tagged
as having been saved. (Returns the status of program)
NOTE: If the message had a body that was encoded for trans‐
port (using one of the base64 or quoted-printable transfer
encoding), mailagent will transparently decode it and supply
a version that can be properly handled. In other words, the
program does not need to care about the body being encoded in
the message, as it will get a plain one. (Since no headers
are supplied, this is the only possible option).
Caution though for MIME messages: you should use PIPE for
them to give a chance to the program to properly handle the
body, but then it needs to be fully MIME-aware.
KEEP header_fields_list
Keeps only the corresponding lines in the header of the mail.
For instance, a "KEEP From To Cc Subject" will keep only the
principal fields from the mail message. This is suitable for
archiving mailing lists messages. You may add a ':' after
each header field name if you wish, but that is not strictly
necessary. Headers may be specified using shell-style regular
expressions, and file inclusion is allowed to get headers
from a file. (Does not modify existing status)
LEAVE Leave incoming mail in the system mailbox. This is the
default action if no rule matched or if no saving occurred.
This is not recommended on Debian systems. (Fails if mail
cannot be saved)
MACRO [-rdp] name [= (value, type)]
Lets you specify user-defined macros, of the form %-(name).
See the paragraph on user-defined macros for explanation
about the available types (SCALAR, EXPR, CONST, FN, PROG,
PROGC). A perl interface to the underlying user macros is
available for your perl commands. The -r option is used to
replace an existing macro (instead of pushing a new instance
on the stack), the -d is to delete all the instances of a
named macro (in that case it takes only the first argument),
and -p pops the last instance of the macro from the stack and
reverts to the previous definition, if any (otherwise, it
acts as -d). If you wish to define a simple SCALAR macro,
you may omit the = (value, type) part and simply continue
with the macro value. (Does not modify existing status)
MESSAGE file
Send message file back to the sender of the message (as
derived from the header of the message). The text of the mes‐
sage is run through the macro substitution mechanism
(described later on). (Fails if message cannot be sent)
NOP [-ft] No operation. If this seems a bit odd, think of it in terms
of a ONCE command. (Does not alter existing status unless -f
or -t is used, in which case it forces a false --failure-- or
true success status)
NOTIFY file address(es)
Send a notification message file to a given address list. The
text of the message is run through the macro substitution
mechanism (described later on). As with FORWARD, file inclu‐
sion for address specification is possible. (Fails if mes‐
sage cannot be sent)
ON (day list) command
Execute the specified filter command only on the specified
day list. That list is a space-separated list of days, speci‐
fied using the English names. Only the first three characters
are taken into account, case-insensitively. Therefore, the
shortest valid day specifications are Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu,
Fri, Sat and Sun.
This command can be used in conjunction with SELECT to do
time-based selective bouncing of messages to, for instance,
your home address:
ON (Mon Tue Wed Thu) SELECT (18:30 .. 23:00) BOUNCE me@home.net;
ON (Fri) SELECT (18:30 .. 23:59) BOUNCE me@home.net;
ON (Sat Sun) BOUNCE me@home.net;
That would bounce messages only on week-ends and during the
week, after 18:30, and until 23:00 (assuming that's bed time,
other messages will be seen at work the next day). Note that
on Fridays, we go as far as 23:59. (Propagates status from
command. If the command is not executed, always return suc‐
cess)
ONCE (name, tag, period) command
Execute the specified filter command once per period. The
name and tag fields are used to record timestamps of the last
ONCE command. More on this later. (Propagates status from
command. If the command is not executed, always return suc‐
cess)
PASS program
Feed the body of the message to the specified program and get
a new body back from the output of the program. Note that
the message is not tagged as having been saved. (Returns the
status of program)
NOTE: If the message had a body that was encoded for trans‐
port (using one of the base64 or quoted-printable transfer
encoding), mailagent will transparently decode it and supply
a version that can be properly handled. The body generated
by the program will then be automatically encoded back using
the same transfer encoding.
Caution though for MIME messages: you should use FEED for
them to give a chance to the program to properly handle the
body, but then it needs to be fully MIME-aware.
PERL script [arguments]
Escape to a perl script to perform some actions on the mes‐
sage. This is fully described further in the manpage, and is
very different from a RUN perl script command. (Returns fail‐
ure if the script did not compile or returned a non-zero sta‐
tus).
PIPE [-b] program
Pipe the whole message to the specified program, but do not
get anything back. Any output is mailed to the user who runs
the mailagent. The message is not tagged as having been
saved in any case, so you must explicitly DELETE it if piping
was enough and it did not fail: "REJECT -f" is your friend
here to avoid unwanted deletion. (Returns the status of pro‐
gram)
WARNING: Your program must be able to properly parse a MIME
message and must deal with transfer-encoded bodies by itself.
To make the program task simpler, you can supply the -b
switch wich will let mailagent decode the whole body for you,
suppressing any Content-Transfer-Encoding header (implying
"binary"). This is an invalid message format for sending the
message, but it makes processing easier. You still have to
parse the MIME parts yourself though.
POST [-lb] newsgroup(s)
Post the message to the specified newsgroup(s) after having
cleaned-up the header: mail-related fields like Received: or
In-Reply-To: are removed, a valid From: line is generated,
the original To: and Cc: are renamed with an X- prefix, the
References: line is updated/generated if necessary based on
existing In-Reply-To, and NNTP-specific fields are stripped
so that the server can add its own.
Running POST successfully acts as a saving.
If the first name is -l as in "POST -l comp.mail.mh", then a
"Distribution: local" header is added to force a local deliv‐
ery. Otherwise, the default inews distribution will be used
(world, usually).
When the -b switch is given, a successful POST will result in
biffing being activated (see section MAIL BIFFING) for the
resulting news article.
If more than one newsgroup is specified, they should be space
separated. It is possible to get a newsgroup list via file
inclusion. (Fails if message cannot be posted)
PROCESS Run the mailagent processing which looks for @SH commands and
executes them. This was described before in the section deal‐
ing with default rules. The action associated by default to
a mail having [Cc]ommand as its subject is PROCESS. (Always
returns success)
PROTECT [-lu] mode
Sets the default protection mode that should be set on cre‐
ated folders (or created files when saving into an MH folder
or a directory). By default, permissions are governed by the
UMASK command, but this lets you override the default. The
specified mode should be preceded by a 0 as in 0644 to give
the familiar octal permissions. Otherwise, it is interpreted
as a decimal number, so beware!
The -l option may be used to specify a mode locally for one
rule. Otherwise, the protection mode is set globally. The -u
option unsets the global (or local when combined with -l)
mode, reverting to the default behaviour where only the umask
is taken into account by the system.
Note that when saving into an MH folder, the PROTECT command
takes precedence over the Msg-Protect field from your
~/.mh_profile file. (Does not alter execution status)
PURIFY program
Feed the header into a program and get new header back.
RESYNC is done automatically upon return. This may be used
to indeed purify the header by removing all the verbose stuff
added by so many mail transport agents (X-400 like lines for
instance). Obviously, this does not flag the message as hav‐
ing been saved. (Returns the status of program)
If your program removes the Content-Transfer-Encoding header
in a MIME message, mailagent will properly transform the mes‐
sage to have a non-encoded body. If you change the value of
the Content-Transfer-Encoding header, mailagent will also
correctly recode the body for you. The only supported encod‐
ings are base64 and quoted-printable.
QUEUE Queue mail again. A successful queuing counts as if mail has
been saved. Mail queued that way will not be processed dur‐
ing the next 30 minutes. Note that unless mailagent is
invoked on a regular basis by cron, the mail will remain in
the queue until another mail arrives. (Fails when mail can‐
not be queued)
RECORD [-acr] [state] [(tag-list)]
Record message in the history and enters state _SEEN_ if the
message was already present there. If the message is recorded
for the first time, processing continues normally. Otherwise
a REJECT is performed. This behavior may be somewhat modified
by using some options. See UNIQUE for a complete description
of the options and arguments. Naturally, when a state is
specified, that overrides the default _SEEN_. A state name
can contain alphanumeric characters and underscores.
When a tag-list (comma-separated list of names) is specified,
the message is only recorded and checked against all those
tags, but only them. Not specifying any tag list means any
occurrence, whether it is tagged or not. See paragraph Using
Tags in Record and Unique for more information. (Returns a
failure status if mail was already recorded)
REJECT [-tf] [state]
Abort execution of current action, and continue matching. If
-t is specified, the reject will occur only if the previous
action was successfully completed (return status of true),
whilst -f would cause the reject only when a failure
occurred. If a state is specified, we enter that state before
rejection. REJECT resets the matching flag, which means that
if no further match occurs, the default action will apply. A
state name can contain alphanumeric characters and under‐
scores. (Does not alter execution status)
REQUIRE file [package]
Behaves like the perl require operator by loading a perl file
into memory. By default, the file is read in the newcmd pack‐
age, but you may specify whatever package you wish to load it
in. This command will only perform the loading once per
(file, package) tuple. Unlike its perl equivalent, the file
"value" is not important, i.e. it does not have to end with a
statement returning a true value. (Fails if file cannot be
loaded)
RESTART [-tf] [state]
Abort execution of current action and restart the matching
process from the beginning. To avoid loops, each rule may be
walked through once in a given state. See REJECT for the
meaning of the optional parameters. RESTART resets the match‐
ing flag, which means that the default action will apply,
should no further match occur. (Does not alter execution
status)
RESYNC Re-synchronize header used for matching with the header of
the mail. This is probably useful only when a SUBST or ANNO‐
TATE command was run. (Does not alter execution status)
NOTE: At RESYNC time, mailagent will check whether the Con‐
tent-Transfer-Encoding header was changed and will transpar‐
ently recode the body if required, so that the whole message
remains valid despite header mangling. It will also take care
of updating Content-Length if required. Whenever you do
change these important headers via SUBST or ANNOTATE, be sure
to call RESYNC before disposing of the message or you run the
risk of saving a corrupted version that will not be properly
understood by your mail user agent.
RUN program
Run the specified program and mail any output to the user who
runs mailagent. This action does not flag the message as
having been saved. (Returns the status of program)
SAVE folder
Save message in the specified folder. If folder name starts
with a '+', it is handled as an MH-style folder and rcvstore
is emulated to deliver the message into that folder. If
folder is a directory, message is delivered in a single file
within that directory. See the FOLDERS section. (Fails if
message cannot be saved)
SELECT (start .. end) command
Execute the command only within the time selection period
specified. Dates can be specified in a wide range of for‐
mats. The output of the date(1) command is an example of a
valid specification. If the date, the year or the month is
missing, then the current one is substituted in place of it.
The following dates are valid specifications: '10:04:25',
'now' ,'April 1 1992', 'Dec 25', 'July 14 1789, 07:40'
(err... it's valid according to the grammar, but it's before
the Epoch so it does not mean anything). Other fancy dates
like 'last month - 5 minutes' or '3 weeks ago' are also
enabled. (Isn't that great to have a real parser? The fil‐
tering rules could have been more elaborated if only I had
known about this Berkeley yacc producing a perl parser...).
(Returns the status of command, if run, otherwise returns
true).
SERVER [-t] [-d disabled commands]
Activate server processing. The body of the message is inter‐
preted as a list of commands to execute. See section GENERIC
MAIL SERVER for more information about the server itself. The
-t option turns the server into trusted mode, where powers
may be gained. The -d option must be followed by a list of
disabled commands, separated by commas with no intervening
spaces between them.
SPLIT [-adeiw] folder
Split a mail in digest format into the specified folder (same
naming conventions as in SAVE). If no folder is specified,
each digest item is queued and will be analyzed as a single
mail by itself. The -d option deletes the digest header. The
-i option means split is done in-place and the original mail
is discarded. All the options may be used simultaneously pro‐
vided they are stuck together at the beginning (option pars‐
ing being really rudimentary).
If the mail is not in digest format and a folder is speci‐
fied, then it is saved in that folder. Otherwise, the SPLIT
action fails and nothing occurs (the filter continues its
processing though). The SPLIT command will correctly burst
RFC-934 digest messages and will try to do its best other‐
wise. If the digest was not RFC-934 compliant and there is a
chance SPLIT might have produced something incorrect, then
the original message is also saved if -i, otherwise it is not
tagged as saved (so that the default LEAVE command may
apply). The -w (watch) requests special care and will detect
every non RFC-934 digest, even when the non-compliance is
otherwise harmless; furthermore, any trailing garbage longer
that 100 bytes will be saved as a digest item by itself.
The -a option annotates every digest item with an X-Digest-
To: header line, which is the concatenation of the To: and
Cc: fields of the original digest message. This may be used
for instance to burst the digest into the queue and then re-
process each of its items according to this added field.
Finally, the -e option will discard the digest header only if
its body is empty (i.e. the moderator did not include any
leading comment). (Returns success if mail was in digest
format and correctly split without any error)
STORE folder
Save message in the specified folder and leave a copy in the
system mailbox. The folder parameter follows the same naming
conventions as in SAVE. Again, because of locking issues,
leaving mail in the mailbox is not recommended on Debian
machines. (Fails if message cannot be saved either in the
folder or in the mailbox)
STRIP header_fields_list
Remove the corresponding lines in the header of the mail. For
instance, a "STRIP Newsgroups Apparently-To" will remove the
appropriate lines to wipe out any Newsgroups: or Apparently-
To: header. You may add a ':' after each header field name if
you wish, but that is not strictly necessary. Headers may be
specified via shell-style regular expressions or via "file"
inclusion. (Does not alter execution status)
SUBST var/header expression
Substitutes the expression on the specified user-defined
variable (name starting with a #) or back-reference (digit),
or header field (optionally ending with ':'). For instance
SUBST #foo /w/y/g
would substitute in user-defined variable foo all the w by y.
See also ASSIGN and TR.
For substitutions on header fields, like:
SUBST Subject: /\[foo\]\s+//;
matching header lines will be reformatted when the substitu‐
tion is successful, which likely means original continuations
will not be preserved. The target of the substitution is the
whole header, with continuations normalized to one space.
You are therefore guaranteed to be independent from the
actual header formatting in the original.
Do not forget to issue a RESYNC after a header field SUBST,
since some routines (like POST) probe into the parsed header
hash table to generate the saved message.
(Fails if error in expression)
TR var/header translation
Perform the translation on the specified variable, back-ref‐
erence or header field. For instance
TR 1 /A-Z/a-z/
would canonicalize content of reference 1 into lowercase.
Successfully transliterated headers are reformatted, even
when their overall size is not changed. See also ASSIGN and
SUBST. (Fails if error in translation)
UMASK [-l] mode
Changes the process's umask to the specified mode, which can
be decimal, octal (if preceded by '0') or hexadecimal (start‐
ing with '0x'). The octal notation is the clearest way to
specify the umask anyway. Aren't rumors saying that octal was
invented for that purpose only? ;-) Use the -l option to
change the umask for the duration of the current action rule
only. Note that the default umask specified in your config
file is used to reset mailagent's umask at the start of each
mail processing. (Does not alter execution status)
UNIQUE [-acr] [state] [(tag-list)]
Record message in the history and tag message as saved if it
was already present there. If the message is recorded for the
first time, processing continues normally. Otherwise a REJECT
is performed. If -r was used, a RESTART is used instead
whilst -a would run an ABORT. For instance, to remove dupli‐
cate messages from mailing lists, run a UNIQUE -a before sav‐
ing the mail. The -c option may be used alone to actually
prevent the command from disturbing the execution flow, and
to later use the return status to see what happened: UNIQUE
returns a failure status if the message was already recorded.
If an optional state argument is given, then the automaton
will enter that state if the mail was previously in the data‐
base. See also RECORD, and the paragraph entitled Using Tags
in Record and Unique for more information about the tag-list.
(Fails if mail was already recorded)
VACATION [-l] on|off|path [period]
Allow or disallow a vacation message. When vacation mode is
turned on via the configuration file, a message is sent when‐
ever the user receives a mail meeting some requirements, as
explained under the section VACATION MODE. One of the condi‐
tions is that the vacation flag modified by this command be
true. This makes it easy to disallow vacation messages, ever,
to a group of people for instance.
Instead of on or off, you can specify a file name (~ substi‐
tution allowed) being the new path to be used for locating
the vacation file. Optionally, you may specify a last param‐
eter, which will be taken as the period to apply when sending
the vacation message. Changes to the vacation message path
are forbidden when the configuration variable vacfixed is set
to ON.
If you use the -l option, changes are made locally, for the
duration of the rule only. If you REJECT to go to some other
rule, your changes will be lost. The global value of the
altered parameters is changed on the first local usage and
restored when a new rule is entered. (Does not alter execu‐
tion status)
WRITE folder
Write the message in the specified folder, removing any pre-
existing folder with the same name. Hence, successive WRITE
commands will overwrite the previous one. This is useful to
store output of system commands ran by cron. Don't try to use
it with an MH folder or a directory folder or it will behave
like SAVE. (Fails if message cannot be written)
Execution Status
Almost all the actions modify a variable which keeps track of the exe‐
cution status (analogous to the $? variable in the shell). This vari‐
able can be tested via the -t or -f option of the REJECT command for
instance. To give but a single example, the SAVE action would return
failed if it could not save the mail in the specified folder. If that
SAVE command was followed by a "REJECT -f FAILED", then the execution
of the current rule would stop and the automaton would continue to ana‐
lyze the mail in the FAILED state.
Some of the actions however do not modify this last execution status.
Typically, those are actions which make decisions based on that status,
or simply actions which may never fail. Those special actions are:
ABORT, ASSIGN, BEGIN, KEEP, MACRO, NOP, REJECT, RESTART, RESYNC, STRIP
and VACATION.
It is unfortunate that ONCE or SELECT commands cannot make the differ‐
ence between a non-execution and a successful execution of the speci‐
fied command. There may be a change in the way this scheme works, but
it should remain backward compatible.
Perl Escape
By using the PERL command, you have the ability to perform filtering
and other sophisticated actions directly in perl. This is really dif‐
ferent from what you could do by feeding your mail to a perl script.
First of all, no extra process is created: the script is loaded
directly into mailagent and compiled in a special package called mail‐
hook. Secondly, you have a perl interface to all the filtering com‐
mands: each filtering action is associated to a perl function (spelled
lower-cased). Finally, some pre-defined variables are set for you by
mailagent.
Before we go any further, please note that as there is no extra process
created, you must not call the perl exit function. Use &exit instead,
so that the exit may be trapped. &exit takes one argument, the exit
code. If you use 0, this is understood as a success, any other value
meaning failure (i.e. the PERL command will return a failure status).
Using the perl exit function directly would kill mailagent and would
probably incur some mail losses.
The scripts used should remain simple. In particular, you should avoid
the use of the package directive or define functions with a package
name other than mailhook (i.e. the package where your script is
loaded). Failure to do so may raise some name clashes with mailagent's
own routines. In particular, avoid the main package. Note that since
the compilation environment is set-up to mailhook, not specifying pack‐
age names in your variables and subroutine is fine (in fact, it's meant
to work that way).
Your script is free to do whatever it wants to the mail. Most of the
time however, you end up using the mailagent primitives to save the
mail or forward it (but you are free to redesign your own and call them
instead, of course). The interface is simple: each function takes but
one argument, a string, which is the arguments to the command, if any.
For instance, in a perl escape script, you would express:
{ SAVE list; FORWARD "users"; FEED ~/bin/newmail -tty; REJECT }
with:
&save('list');
&forward('"users"');
&feed('~/bin/newmail -tty');
&reject;
The rule is simple: each command is replaced by a function call, with
the remaining parameters enclosed in a string, if any. Alternatively,
you may specify parameters as a list: all the arguments you provide are
joined into a big happy string, using a space character as separator.
The macro substitution mechanism is then ran on this resulting argument
string.
Each function returns a boolean success status of the command (i.e. 1
means success). For those functions which usually do not modify the
filter's last execution status variable, a success is always returned.
This makes it possible to (intuitively) write:
&exit(0) if &save('uucp');
&bounce('root') || &save('emergency');
and get the expected result. The mail will be saved in the emergency
folder only when saving in uucp folder failed and the mail could not be
bounced to root.
It is important to understand that these commands have exactly the same
effect on the filtering process when they are run from a perl escape
script or from within the rule file as regular actions. A &reject call
will simply abandon the execution of the current perl script and the
filter automaton will regain control and attempt a new match. But perl
brings you much more power, in particular system calls, control struc‐
tures like if and for, raw regular expressions, etc...
The special perl @INC array (which controls the search path for
require) is slightly modified by prepending mailagent's own private
library path. This leaves the door open for future mailagent library
perl scripts which may be required by the perl script. Furthermore, the
following special variables are set-up by perl before invoking your
script:
@ARGV The arguments of the script, which were given by the
PERL command. This array is set up the exact same way
you would expect it to be set up if you invoked the com‐
mand directly from the shell, excepted that @ARGV[0] is
the name of the script (since you cannot use perl's $0
to get at it; that would give you mailagent's name).
$address The address part of the From: line.
$cc The raw content of the Cc: line.
@cc The list of addresses on the Cc: line, with comments
suppressed.
$envelope The mail envelope, as computed using the first From line
of the message.
$friendly The comment part of the From: line, if any.
$from The content of the From: line, with address and comment
part.
%header This table, indexed by field name, returns the raw con‐
tent on the corresponding header line. See below.
$msgpath The full path name of the folder (or message within an
MH folder) where the last saving operation has occurred.
This is intended to be used if you wish to construct
your own mail reception notification.
$length The message length, in bytes.
$lines The number of lines in the message.
$login The login name of the address on the From: line.
$precedence The content of the Precedence: line, if any at all.
@relayed The list of host names (possibly raw IP addresses if no
DNS mapping) listed in the (computed) Relayed: header
line.
$reply_to The e-mail address where a reply should be sent to, with
comment suppressed.
$sender The sender of the message (may have a comment), derived
in the same way the Sender: line is computed by maila‐
gent.
$subject The subject of the message.
$to The raw content of the To: line.
@to The list of addresses on the To: line, with comments
suppressed.
The associative array %header gives you access to all the fields in the
header of the message. For instance, $to is really the value of
$header{'To'}. The key is specified using a normalized case, i.e. the
first letter of each word is uppercased, the remaining being lower‐
cased. This is independent of the actual physical representation in
the message itself.
The pseudo keys Head, Body and All respectively gives you access to the
raw header of the message, the body and the whole message. The %header
array is really a reference to the mailagent's internal data structure,
so modifying the values will influence the filtering process. For
instance, the SAVE command writes the Head, the X-Filter: line, the end
of header (a single newline) and then the Body (this is an example
only, not a documented feature :-). The =Body= key is special: it is a
Perl reference to a scalar containing the body with any content trans‐
fer encoding removed.
Note that the $msgpath variable holds only a snapshot of the folder
path at the time where the PERL escape was called. If you perform your
own savings in perl, then you need to look at the $main'folder_saved
variable instead to get the up-to-date folder path value.
As a final note, resist the temptation of reading the internals of the
mailagent and directly calling the routines you need. If it is not doc‐
umented in the manual page, it may be changed without notice by any
further patch. (And this does not say that documented features may not
change also... It's just more unlikely, and patches would clearly state
that, of course.)
Program Environment
All the programs started by mailagent via RUN and friends inherit the
following environment variables: HOME, USER and NAME, respectively set
from the configuration parameters home, user and name. If the mailagent
is invoked by the filter, then the PATH is also set according to the
configuration file (if you are using the C filter) or to whatever you
set PATH (if you are using the shell filter).
All the programs are executed from within the home directory. This
includes scripts started via the PERL command and mail hooks. The lat‐
ter will be described in detail further down.
File inclusion
Some commands like FORWARD or KEEP allow you to specify a file name
between double quotes to actually load parameters from this file.
Unless a full path is given, the following method is used to locate the
file: first in the location pointed to by the mailfilter variable if
set, otherwise in maildir and finally in the home directory. Note that
this is not a search path in the sense that if mailfilter is defined
and the file is not there, an error will be reported.
The file should list each parameter (be it an address, a header or a
pattern) on a line by itself. Shell-style comments (#) are allowed
within that file and leading white spaces are trimmed (but not trailing
spaces).
Macros Substitutions
All the commands go through a macro substitution mechanism before being
executed. The following macros are available:
%% A real percent sign
%A The internet address extracted out of the From: field (a.b.c
in u@a.b.c), converted to lower-case.
%C CPU name on which mailagent runs. That is a fully qualified
hostname with the domain name, e.g. lyon.eiffel.com.
%D Day of the week (0-6)
%H Host name (name of the machine on which the mailagent runs),
without any domain name. Always in lower-case, regardless of
the machine name.
%I The internet domain name extracted out of the From: field
(b.c in u@a.b.c), converted to lower-case.
%L Length of the body part, in bytes, with content-transfer-
encoding removed.
%N Full name of the sender (login name if none)
%O The organization name extracted out of the From: field (b in
u@a.b.c), converted to lower-case.
%R Subject of the original message with leading Re: suppressed
%S Re: subject of original message
%T Time of the last modification on mailed file (commands MES‐
SAGE and NOTIFY)
%U Full name of the user
%Y Full year, with four digits (so-called yyyy format)
%_ A white space (useful to put white spaces in single patterns)
%& List of selectors which incurred match (among those specified
via a regular expression such as 'X-*: /foo/i'. If we find
the foo substring in the X-Mailer: header line, then %& will
be set to this value). Values in the list are comma sepa‐
rated.
%~ A null character, wiped out from the resulting string.
%digit Value of the corresponding back reference from the last
match.
%#var Value of user-defined variable var
%=var Value of the mailagent configuration variable var as speci‐
fied in the ~/.mailagent file.
%d Day of the month (01-31)
%e The user's e-mail address (yours!).
%f Contents of the "From:" line, something like %N <%r> or %r
(%N) depending on how the mailer is configured.
%h Hour of the day (00-23)
%i Message ID, if available (otherwise, this is a null string)
%l Number of lines in the message, once content-transfer-encod‐
ing has been removed
%m Month of the year (01-12)
%n Lower-case login name of sender
%o Organization (where mailagent runs)
%r Return address of message
%s Subject of original message
%t Current hour and minute (in HH:MM format)
%u Login name of the user
%y Year (last two digits)
%[To] Value of the header field (here To:)
User-defined Macros
The mailagent lets you define your own macros in two ways: at the fil‐
ter level via the MACRO command, or at the perl level in your own com‐
mands or perl actions.
Once defined, a user macro (say foo) can be substituted by using
%-(foo). In the case of a single-letter macro, that can be optimized
into %-f for instance, i.e. the parenthesis can be omitted.
There are six types of macros:
SCALAR A scalar value is given, e.g: red. The macro's value is the
literal scalar value, no further interpretation is performed
on the data.
EXPR A perl expression will be evaled to get the value, e.g: $red.
Note that the evaluation will be performed within the usrmac
package, so if you are referring to a variable in another
package, it would be wise to specify it, as in $foo'bar.
CONST It's really the same as EXPR, but the value is known to be a
constant. So the first time a substitution is made, the
expression will be evaluated, and then its result is cached.
FN A perl function name (without the leading &), such as
main'do_this. The function will be called with a single
parameter: the name of the macro itself. That leaves the door
open for further user-defined conventions by forcing evalua‐
tion through one single perl function.
PROG A program to run to get the actual value. Only trailing new‐
line is chopped, others are preserved. The program is forked
each time. In the argument list given to the program, %n is
expanded as the macro name we are trying to evaluate. If you
specify that in the filtering rules, don't forget to escape
the first %.
PROGC Same as PROG really, but the program is forked only once and
the value is cached for later perusal.
At the perl level, four functions let you manipulate and define your
macros (all part of the usrmac package):
new(name, value, type)
Replace or create a %-(name) macro. For instance:
new('foo', "$mailhook'header{'X-Foo'}", 'EXPR');
would create a new macro foo that would expand into the value
of an hypothetical X-Foo header.
delete(name)
Delete all values recorded for the macro.
push(name, value, type)
Stack a new macro, creating it if necessary.
pop(name) Remove last macro definition on the stack.
One macro stack is allocated for each macro, so that some kind of crude
dynamic scoping may be implemented. Creating a macro via push is like
taking a local variable in perl, while creating one by new is simply
assigning to a variable. Likely, pop is like exiting a block with a
local variable definition and delete frees all the macro bearing that
name, i.e. it deletes the whole stack.
At the filter level, the MACRO command has three options. By default,
the command defines a new macro by using push, and the other options
each let you access one of the other interface functions. Note that
macro definitions persist across APPLY commands.
User-defined Logging
Most of the time when writing a new mailagent filtering command or an
perl hook, you will have a need for specific logging, either to report
a problem or to keep track of what you are performing.
Normally, logs are appended into the agentlog file by calling
&main'add_log(string) (see subsection General Purpose Routines). For
plain mailagent actions, this is fine.
But mailagent lets you define alternate logging files, referred to by
name. This generic logging interface is defined in the usrlog package:
new(name, file, flag)
Records a new log file known as name and done in file. If the
pathname given for this file is not absolute, it is rooted
under the logdir directory. If flag is set to true, any log‐
ging done to this file will also be copied to the default
system-wide logfile. Nothing is done if a logfile with the
same name has already been defined.
delete(name)
Deletes the logfile known as name. Further logging done to
that file is redirected to the default logfile.
main'usr_log(name, string)
Adds an entry to the logfile name. The default logfile is
known as default and cannot be redefined nor deleted. Note
that this function is available from the main package. Call‐
ing it with name set to the string 'default' is mostly equiv‐
alent to calling directly main'add_log with the notable
exception that the -imailagent option will not be honored in
that case. This may or may not be useful to you.
If you call &main'usr_log with a non-existent logfile name, logging is
redirected to the default system-wide logfile defined in your ~/.maila‐
gent.
Dynamically Loading New Code
In you perl routines (user-defined commands, perl hooks, etc...), you
may feel the need to dynamically load some new code into mailagent. You
have direct access to the internal routine used by mailagent to imple‐
ment the REQUIRE command or load your new filtering commands for exam‐
ple.
Using the so-called dynload interface buys you some extra features:
· The mailagent public library path is automatically prepended to
the @INC array, which lets you define your own system-wide or pri‐
vate perl library files (the private library path is defined by
the perlib configuration variable, the public library path was
defined at installation time).
· Like perl's require, mailagent keeps track of which files were
loaded into which packages and will not reload the same file in
the same package twice.
· It is possible to make sure that a specific function be defined in
the loaded file, with an error reported if this is not the case.
· You benefit from the default logging done by dynload when some
error occurs.
In order to do all this, you call:
&dynload'load(package, file, function)
specifying the package into which you wish to load the file, and
optionally the name of a function that must be defined once the file
has been loaded (leave this field to undef if you do not have such a
constraint). The routine returns undef if the file cannot be loaded
(non-existent file, most probably), 0 if the file was loaded but con‐
tained a syntax error or did not define the specified function, and 1
for success.
Using Once Commands
The ONCE constructs lets you specify a given command to be run once
every period (day, week...). The command is identified by a name and a
tag, the combination of the two being unique. Why not just a single
identifier? Well, that would be fine, but assume you want to send a
message in reply to someone once every week. You could use the e-mail
address of the person as the command identifier. But what if you also
want to send another message to the same address, this time once a
month?
Here is a prototypical usage of a ONCE, which acts like the vacation
program, excepted that it sends a reply only once a day for a given
address:
{ ONCE (%r, message, 1d) MESSAGE ~/.message };
This relies on the macro substitution mechanism to send only once a day
the message held in ~/.message. Do not use the tag vacation, unless you
know what you are doing: this is the tag used internally by mailagent
in vacation mode. Recall that no selector nor pattern is understood as
"Subject: *", hence the rule is always executed because that pattern
always matches.
The timestamps associated with each commands are kept in files under
the Hash directory. The name is used as a hashing key to compute the
name of the file (the two first letters are used). Inside the file,
timestamps are sorted by name, then by tag. Of course, you could say
(inverting tag and name):
{ ONCE (message, %r, 1d) MESSAGE ~/.message };
but that would be likely to be less efficient, as the first hashing
would be done on a fixed word, hence all the timestamps would be
located in the file Hash/m/e (where Hash is the name of your hashing
directory, which is the hash parameter in the configuration file).
Using Tags in Record and Unique
Both the RECORD and UNIQUE commands let you specify a comma-separated
tag list between '(' and ')'. For each tag present in the list, there
is a separate entry in the database associated with the message ID.
When the message is recorded for at least one of the tags, the command
"fails". Not specifying any tags means looking for any occurrence of
that message ID, whether it is tagged or not.
This is very useful when receiving mail cross-posted to distinct mail‐
ing lists and you want to save one instance of the message in each
folder, but still guard against duplicates. You may say:
To Cc: unix-wizards {
UNIQUE (wizards);
SAVE wizards;
REJECT;
};
To Cc: majordomo-users {
UNIQUE (majordomo);
SAVE majordomo;
REJECT;
};
and only one instance of the message will end up in each folder. When
you have folders with conflicting interests, you might use a tag list,
instead of a single tag. For instance, assuming you wish to keep a sin‐
gle copy for messages cross-posted to both dist-users and agent-users,
but have a separate copy if also cross-posted to majordomo-users, then
say:
To Cc: majordomo-users {
UNIQUE (majordomo);
SAVE majordomo;
REJECT;
};
To Cc: dist-users {
UNIQUE (dist, agent);
SAVE dist-users;
REJECT;
};
To Cc: agent-users {
UNIQUE (dist, agent);
SAVE dist-users;
REJECT;
};
If you have some rule using UNIQUE without any tags, it will match when
at least one instance of the message has been recorded, no matter what
tag (if any at all) was used in the first place.
Specifying A Period
The period parameter of the ONCE commands or the vacperiod parameter of
your configuration file has the following format: a number followed by
a modifier. The modifier is an atomic period like a day or a week, the
number is the number of atomic periods the final period should be equal
to. The available modifiers are:
m minute
h hour (60 minutes)
d day (24 hours)
w week (7 days)
M month (30 days)
y year (365 days)
All the periods are converted internally in seconds, although you do
not really care... Examples of valid periods range from "1m" to "136y"
on a 32 bits machine (why ?).
Timeouts
In order to avoid having a mailagent waiting for a command forever, a
maximum execution time of one hour is allowed by default. Past that
amount of time, the child is sent a SIGTERM signal. If it does not die
within the next 30 seconds, a SIGKILL is sent. Output from the program,
if any so far, is mailed back to the user. This default behaviour may
be altered by setting a proper runmax variable in your configuration
file to allow more time for the command to complete.
There is also a filter queue timeout. In order to moderate system load,
the C filter program waits 60 seconds by default (or whatever queuewait
was set to in the config file) before launching mailagent. To avoid
conflicts, messages queued by the first filter (which will then sleep
for queuewait seconds) are not processed by mailagent's -q option until
they are at least queuehold seconds old. Another queue-related parame‐
ter is queuelost, the amount of seconds after which mailagent will flag
messages as "lost" when listing the queue.
Finally, the locking timeout policy may also be configured. By default,
a lock is broken when it is one hour old (configured by the lockhold
variable) and mailagent will only make lockmax attempts, spaced by
lockdelay seconds to acquire the lock. It will then proceed whether or
not it got that lock. If you want a secure locking policy, make sure
lockmax times lockdelay is greater than lockhold, that parameter being
"large" enough.
Avoiding Loops
The mailagent leaves an "X-Filter:" header on each filtered message,
which in turn is used to detect loops. If a message already filtered is
to be processed, the mailagent enters a special state _SEEN_. This
state is special in the sense it is built-in, it is not matched by ALL,
and some actions are not made available, namely: BACK, BOUNCE, FEED,
FORWARD, GIVE, NOTIFY, PASS, PIPE, POST, PURIFY, QUEUE and RUN. Also
note that although the ONCE and SELECT constructs are enabled, they
will not let you execute disallowed commands. Otherwise, the _SEEN_
state behaves like any other state you can select or negate, so a
<!_SEEN_> guard will not select the rule when we are in state _SEEN_.
The _SEEN_ state makes it easy to deal with mails which loop because of
an alias loop you have no control on. If no action is found in the
_SEEN_ state, the mail is left in the mailbox, as usual. Moreover, if
no saving is done, a LEAVE is executed. This is the normal behavior.
The "X-Filter:" header is only added when the message is saved. Actions
such as PIPE or GIVE do not flag the message as being saved and there‐
fore they do not add that header line. You can add one via ANNOTATE if
you wish to prevent loops, in case the program to which you are feeding
the message might return it to you in some strange way.
Message Files
The text of the message to be sent back (for MESSAGE or NOTIFY) is read
from a file and passed through the macro substitution mechanism. The
special macro %T is set to the date of last modification made on that
file. The format is month/day, and the year is added before the month
only if it differs from the current year.
At the head of the message, you may put header lines. Those lines will
overwrite the default supplied lines. That may be useful to change the
default subject or add some additional fields like the name of your
organization. The end of your header is given by the first blank line
encountered. If the top of the message you wish to send looks like a
mail header, you may protect it by adding a blank line at the very top
of the file. This dummy line will be removed from the message and the
whole file will be sent as a body part.
Here is an example of a vacation file. We add a carbon copy as well as
the name of our organization in the header:
Cc: ram
Organization: %o
Precedence: bulk
[Last revision made on %T]
Dear %N:
I've received your mail regarding "%R".
It will be read as soon as I come back from vacation.
Sincerely,
--
%U <%u@%C>
VACATION MODE
When it's time to take some vacation, it is possible to set up maila‐
gent in vacation mode. Every vacperiod, the message vacfile will be
sent back to the user (with macros substitutions) if the user is
explicitly listed in the To or Cc field and if the sender is not a spe‐
cial user (root, uucp, news, daemon, postmaster, newsmaster, usenet,
Mailer-Daemon, Mailer-Agent or nobody). Matches are done in a case
insensitive manner, so MAILER-DAEMON will also be recognized as a spe‐
cial user. Furthermore, any message tagged with a Precedence: field
set to bulk, list or junk will not trigger a vacation message. This
built-in behavior can of course be overloaded by suitable rules (by
testing and issuing the vacation message yourself via MESSAGE).
Internally, mailagent uses a ONCE command tagged (%r, vacation, $vacpe‐
riod). This implies you must not use the vacation tag in your own ONCE
commands, unless you know what you are doing.
Besides, the vacation message is sent only if no "VACATION off" com‐
mands were issued, or if another "VACATION on" overwrote the previous
one. Note that whether a rule matched or not is irrelevant to the algo‐
rithm. By default, of course, the vacation message is allowed when the
vacation configuration parameter is set to on.
If you are not pleased by the fact that a vacation message is sent to
people who addressed you a carbon copy only, then you may write at the
top of your rule file:
Cc: ram { VACATION off; REJECT };
Of course, you have to substitute your own login name in place of ram.
You cannot use the same scheme to allow vacation messages to special
users like root, because the test for "specialness" occurs after the
vacation mode flag. This is construed as a feature as it prevents
stupid mistakes, like using r* instead of ram in the previous rule.
You may also want to setup a different vacation message, meant only for
people in your organization given the sensitive nature of the informa‐
tion revealed ;-). A simple way of doing that is:
From: /^\w+$/, /^\w+@\w+$/, /^[\w.-]+@.*\.hp\.com$/i
{ VACATION ~/.hp_vacation 1w; REJECT HP };
Assuming the domain of my organization is .hp.com and that messages not
bearing any domain are local messages, the above rule sets up the file
~/.hp_vacation, sent once a week, for all HP employees.
The VACATION command will not let you change the message path (but will
allow frequency changes anyway) when the vacfixed configuration vari‐
able is set to ON. This is meant to be used in emergency situations,
when only one vacation message will fit. For instance, when you are on
a sick leave, a simple trigger message to your mailagent from home
could change your ~/.mailagent configuration to force the ~/.i_am_sick
message, regardless of what the various rules have to say. Actually,
this is precisely why this feature was added, amazing... :-)
VARIABLES
The following variables are paid attention to: they may come from the
environment or be set in the rule file:
mailfilter
indicates where loaded patterns are to be looked for, if the
name of the file is not fully qualified. If it is not set,
maildir will be used instead. If maildir is not set either,
the home directory is used.
maildir is the location of your mail folders. Any relative path is
understood as starting from maildir. If it is not set, ~/Mail
is used.
Those variables remain active while in the scope of the rule file.
Should an alternate rule file be used (via rules hook or the APPLY com‐
mand), the current values are propagated to the new rule set unless
overridden in the alternate rule file. In any case, the previous value
is restored when control is transferred back to the previous set of
rules. That is, those variables are dynamically instead of statically
scoped.
AUTOMATIC ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Anywhere in the mail, there can be an @RR left-justified line which
will send back an acknowledgment to the sender of the mail. The @RR may
optionally be followed by an address, in which case the acknowledgment
will be sent to that address instead. In fact (but let's keep that a
secret), this is a way for me to be able to see who runs my mailagent
program and who doesn't...
The sendmail program usually implements such a feature via a Return-
Receipt-To: header line, which sends the whole header back upon suc‐
cessful delivery. However, this is not implemented on all mail trans‐
port agents, and @RR is a good alternative :-).
NOTA BENE
Throughout this manual page, I have always written header fields with
the first letter of each word uppercased, as in Return-Receipt-To. But
RFC-822 does not impose this spelling convention, and a mailer could
legally rewrite the previous field as return-receipt-to (and in fact so
does sendmail in its own private mail queue files).
However, you must always specify the headers in what could be called a
normalized case (for headers anyway). The mailagent will correctly rec‐
ognize cc:, CC: or Cc: in a mail message and will allow you to select
those fields via the normalized Cc: selector. In fact, it operates the
normalization for you, and a cc: selector would not be recognized as
such. Of course, no physical alteration is ever made on the header
itself.
This is also true for headers specified in the STRIP or KEEP command.
If you write STRIP Cc, it will correctly remove any cc: line. Likewise,
if you use regular expressions to specify a selector, Re.*: would match
both original received: and Return-path: fields, internally known
through their normalized representation.
MAIL HOOKS
The mail hooks allow mailagent to transparently invoke some scripts or
perform further processing on the message. Those hooks are activated
via the SAVE, STORE or LEAVE commands. Namely, saving in a folder whose
executable bit is set will raise a special processing. By default, the
folder is taken as a program where the mail should be piped to. If the
"folder" program returns a zero status, then the message is considered
saved by the mailagent. Otherwise, all the processing attached to
failed save commands is started (including emergency saving attempts).
Executable folders provide a transparent way (from the rule file point
of view) to deal with special kind of messages.
In fact, five different types of hooks are available. The first one is
the plain executable folder we have just spoken about. But in fact,
here is what really happens when a saving command detects an executable
folder: the mailagent scans the first line of the folder (in fact, the
first 128 bytes) and looks for something starting with #: and followed
by a single word, describing a special kind of hook. This is similar in
the way the kernel deals with the #! hook in executable programs. If
no #: is found or #: is followed by some garbage, then mailagent
decides it is a simple program and feeds the mail message to this pro‐
gram. End of the story.
But if the #: token is followed (spaces allowed, case is irrelevant) by
one of the following words, then special actions are taken:
rules The file holds a set of mailagent rules which are to be
applied. A new mailagent process is created to actually deal
with those and the exit status is propagated back to the
original mailagent.
audit This is similar in spirit to what Martin Streicher's audit.pl
package does, hence the name of this hook. The special vari‐
ables which are set up by the PERL filter commands are ini‐
tialized and the script is loaded in the special mailhook
package name space, which also gives you an interface to the
mailagent's own routines. You may safely use the exit func‐
tion here, since an extra fork is done. This is the only dif‐
ference between an audit and a perl hook.
deliver Same thing as for the audit hook, but the standard output of
your script is monitored by mailagent and understood as
mailagent filtering commands. Upon successful return, a
mailagent process will be invoked to actually execute those
commands on the message. Again, this is similar in spirit to
Chip Salzenberg's deliver package and gave the name of this
hook.
perl This hook is the same as audit but it is executed without
forking a new mailagent, and you have the perl interface to
mailagent's filtering commands. There is no difference with
the PERL command, because it is implemented that way, by
calling a mailagent and forcing the PERL command to be exe‐
cuted. This is similar in spirit to Larry Wall's famous perl
language and it is responsible for the name of this hook :-).
As mentioned earlier in this manual page, the hook is invoked from with
the home directory specified in your ~/.mailagent (which may differ
from your real home directory, as far as mailagent or mailhook are con‐
cerned).
For those hooks which are finally ran by perl, the special @INC array
has mailagent's own private library path prepended to it, so that
require first looks in this place.
FOLDERS
A folder is a file or a directory which can be the target of a delivery
by the mailagent, that is to say the argument of SAVE-like commands.
Folder Format
By default, mails are written into folders according to the standard
UNIX-style mailbox format: each mail starts with a leading From line
bearing the sender's address and the date. However, by setting the mmdf
parameter from the ~/.mailagent to ON, the mailagent will be able to
save messages in MMDF format: each message is sandwiched between two
lines of four Ctrl-A characters (ASCII code 1) and the leading From
line is removed.
When MMDF mode is activated, each folder will be scanned to see if it
is a UNIX-style or MMDF-style mailbox and the message will be saved
accordingly. When saving to a new folder, the default is to create a
UNIX-style mailbox, unless the mmdfbox configuration variable was set
to ON, in which case the MMDF format prevails.
Note that the MMDF format is also the standard for MH packed folders,
so by enabling the MMDF mode, you can actually deliver directly to
those packed folders. The MH command inc is able to incorporate mail
from either form anyway, i.e. it does not matter whether the folder is
in UNIX format (also called UUCP-style) or in MMDF format.
MH-style folders are also supported. It is mainly a directory in which
messages are stored in individual files. To save directly into an MH
folder, simply prefix the folder name with '+', just as you would do
with MH commands. The unseen sequences specified in your MH profile
(the mhprofile parameter in your ~/.mailagent, default is ~/.mh_pro‐
file) will be correctly updated, as rcvstore would.
When the target folder is a directory, mailagent attempts the delivery
in an individual numbered file. If a prefix file is present (config
parameter msgprefix, default is .msg_prefix), its first line is used to
specify the base name of the message, then a number is appended to give
the name of the message file to use. That is, if there is no such file,
the folder will look like an MH one, without any MH sequence file
though.
Folder Compression
If you have one or more of the widely available file compression utili‐
ties such as compress or gzip in your PATH (as set up by ~/.mailagent),
then you may wish to use folder compression to save some disk space,
especially when you are away for some time and do not want to see your
mail fill-up the filesystem.
To achieve folder compression, you have to set up a file, referred to
by the compress configuration variable. This file must list folder
names, one per line, with blank lines ignored and shell-style (#) com‐
ments allowed. You may use shell-style patterns to specify the folders,
and the match will be attempted on the full pathname of the folder (~
substitution occurs). If you do not specify a pattern starting with a
leading '/' character, then the match will be attempted on the basename
of the folder (i.e. the last component of the folder path). If you want
to compress all your folders, then simply put a single '*' inside this
file.
Mailagent uses the filename extension to determine what compression
scheme is used for a particular folder. The file referred to by the
compspecs configuration variable (default is $spool/compressors) is
used to define the commands that mailagent will use to perform the com‐
press, uncompress, and cat operations for a particular extension.
The compressors file holds lines of the following form:
tag extension compression_prog uncompress_prog cat_prog
where:
tag is the logical name for the compression scheme. This is typ‐
ically the same as the name of the program used to provide
the compression, but could be different for some unforeseen
reason. This must be unique across all records in the file.
extension is the extension to recognize as belonging to the specified
tag. This must be unique across all records in the file.
compression_prog
is the name of the command to run to compress a folder. The
program must replace the uncompressed file with the com‐
pressed one with the extension appended to the filename (like
compress or gzip).
uncompression_prog
is the name of the command to run to uncompress a folder.
The program must replace the compressed file with the uncom‐
pressed one without the extension (like uncompress or gun‐
zip).
cat_prog is the name of the command to output the uncompressed con‐
tents of a compressed folder to stdout (like zcat or gzcat).
The fields are separated by TABS to allow for the use of space charac‐
ters in the command fields.
If the file referred to by the compspecs configuration variable cannot
be accessed for whatever reason, a default entry is hard-wired into
mailagent (knows about both compress and gzip programs):
compress <TAB> .Z <TAB> compress <TAB> uncompress <TAB> zcat
gzip <TAB> .gz <TAB> gzip <TAB> gunzip <TAB> gunzip -c
If you wish to add more compressors, you can copy the default compres‐
sors file from mailagent's private library directory and setup a cor‐
rect entry for your alternate compressor. Keep in mind that the trail‐
ing extension needs to be unique amongst all the listed programs, since
that extension is used to determine the type of compression performed
on the folder.
If the folder is created without any existing compressed form around, a
default compressor is selected for you, as defined by the comptag con‐
figuration variable. That refers to the tag name of the compspecs file,
i.e. the first word on the line (usually the name of the compression
program, but not necessarily).
When attempting delivery, mailagent will check the folder name against
the list of patterns in the compress file. If there is a match, the
folder is flagged as compressed. Then mailagent attempts decompression
if there is already a compressed form (ie. the file has a recognized
filename extension) and if no uncompressed form is present. Delivery
is then made to the uncompressed folder. However, re-compression is not
done immediately, since it is still possible to get messages to that
folder in a single batch delivery. Should disk space become so tight
that decompression of other folders is impossible, mailagent will re-
compress the folders it has already uncompressed. Otherwise, it waits
until the last moment.
If for some reason there is a compressed folder which cannot be decom‐
pressed, mailagent will deliver the mail to the plain folder. Further
delivery to that folder will be faced with both a compressed and a
plain version of the folder, and that will get you a warning in the log
file, but delivery will be made automatically to the plain file.
On newly created folders the comptag configuration variable is refer‐
enced to determine the compression type to use for the folder.
MAIL BIFFING
If you are receiving and processing mail on your own machine, then you
have access to local mail biffing where mailagent can warn you about
new messages and tell you about where they have been saved, printing a
small subset of the header and the first few lines of the body.
To use biffing, all you need is the setting of the few biff parameters
in your ~/.mailagent and make sure biff is set to ON. Actually, this is
the only parameter you need to set to get minimal default biffing be‐
haviour. Don't forget to run the shell command "biff y" on the termi‐
nals where you want to get notification (you may do that on several
ttys, one for each virtual display for instance).
Upon mail reception and saving on a folder or posting to a newsgroup,
mailagent locates all the ttys where you are logged on, then selects
those where biffing was requested, finally emitting a message and mak‐
ing a beeping sound (if your terminal supports this and you are using
the standard format--see below).
Customizing Biffing Output
Should the default format not suit your needs, you may customize the
biffing message freely, setting the biffmsg parameter to point to the
file where the format is stored. Standard macros substitutions will be
performed on your message, the following macro set superseding and com‐
pleting the standard set:
%-A Same as writing %-H, new line, %-B
%-B The body part of the biffing message, with content-transfer-
encoding removed. If the message is a MIME multipart one,
the text/plain part is shown. If only a text/html part is
available, the HTML markup is stripped for biffing.
%-H The header part of the biffing message. If shows only From:,
To: Subject: and Date: headers, or whatever you have set the
biffhead configuration variable to. All headers are showed as
one line of text, regardless of their actual length. There
will be three trailing dots at the end to signal that trunca‐
tion occurred. For a news article (biffing after a POST -b),
the To: and Cc: fields are never shown, even if specified in
biffhead.
%-T Same as %-B, but trimming is activated. The purpose of trim‐
ming is to remove any leading quotation in the message, to
get only the most meaningful part. This assumes the quoting
character is a single non-alphanumeric character. The lead‐
ing attribution line that may introduce the quotation can be
also removed, and a minimum length for the quotation can be
set in the configuration file.
%B The relative path under %d of the message folder, full path
(%p) if not saved under that directory. The newsgroup name
for news articles.
%D The directory where the message is stored. If an MH folder,
this is the folder full path. The home directory is replaced
by a ~. Empty for news articles.
%F The base name (last path component) of the message. For an MH
message, this is the message number. Empty for news arti‐
cles.
%P The folder path. It has the correct semantics for MH and
directory folders, i.e. it points to the folder directory
itself. Otherwise, the same as %p.
%a Alarm characters (^G). May expand to more than one under the
control of the BEEP filtering command. Use %b if you only
want a single bell.
%b A beeping character (^G). As opposed to %a, this only
expands to give one bell.
%d Full path where folders such as the one being saved into are
stored if not qualified (i.e. your MH path for MH folders, of
something like ~/Mail for other folders). Empty for news
articles.
%f Folder where mail was saved, home replaced by ~ for short.
The newsgroup when article was posted for news.
%m A '+' sign if the folder is an MH one, empty otherwise.
%p The full path name (same as %f) of the message, but without
any ~ shortcut. The newsgroup name for news articles.
%t The type of message: usually "mail", but set to "article" for
biffing after a POST command.
You can get the standard macro expansion by using %:f for instance,
since the %f macro is superseded. The %: form lets you obtain the stan‐
dard macro definition anyway, no matter what, so you don't have to
remember whether a given macro is superseded in this context or not.
Besides, it is safer since new macros may be added here without notice.
Note that macros related to the message content all start with %- and
therefore are not conflicting with standard one.
Here is the format you need to use to get the same behaviour as the
default hardwired format:
%b
New %t for %u has arrived in %f:
----
%-A
----%b
Note that the string ...more... appears at the end of the body when it
has not been completely printed out on the screen and the remaining
lines are not blank or similar.
Trimming Leading Quotation
It is a standard practice, when replying to a message, to include an
excerpt of the sentences being replied-to, using a non-alphanumeric
character such as '>' to prefix quoted lines. Something like:
Quoting John Doe:
> This is quoted material.
> Another line from John's mail.
This is part of the reply to John.
The leading "Quoting ..." line, called the attribution line, is
optional and may be missing or take another free form.
However, when biffing, this may be seen as useless noise, especially
nowadays where people freely quote more and more in their replies.
Since the biff message only shows the top lines of the message, it may
be desirable to automatically trim those quoted lines.
Via the %-T macro in the customized biff format, you may request trim‐
ming of the leading quotation material, keeping the attribution line or
not, and even replace trimmed material with a notification that so many
lines have been removed.
All this customization is done from the ~/.mailagent configuration
file, using the bifftrim, bifftrlen and biffquote variables.
You first need to turn trimming on by using a customized biff format
using the %-T macro. By setting bifftrlen to 3, you may request that
only quotations of at least 3 lines be trimmed. Turning bifftrim off
will remove the trimming notification, whilst turning biffquote off
will also strip the attribution line, when present.
For instance, assuming the following settings:
bifftrim : ON
bifftrlen: 2
biffquote: OFF
then the above example would produce the following biffing output
(header of the message not withstanding):
[trimmed 3 lines starting with a leading '>' character & attribution line]
This is part of the reply to John.
because the blank line following the quoted material is counted as
being part of the quotation. The "[trimmed ..]" message can be turned
off by setting bifftrim to OFF.
The trimming algorithm considers the first line of the body to see if
it starts with a non-alphanumeric character. If it does, then all the
following lines starting with that same character, or any blank line is
removed, up to the first non-blank line starting with another charac‐
ter. Optionally, the first line (and that line only) is skipped if the
second one starts with a non-alphanumeric character, and the first line
is taken as being the attribution line.
Using Compact MH-style Biffing
The so-called MH-style biffing is a way of presenting a compacted body
where all the lines are joined together into a big happy string with
successive spaces turned into a single space character. To enable it,
you need to set the biffmh variable to ON.
Since this compacting is output verbatim on the tty, line breaks will
occur randomly and this may make reading difficult. You may request an
automatic reformatting of the compacted body by turning biffnice to ON
and the biff output will fit nicely within the terminal.
Unfortunately, it is not possible to customize the amount of columns
that should be used for formatting: since you may biff to any tty you
are logged on, that would force mailagent to probe the tty for its col‐
umn size, for each possible tty where output may go, and there is no
reliable portable way of doing that. Sorry.
EXTENDING FILTERING COMMANDS
Once you've reached the expert level, and provided you have a fair
knowledge of perl, you may feel the need for more advanced commands
which are not part of the standard set. This section explains how you
can achieve this dynamically, without the need of diving deep inside
the source code.
Once you have extended the filtering command set, you may use those
commands inside the rule file as if they were built-in. You may even
choose to redefine the standard commands if they do not suit you (how‐
ever, if you wish to do that, you should know exactly what you are
doing, or you may start losing some mail or get an unexpected behavior
-- this also voids your warranty :-).
The ability to provide external commands without actually modifying the
main source code is, I believe, a strong point in favor of having a
program written in an interpreted language like perl. This of course
once you have convinced yourself that it is a Good Thing to customize
and extend a program in the same language as the one used for the core,
meaning usually a fairly low-level language with fewer user-friendly
hooks.
Overview
In order to implement a new command, say FOLD, you will need to do the
following:
· Write a perl subroutine to implement the FOLD action and put that
into an external file. Say we write the subroutine fold and we
store that in a fold.pl file. This is naturally the difficult
part, where you need to know some basic things about mailagent
internals.
· Choose where you want to store your fold.pl file. Then check the
syntax with perl -c, just to be sure...
· Edit the newcmd file (as given by the configuration file) to
record your new command. Then make sure this file is tightly pro‐
tected. You must own it, and it should not be writable by any
other individual but you.
· Additionally, you may want to specify whether FOLD is to modify
the existing execution status and whether or not it will be
allowed within the special _SEEN_ state.
· Write some rules using the new FOLD command. This is the easy
part! Note that your command may also be used within perl hooks
as if it were a builtin command (this means there is an interface
function built for you within the mailhook package).
In the following sections, we're going to describe the syntax of the
newcmd file, and we'll then present some low-level internal variables
which may be used when implementing new commands.
New Command File Format
The newcmd file consists of a series of lines, each line describing one
command. Blank lines are ignored and shell-style comments introduced by
the sharp (#) character are allowed.
Each line is formed by 3 principal fields and 2 optional ones; fields
are separated by spaces or tabs. Here is a skeleton:
<cmd_name> <path> <function> <status_flag> <seen_flag>
The cmd_name is the name of the command you wish to add. In our previ‐
ous example, it would be FOLD. The next field, path, tells mailagent
where the file containing the command implementation is located. Say we
store it in ~/mail/cmds/fold.pl. The function field is the name of the
perl function implementing FOLD, which may be found in fold.pl. Here,
we named our function fold. Note that if your function has its name
within the newcmd package, which is the default behavior if you do not
specify any, then there is no need to prefix the function name with the
package. Otherwise, you must use a fully qualified name.
The last two fields are optional, and are boolean values which may be
specified by true or yes to express truth, and false or no to express
falsehood. If status_flag is set to true, then the command will modify
the last execution status variable. If seen_flag is true, then the
command may be used when the filter is in _SEEN_ state. The default
values are respectively true and false.
So in our example, we would have written:
FOLD ~/mail/cmds/fold.pl fold no yes
to allow FOLD even in _SEEN_ state and have it executed without modify‐
ing the current value of the last-command-status variable.
Writing An Implementation
Your perl function will be loaded when needed into the special package
newcmd, so that its own name-space is protected and does not acciden‐
tally conflict with other mailagent routines or variables. When you
need to call the perl interface of some common mailagent functions, you
will have to remember to use the fully qualified routine name, for
instance &mailhook'leave to actually execute the LEAVE command.
(Normally, in PERL hooks, there is no need for this prefixing since the
perl script is loaded in the mailhook package. When you are extending
your mailagent, you should be extra careful however, and it does not
really hurt to use this prefixing. You are free to use the perl package
directive within your function, hence switching to the mailhook package
in the body of the routine but leaving its name in the newcmd package.)
Since mailagent will dynamically load the implementation of your com‐
mand the first time it is run, by loading the specified perl script
into memory and evaluating it, I suggest you put each command implemen‐
tation in a separate file, to avoid storing potentially unneeded code
in memory.
Each command is called with one argument, namely the full command
string as read from the filter rules. Additionally, the special @ARGV
array is set by performing a shell-style parsing of the command line
(which will fail if quotes are mismatched, but then you can do the
parsing by yourself since you get the command line). At the end of
your routine, you must return a failure status, i.e. 0 for success and
1 to signal failure.
Those are your only requirements. You are free to do whatever you want
inside the routine. To ease your task however, some variables are pre-
computed for you, the same ones that are made available within mail
hooks, only they are defined within the newcmd package this time. There
are also a few special variables which you need to know about, and a
set of standard routines you may want to call. Please avoid calling
something which is not documented here, since it may change without
prior notice. If you would like to use one routine and it is not docu‐
mented in this manual page, please let me know.
Each command is called from within an eval construct, so you may safely
use die or call external library routines that use die. If you use
require, be aware that mailagent is setting up a special @INC array by
putting its private library path first, so you may place all your
mailagent-related library files in this place.
Special Variables
The following special variables (some of them marked read-only, meaning
you shouldn't modify them, and indeed you can't) made available
directly within the newcmd package, are pre-set by the filter automa‐
ton, and are used to control the filtering process:
$mfile The base name of the mail file being processed. This
variable is read-only. It is mainly used in log mes‐
sages, as in [$mfile] to tag each log, since a single
mailagent process may deal with multiple messages.
$ever_saved This is a boolean, which should be set to 1 once a suc‐
cessful saving operation has been completed. If at the
end of the filtering, this variable is still 0, then the
default LEAVE will be executed.
$folder_saved The value of that variable governs the $msgpath conve‐
nience variable set for PERL escapes. It is updated
whenever a message is written to a file, to hold the
path of the written file.
$cont This is the continuation status, a variable of the
utmost importance when dealing with the control flow.
Four constants from the main package can be used to
specify whether we should continue with the current rule
($FT_CONT), abandon current rule ($FT_REJECT), restart
filtering from the beginning ($FT_RESTART) or simply
abort processing ($FT_ABORT). More on this later.
$lastcmd The last failure status recorded by the last command
(among those which do modify the execution status). You
should not have to update this by yourself unless you
are implementing some encapsulation for other commands,
like BACK or ONCE, since by default $lastcmd will be set
to the value you return at the end of the command.
$wmode This records the current state of the filter automaton
(working mode), in a literal string form, typically mod‐
ified by the BEGIN command or as a side effect, as in
REJECT for instance.
All the special variables set-up for PERL escapes are also installed
within the newcmd package. Those are $login, %header, etc... You may
peruse them at will.
Other variables you might have a need for are configuration parameters,
held in the ~/.mailagent configuration file. Well, the rule is simple.
The value of each parameter param from the configuration file is held
in variable $cf'param. Variable $main'loglvl is the copy of $cf'level,
since it's always shorter to type in $'loglvl after each call to the
logging routine &add_log.
There is one more variable worth knowing about: $main'FILTER, which is
the suitable X-Filter line that should be appended in all the mail you
send via mailagent, in order to avoid loops. Also when you save mails
to a folder, it's wise adding this line in case a problem arises: you
may then identify the culprit.
Rule Environment
An action might have a legitimate desire of altering the environment
for the scope of one rule only, reverting to the previous value when
exiting the rule. Or you might want to change the value forever.
When we speak about altering the environment, we refer to the one set
up via the configuration file, whose values end-up in the cf package.
Well, some of those variables are copied in the env package before fil‐
tering of a message starts (under the control of the @env'Env array).
All rules should then refer to the version in the env package, and not
in the cf package, to see alterations. Global changes are made by
affecting directly to the variable in the env package, while local
changes are requested by calling the &env'local routine.
For instance, the cf'umask value is copied as env'umask because umask
is held in @env'Env. Global changes are made by setting that copy
directly, while local changes may be made with:
&env'local('umask', 0722);
to set-up a new local value. The first time &env'local is called on a
variable, its value is saved somewhere, and will be restored upon exit‐
ing the scope of the rule. Then the new value is affected to the vari‐
able.
Variables requiring a side effect when their value is changed (such as
the umask variable, which requires a system call to let the kernel see
the change) may specify it by accessing the %env'Spec array, the key
being the name of the variable requiring a side effect, the value being
interpreted as a bit of perl code ran once the original value is
restored. For instance, we say somewhere (in &env'init):
package env;
$Spec{'umask'} = 'umask($umask)';
to update the kernel view when leaving scope. Note that the side effect
is evaluated once the variable has recovered its original value, and
within the env package.
Internally, the &analyze_mail routine calls &env'setup before starting
its processing to initialize the env package, and &env'cleanup at the
end before returning. Before running the actions specified on a rule
match, &apply_rules calls &env'restore to ensure a coherent view of the
environment while running the actions for that particular rule.
Altering Control Flow
When you want to alter control flow to perform a REJECT, a RESTART or
an ABORT, you have three choices. If you wish to control that action
via an option, the same way the standard UNIQUE does (with -c, -r or
-a), you may call &main'alter_execution(option, state) giving it two
parameters: the option letter and the state you wish to change to
before altering the control flow.
You may also want to directly alter the $wmode and $cont variables, but
then you'll have to do your own logging if you want some. Or you may
call low-level routines &main'do_reject, &main'do_restart and
&main'do_abort to perform the corresponding operation (with logging).
Remember that the _SEEN_ state is special and directly handled at the
filter level, and the filter begins in the INITIAL state. The default
action is to continue with the current rule, which is why there is no
routine to perform this task.
The preferred way is to invoke the mailhook interface functions, &mail‐
hook'begin, &mailhook'reject, etc..., and that will work even if you
redefine those functions yourself. Besides, that's the only interface
which is likely not to be changed by new versions.
General Purpose Routines
The following is a list of all the general routines you may wish to
call when performing some low-level tasks. Note that this information
is version-dependent. Since I document them, I'll try to keep them in
new versions, but I cannot guarantee I will not have to slightly change
some of their semantics. There is a good chance you will never have to
worry about that anyway.
&header'format(rfc822-field)
Return a formatted RFC822 field to fit in 78 columns, with
proper continuations introduced by eight spaces.
&header'normalize(rfc822-header-name)
Normalize case in RFC822 header and return the new header
name with every first letter uppercased.
&header'reset
This is part of an RFC822 header validation, mainly used when
splitting a digest. This resets the recognition automaton
(see &header'valid).
&header'valid(line)
Returns a boolean status, indicating if all the lines given
so far to this function since the last &header'reset are part
of a valid RFC822 header. The function understands the first
From line which is part of UNIX mails. At any time, the
variable $header'maybe may be checked to see if so far we
have found at least one essential mail header field.
&main'acs_rqst(file)
Perform a .lock locking on the file, returning 0 on success
and -1 on failure. If an old lock was present, it is removed
(time limit set to one hour). Use &main'free_file to release
the lock.
&main'add_log(string)
Add the string to the logfile. The usual idiom is to postfix
that call with the if $'loglvl > value, where value is the
logging level you wish to have before emitting that kind of
log ($'loglvl is a short form for $main'loglvl).
&main'free_file(file)
Remove a .lock on a file, obtained by &main'acs_rqst. It
returns 0 if the lock was successfully removed, -1 if it was
a stale lock (obtained by someone else).
&main'header_found(file)
Scan the head of a file and try to determine whether there is
a mail header at the beginning or not. Return true if a
header was found.
&main'history_record
Record the message ID of the current message and return 0 if
the message had not been previously seen, 1 if it is a dupli‐
cate.
&main'hostname
Return the value of the hostname, lowercased, with possible
domain name appended to it. The hostname is cached, since
its value must initially be obtained by forking. (see also
&main'myhostname)
&main'internet_info(email-address)
Parse an e-mail internet address and return a three-element
array containing the host, the domain and the country part of
the internet host. For instance, if the address is
user@d.c.b.a, it will return (c, b, a).
&main'login_name(email-address)
Parse the e-mail internet address and return the login name.
&main'macros_subst(*line)
Perform in-place macro substitution (line passed as a type
glob) using the information currently held in the
%main'Header array. Do not pass *_ as a parameter, since
internally macros_subst uses a local variable bearing that
name to perform the substitutions and you would end up with
an unmodified version. If you really want to pass *_, then
you must use the returned value from macros_subst which is
the substituted text, but that's less efficient than having
it modified in place.
&main'makedir(pathname, mode)
Make directory, creating all the intermediate directories
needed to make pathname a valid directory. Has no effect if
the directory already exists. The mode parameter is optional,
0700 is used (octal number) if not specified.
&main'myhostname
Returns the hostname of the current machine, without any
domain name. The hostname is cached, since its value must
initially be obtained by forking.
&main'run_command(filter-command)
Execute the single filter command specified and return the
continuation status, which should normally be affected to the
$cont variable. You will need this routine when trying to
implement commands which encapsulate other commands, like
ONCE or SELECT.
&main'seconds_in_period(period)
Return the number of seconds in the period specified. See
section Specifying A Period to get valid period strings.
&main'shell_command(program, input, feedback)
Run a shell command and return a failure status (0 for OK).
The input parameter may be one of the following constants
(defined in the main package): $NO_INPUT to close standard
input, $BODY_INPUT to pipe the body of the current message,
$MAIL_INPUT to pipe the whole mail as-is, $MAIL_INPUT_BINARY
to pipe the whole mail after having removed any content
transfer-encoding and $HEADER_INPUT to pipe the message
header. The feedback parameter may be one of $FEEDBACK or
$NO_FEEDBACK depending whether or not you wish to use the
standard output to alter the corresponding part of the mes‐
sage. If no feedback is wanted, the output of the command is
mailed back to the user. The $FEEDBACK_ENCODING is handled
like $FEEDBACK but will tell mailagent to look at the best
suitable body encoding when the input is the whole message.
&main'parse_address(rfc822-address)
Parse an RFC822 e-mail address and return a two-elements
array containing the internet address and the comment part of
that address.
&main'xeqte(filter-actions)
Execute a series of actions separated by the ';' character,
calling run_command to actually perform the job. Return the
continuation status. Note that $FT_ABORT will never be
returned, since mailagent usually stops after having executed
one set of actions, only continuing if it saw an RESTART or a
REJECT. What ABORT does is skipping the remaining commands on
the line and exiting as if all the commands had been run. You
could say xeqte is the equivalent of the eval function in
perl, since it interprets a little filter script and returns
control to the caller once finished, and ABORT is perl's die.
You may also use the three functions from the extern package which
manipulate persistent variables (already documented in the section
dealing with variables) as well as the user-defined macro routines.
Example
Writing your own commands is not easy, since it requires some basic
knowledge regarding mailagent internals. However, once you are familiar
with that, it should be relatively straightforward.
Here is a small example. We want to write a command to bounce back a
mail message to the original sender, the way sendmail does, with some
leading text to explain what happened. The command would have the fol‐
lowing syntax:
SENDBACK reason
and we would like that command to modify the existing status, returning
a failure if the mail cannot be bounced back. Since this command actu‐
ally sends something back, we do not want it to be executed in the
_SEEN_ state. Here is my implementation (untested):
sub sendback {
local($cmd_line) = @_;
local($reason) = join(' ', @ARGV[1..$#ARGV]);
unless (open(MAILER, "|/usr/lib/sendmail -odq -t")) {
&'add_log("ERROR cannot run sendmail to send message")
if $'loglvl;
return 1;
}
print MAILER <<EOF;
From: mailagent
To: $header{'Sender'}
Subject: Returned mail: Mailagent failure
$main'FILTER
--- Transcript Of Session
$reason
--- Unsent Message Follows
$header{'All'}
EOF
close MAILER;
$ever_saved = 1; # Don't want it in mailbox
$? == 0 ? 0 : 1; # Failure status
}
Assuming this command is put into ~/mail/cmds/sendback.pl, the line
describing it in the newcmd file would be:
SENDBACK ~/mail/cmds/sendback.pl sendback yes no
Now this command may be used freely in any rule, and will be logged as
a user-defined command by the command dispatcher. Who said it was not
easy to do? :-)
Note the use of the $ever_saved variable to mark the mail as saved once
it has been bounced. Indeed, should the SENDBACK action be the only one
action to be run, we do not want mailagent to LEAVE the mail in the
mailbox because it has never been saved (this default behavior being a
precaution only -- better safe than sorry).
Conclusion
If along the way you imagine some useful commands which could be made
part of the standard command set, please e-mail them to me and I'll
consider integrating them. In the future, I would also like to provide
a standard library of perl scripts to implement some weird commands
which could be needed in special cases.
Note that you may also use the information presented here inside the
perl escape scripts. Via the require operator, it is easy to get the
new command implementation into your script and perform the same task.
You will maybe need to set up @ARGV by yourself if you rely on that
feature in your command implementation.
Command extension can also be viewed as a way to reuse some other perl
code, the mailagent providing a fixed and reliable frame and the exter‐
nal program providing the service. One immediate extension would be
mailing list handling, using this mechanism to interface with some
mailing list management software written in perl.
GENERIC MAIL SERVER
One nice thing about mailagent is that it provides you with the basic
tools to implement a generic mail server. Indeed, via the SERVER com‐
mand, you can process a mail message, extract and then execute some
predefined commands. For instance, you may implement an archive
server, or a mailing list manager, etc...
The major limitation currently is that only plain commands are
accepted, or commands taking some additional info as standard input or
equivalent. There is no notion of modes, with separate command sets for
each mode or limited name-space visibility, at least for now, so it is
not easy (albeit possible) to implement an ftpmail server, for
instance, since this implies the notion of mode.
Overview
In order to implement a mail server command (say send file, which would
send an arbitrary file from the file system in a separate mail mes‐
sage), you need to do the following:
· Think about the command from a security point of view. Here, the
command we want to implement is a potentially dangerous one since
it can give access to any file on the machine the individual run‐
ning mailagent has access to. So we want to restrict that command
to a limited number of trusted people, who will be granted the
power to run this command. More on this later.
· Choose whether you want to implement the command in perl or in
another programming language. If you do the latter, your command
will be known as a shell command (i.e. a command runnable directly
from a shell), while in the former case, you have the choice of
making it appear as a shell command, or have it hooked to the
mailagent in which case it is known as a perl command. In that
last case, your command will be dynamically loaded into mailagent
with all the advantages that brings you. Here, we are going to
write our command as a shell script.
· Write the command itself. That's the most difficult part in this
scheme. Later on, we will see a straightforward implementation of
the send command.
· Edit the comserver file (defined in your ~/.mailagent) to record
your new command. Then make sure this file is tightly protected.
You must own it, and be the only one allowed to modify it.
· Additionally, you may want to hide some of the arguments in the
session transcript (more on this later), allow the command to take
a flow of data as its standard input, assign a path to the com‐
mand, etc... All those parameters take place in your comserver
file.
· Start using the command... which of course is the nicest part in
this scheme!
In the following sections, we'll learn about the syntax of the com‐
server file, what powers are, how the session transcript is built, what
the command environment is, etc...
Builtin Commands Overview
The mail server has a limited set of builtin commands, dealing with
user authentication and command environment settings. User authentica‐
tion is password based and is not extremely strong since passwords are
specified in clear within the mail message itself, which could be eas‐
ily intercepted.
The server maintains the notion of powers. One user may have more than
one power at a time, each power granting only a limited access to some
sensitive area. A few powers are hardwired in the server, but the user
may create new ones when necessary. Those powers are software-enforced,
meaning the command must check for itself whether is has the necessary
power(s) to perform correctly.
Powers are protected by a password and a clearance file. Having the
good password is not enough, you have to be cleared in order to (ab)use
it. The clearance file is a list of e-mail address patterns, using the
shell metacharacters scheme, someone being cleared if and only if his
e-mail address matches at least one of the patterns from the clearance
file. The more use you will make of metacharacters, the weaker this
clearance scheme will be, so be careful.
Your commands and the output resulting from their execution is normally
mailed back to you as a session transcript. For security reasons, pass‐
words are hidden from the command line. Likewise, failure to get a
power will not indicate whether you lacked authorization or whether
your password was bad.
A user with the system power is allowed to create new powers, delete
other powers, change power passwords, and list, remove or change power
clearances. This is somehow an important power which should be detained
by a small number of users with very strict clearance (no meta-charac‐
ters in the address, if possible). A good password should also protect
that power.
However, a user with the system power is not allowed to directly get
another power without specifying its password and being allowed to do
so by the associated clearance file. But it would be possible to
achieve that indirectly by removing the power and creating a new one
bearing the same name. In order to control people with the system power
and also for some tricky situation, there is another more god-like
power: the root power.
A user with the root power can do virtually anything, since it
instantly grants that individual all the powers available on the server
(but security). The only limitation is that root cannot remove the root
power alone. One needs to specify the security password (another hard‐
wired power) in order to proceed. Needless to say, only one individual
should have both root and security clearance, and only one individual
should know the security password and be listed in the clearance file.
The system power cannot harm any of those two powers. Eventually, more
than one user could have the root power, but do not grant that
lightly...
Getting the root power is necessary when system has messed with the
system configuration in an hopeless way, or when a long atomic sequence
of commands has to be issued: root is not subject to the maximum number
of command that can be issued in one single message.
In case you think this mailagent feature is dangerous for your account,
do not create the root and security powers, and do not write any sensi‐
tive commands.
Builtin Commands Definition
Now let's have a look at those builtin commands. Passwords of sensitive
commands will be concealed in the session transcript. Some commands
accept input by reading the mail message up to the EOF marker, which is
a simple EOF string on a line by itself (analogous with shell's here
documents).
addauth power password
Add users to clearance file for power. If the power password
is given, no special power is needed, otherwise the system
power is required. For root or security powers, the corre‐
sponding power is required, or the password must be speci‐
fied. The command reads the standard input up to the EOF
marker to get the new users.
approve password command
Records the password in the command environment, then exe‐
cutes the command. If a power is required and not yet
obtained, the command will look for the password in the envi‐
ronment and try to get the relevant power using that pass‐
word. Hence, approved command (with proper password) will
transparently execute without the hassle of requesting the
power, issuing the command and then releasing the power. It
is up to the command to perform the approve password test by
looking at the approve variable in the command environment
(see below). Since clearance checks (such as those performed
when requesting a power) are not performed, no sensitive com‐
mand should ever deal with the approve construct.
delpower power password [security]
Delete a power from the system, and its associated clearance
list. The system power is required to delete most powers
except root and security. The security power may only be
deleted by itself and the root power may only be deleted when
the security password is also specified.
getauth power password
Get current clearance file for a given power. No special
power required if the password is given or the power is
already detained. Otherwise, the system power is needed for
all powers but root or security where the corresponding power
is mandatory.
newpower power password [alias]
Add a new power to the system. The command then reads the
standard mail input until the EOF marker to get the power
clearance list. The system power is required to create a new
power, unless it's root or security: The security power is
required to create root and the root power is required to
create security.
passwd power old new
Change power password. It does not matter if you already hold
the corresponding power, you must give the proper old pass‐
word. See also the password command.
password power new
Change power password. The corresponding power is required,
or you have to get the system power. To change the root or
security passwords, you need the corresponding power.
power name password
Ask for a new power. Of course, root does not need to request
for any other power but security, less give any password.
This command is not honored when the server is not in trusted
mode, unbeknownst to the user: the error message in the tran‐
script file is no different from the one obtained with an
invalid password.
powers regexp
List all the powers matching the perl regular expression,
along with their respective clearance file. The system power
is required to get the list. The root or security power are
required to get access to the root or security information,
respectively. If no arguments are given, all the powers are
listed.
release power
Get rid of some power.
remauth power password
Remove users from clearance file, getting the list by reading
the standard mail input until the EOF marker. This command
does not require any special power if the proper password is
given or if the power is already detained. Otherwise, the
system power is needed. For root and security clearance, the
corresponding power is needed as well.
set variable value
Set the variable to the corresponding value. Useful to alter
internal variables like the EOF marker value, or change some
command environment. The user may define his own variables
for his commands. For flag-type variable, a value of on, yes
or true sets the variable to 1, any other string sets it to 0
(false). Used all by itself as set, the list of all the
defined variables along with their respective values is
returned.
setauth power password
Replace power clearance file with one obtained from standard
mail input up to the EOF mark. The system power is needed
unless you specify the proper password or the power is
already yours. As usual, root or security clearances can only
be changed when the power is detained.
user [e-mail [command]]
Execute command by assuming the e-mail identity specified.
Powers are lost while executing the command. The e-mail iden‐
tity may be checked by the command itself, which may impose
further restrictions on the execution, like getting user-
defined powers. Note that this command only modifies the
global environment, and that it's up to the command implemen‐
tation to make use of that information. If no command is
specified, the new identity is assumed until changed by
another user command and all the powers currently held by the
user are released. If no e-mail address is given, the origi‐
nal user ID is restored.
Command Environment
There are six types of commands and variables that can be specified in
server mode. Two of them, end and help types are special and handled
separately. Two types var and flag refer to variables and the last two
types perl and shell refer to commands.
Whenever mailagent fires a server command, it sets up an environment
for that command: if it is a perl-type command, then a set of perl
variables are set before loading the command; if it is a shell-type
command, some environment variables are initialized and file descriptor
#3 is set up to point directly to the mailagent session transcript.
A shell-type command is forked, whilst a perl-type command is loaded
directly in mailagent within the cmdenv package. This operates much
like the PERL filtering command, only the target package differs and a
distinct set of variables is preset.
Some commands collect additional data up to an end-of-file marker (by
default the string EOF on a line by itself) and those data are fed to
shell commands via stdin and to perl commands via the @buffer variable
set up in the environment package named cmdenv (in which the command is
loaded and run).
If you define your own variables (types var or flag), you may use the
builtin set command to modify their values. Note that no default value
can be provided when defining your variable. A suitable default value
must be set within commands making use of them, with the advantage that
different default values may be used by different commands.
The following environment variables are defined. Most are read-only,
unless notified otherwise, in which case the builtin set command may be
used on them.
approve The approve password for approve commands, empty if not
within a builtin approve construct.
auth A flag set to true when a valid envelope was found in the
mail message. When this flag is false, the server cannot be
put in trusted mode.
cmd The command line, as written in the message.
collect Internal flag set to true while collecting input from a here-
document. It is normally reset to false before calling the
command.
debug True when debug mode is activated (may be set).
disabled A comma separated list of disabled commands, with no space
between them. This is initialized when the SERVER command is
invoked and the -d option is used.
eof The current end-of-file marker for here-document commands. By
default set to 'EOF' (may be changed).
errors Number of errors so far.
jobnum The job number assigned to the current mailagent.
log What was logged in the transcript, with some args possibly
concealed.
name The command name.
pack Packing mode for file sending (may be set).
path Destination address for file sending or notification (may be
set).
powers A colon (:) separated list of powers the user currently has
successfully requested and got.
requests Number of requests processed so far.
trace True when shell commands want to be traced in transcript (may
be set).
trusted True when server is in trust mode, where powers may be
gained. This is activated by the -t option of the SERVER com‐
mand, provided a valid mail envelope was found.
uid Address of the sender of the message, where transcript is to
be sent. By extension, the real user ID for the server, which
is the base of the power clearance mechanism.
user The effective user ID, originally the same as the uid, but
may be changed via the user builtin command.
Session Transcript
A session transcript is mailed back automatically to the user who
requested a server access. This transcript shows the commands ran by
the user and their status: OK or FAILED. Between those two lines, the
transcript show any output explicitly made by the command to the tran‐
script. Typically, the transcript may be used to forward error messages
back to the user, but even commands executing correctly may want to
issue an explicit message, stating what has just been done.
A perl command may access the transcript via the MAILER file handle,
defined in the cmdenv package, whilst a shell command may access it via
its file descriptor #3.
Note that the session transcript is mailed to the sender of the mes‐
sage, i.e. whoever the envelope header line says it is. As far as the
server is concerned, this e-mail address is used as the user ID, just
like a plain login name can be thought of as the user id. For sensitive
commands, authentication based on that information is really weak. A
more "secure" authentication is provided by the server powers, which is
password-based. Unfortunately, the clear password has to be transmitted
in the message itself and could be eavesdropped.
Recording New Commands and Variables
Server commands and variables are defined in the comserver file defined
in your ~/.mailagent. The format of the file is that of a table with
items on a row separated by tabs characters. Each line defines one com‐
mand or variable. Any irrelevant field may be entered as a single '-'
(minus) character. The format allows for shell-style (#) comments.
Each row has the following fields:
name type hide collect-data path extra
where:
name is the name of the command or variable as recognized by
the server.
type is one of perl, shell, var, flag, help or end.
hide indicates which arguments in the command are to be hid‐
den (the command name being argument zero) in the ses‐
sion transcript. Use '-' if no arguments need to be hid‐
den. Typically, this is used to hide clear passwords in
commands. If more than one argument has to be hidden,
then a list of numbers separated by a ',' (comma) may be
specified, with no spaces between them. For instance
'2,4' would hide arguments 2 and 4 in the transcript.
collect-data is a flag (specify as either 'y' or 'n', but you may use
complete words 'yes' or 'no') indicating whether the
command collects additional data in a here-document
until the EOF marker. Alternatively, you may specify '-'
in place of 'n'.
path specifies the path of the command (~name substitution
allowed). If not relevant (e.g. when defining a vari‐
able) or when you want to leave it blank, use '-'. If a
blank path is specified for a perl or shell command,
then the implementation of that command is expected to
be found in servdir, as defined in ~/.mailagent. If the
command name is cmd for instance, then perl command are
expected there in a file named cmd of cmd.pl, whereas
shell commands are expected to be found in a cmd of
cmd.sh file. Note that a command is disabled if it can‐
not be located at the time the comserver file is parsed.
extra is any extra parameter needed for the command. Unlike
other fields, this should be left blank if not needed.
Anything up to the end of the line is grabbed by this
field. Perl commands should specify the name of the perl
function to call to execute the command; if none is
specified, the name of the command itself is called.
Shell commands may use that field to supply additional
options, which will be inserted right after the command
name and before any other user-supplied arguments. Oth‐
ers should leave this alone.
Special Command Types
There are currently two special command types.
The simplest is the end type. This is used to specify commands which
may end the server processing. By default, processing continues until
the end of the file is reached or a signature delimiter '--' is found.
For instance, you may wish to define the command quit and give it the
end type. As soon as the server reaches that command, it aborts pro‐
cessing and discards the remaining of the message.
The help type is usually attached to an help command and prints help on
a command basis, help for each command being stored under the helpdir
variable (defined in your ~/.mailagent) in a file bearing the same name
as the command itself. For example, assuming a command shoot, its help
file would be expected in helpdir/shoot. If no file is found there,
mailagent looks in its public library (/usr/share/mailagent) for an
help file. Help is provided only when the help file exists and is not
zero-sized.
Creating the Root Power
In order to bootstrap the server, you need to create the root power.
All the other powers may then be created by using the server interface,
which ensures consistency and logs your actions. If you don't plan
using powers at all, you may skip that section.
First, you need to pick up a good password for the root power. Someone
with the root power can do virtually anything with the server, so be
careful. Let's assume you choose root-pass as a password.
Edit passwd (defined in your ~/.mailagent) and add the following line:
root:<root-pass>:
i.e. enter the password in clear between '<' and '>'. It won't stay in
that form for long, but this is the easiest way to bootstrap it. Pro‐
tect the passwd file tightly (read-write permissions only for you).
Then create a powerdir/root file, protect it the same way and add your
e-mail address to it, on a line by itself. That must be the address
that will show up in the From: line of your mails. Since clearance
files support shell-style patterns, you may use login@*domain.top to
allow mails from your login from any machine in your domain.
You are almost done. Now simply issue the following command:
mailagent-i -e 'SERVER -t'
and feed its standard input with:
From your e-mail address
From: your e-mail address
power root root-pass
password root root-pass
^D
Note that the first From line is mandatory here, since it's the enve‐
lope on which authentication is based. Since we're feeding mailagent
with an handcrafted message, we must provide a valid envelope or the
server will not switch into trusted mode...
The side effect of re-instantiating your password will be to crypt it
in the passwd file, so that anybody looking at that file cannot guess
your root password, hopefully.
Once you have a valid root power installed, you may create the system
power by using newpower. Further powers may then be created and deleted
using the system power only.
You should also create the security power and give it a different pass‐
word than the root password. This is really needed only if you wish to
remotely administrate the server. If you have local access and things
get corrupted, it's always possible to change the root password manu‐
ally by repeating this bootstrapping sequence.
Note that clearance checks are made using the envelope address of the
message, which is a little harder to forge than plain header fields
like Sender:. The envelope is extracted by looking at the first header
line, which on Unix systems looks like:
From envelope-address send-date
and is inserted by the mail transport agent (MTA). If you are using
sendmail as the MTA, then only trusted users declared in the send‐
mail.cf file are able to create a "fake" envelope address, a feature
typically used by mailing list dispatchers, since that address is then
used as the bounce target in case the mail cannot be delivered. If
that first header line is absent, the sender is computed using the
Sender: field if present, then the From: field, but the auth variable
is set to false and the server will not switch into trusted mode; in
other words, it will not be possible to gain powers in that session.
Moreover, since the session transcript is sent to that same envelope
address used to authenticate the eligibility for a power, the server
feature can hardly be used to retrieve confidential information held at
the site where the mailagent is run since the information would be sent
to one of the users cleared for that power. It is the responsibility of
you, the user, to make sure this cannot happen or you could get into
legal troubles.
Finally, sensitive commands should be protected by a proper power, and
great care should be taken in writing the command implementation to
ensure the security cannot be circumvented. But no, this mailagent fea‐
ture is not believed to be dangerous for the system or site it is used
on, since a determined user could implement one trivially via a five
line shell script. If security is really an issue, .forward files
using the piping feature should be prohibited and access to cron for‐
bidden in order to avoid automatic mail processing (since it would be
possible to have cron invoke a mailagent process -or any other program
for that matter- to process the incoming mail in a comparable way).
Example
Here is an example showing the steps involved in creating a shell com‐
mand, which would take a script by collecting lines until an EOF mark
and feed it to a real shell for execution. Since allowing this feature
without any safeguards would be a real security hole, we protect that
by requesting the power shell before allowing the execution.
Here is my implementation of the shell command (available in the maila‐
gent distribution under misc/shell):
#!/bin/sh
# Execute commands from stdin, as transmitted by the mailagent server.
# File descriptor #3 is a channel to the session transcript.
# Make sure we have the shell power.
# Don't even allow the root power to bypass that for security reasons.
case ":$powers:" in
*:shell:*) ;;
*)
echo "Permission denied." >&3
exit 1
;;
esac
# Perhaps a shell was defined... Otherwise, use /bin/sh
case "$shell" in
'') shell='/bin/sh';;
esac
# Normally, a shell command has its output included in the transcript only in
# case of error or when the user requests the trace. Here however, we need to
# see what happened, so everything is redirected to the session transcript.
exec $shell -x >&3 2>&3
Note how we make access to the $powers and $shell environment variable.
That last one is user-defined to allow dynamic set-up of a shell.
Assuming we store that command under servdir/shell.sh (don't forget to
add the execution bit on the file...), here is how we declare it and
its variable in the comserver file.
shell shell - y -
shell var - - -
This example shows that there is a separate name-space for variables
and commands. Moreover, the command bears the same name as its type --
don't let that confuse you :-).
Now, assuming you have already created a system power and protected it
with a password (let's assume sys-pass for the purpose of this exam‐
ple), you need to create the shell power. Although you could do it man‐
ually (like when you handcrafted the root power), it's better to use
the SERVER interface since it ensures consistency.
In order to create the shell power required to use the newly created
shell command, you need to add the following rule to your rule file:
Subject: Server { SAVE server; SERVER -t };
which will save all server mail in a dedicated folder and process them.
Note the -t option, which allows trusted mode, in which powers may be
gained. Now send yourself the following mail:
Subject: Server
power system sys-pass
newpower shell shell-pass
ram@acri.fr
EOF
which requests for the system power (needed to created most powers),
and then creates a new power shell, assigning shell-pass as its pass‐
word and clearing ram@acri.fr for it. Note the here-document fill-in
for the newpower command, up to the EOF marker. Of course, you need to
replace the address by your real address.
You will receive a session transcript along these lines:
---- Mailagent session transcript for ram@acri.fr ----
----> power system ********
OK.
====> newpower shell ********
OK.
====> --
End of processing (.signature)
---- End of mailagent session transcript ----
Note the concealed passwords, and the prompt change once the system
power has been granted. Since my mailer automatically appends a signa‐
ture, the processing stops on it.
Now let's use this new command... Send yourself the following mail:
Subject: Server
set shell /bin/ksh
set eof END
shell
ls -l /etc/passwd
END
power shell shell-pass
shell
ls -l /etc/passwd
END
If you everything is right, you should receive back a transcript look‐
ing like this:
---- Mailagent session transcript for ram@acri.fr ----
----> set shell /bin/ksh
OK.
----> set eof END
OK.
----> shell
Permission denied.
Command returned a non-zero status (1).
FAILED.
----> power shell ********
OK.
====> shell
+ ls -l /etc/passwd
-rw-r--r-- 1 root system 691 Oct 01 14:24 /etc/passwd
OK.
====> --
End of processing (.signature)
---- End of mailagent session transcript ----
The first invocation of the shell command fails since we lack the shell
power. The string "Permission denied." is echoed by the command itself
into file descriptor #3 and makes it to the transcript.
Conclusion
The generic mail server implemented in mailagent can be used to imple‐
ment a mailing list manager, a vote server, an archive server, etc...
Unfortunately, it does not currently have the notion of state, with a
command set dedicated to each state, so it is not possible to implement
an intelligent archive server.
If you implement new simple server commands and feel they are generic
enough to be contributed, please send them to me and I will gladly
integrate them.
EXAMPLES
Here are some examples of rule files. First, if you do not specify a
rule file or if it is empty, the following built-in rule applies:
All: /^Subject: [Cc]ommand/ { LEAVE; PROCESS };
Every mail is left in the mailbox. Besides, mail with "Subject: Com‐
mand" anywhere in the message are processed.
The following rule file is the one I am currently using:
maildir = ~/mail;
All: /^Subject: [Cc]ommand/ { SAVE cmds; PROCESS };
To: /^gue@eiffel.fr/ { POST -l mail.gue };
Apparently-To: ram,
Newsgroups: mail.gue { BOUNCE gue@eiffel.fr };
<_SEEN_>
Apparently-To: ram,
Newsgroups: mail.gue { DELETE };
From: root, To: root { BEGIN ROOT; REJECT };
<ROOT> /^Daily run output/ { WRITE ~/var/log/york/daily.%D };
<ROOT> /^Weekly run output/ { WRITE ~/var/log/york/weekly };
<ROOT> /^Monthly run output/ { WRITE ~/var/log/york/monthly };
From: ram { BEGIN RAM; REJECT };
<RAM> To: ram { LEAVE };
<RAM> X-Mailer: /mailagent/ { LEAVE };
<RAM> { DELETE };
The folder directory is set to ~/mail. All command mails are saved in
the folder ~/mail/cmds and processed. They do not show up in my mail‐
box. Mails directed to the gue mailing list (French Eiffel's Users
Group, namely Groupe des Utilisateurs Eiffel) are posted on the local
newsgroup mail.gue and do not appear in my mailbox either. Any follow-
up made on this group is mailed to me by inews (and not directly to the
mailing list, because those mails would get back to me again and be fed
to the newsgroup, which in turn would have them mailed back to the
list, and so on, and so forth). Hence the next rule which catches
those follow-ups and bounces them to the mailing list. Those mails will
indeed come back, but the _SEEN_ rule will simply delete them.
On my machine, the mails for root are forwarded to me. However, every‐
day, the cron daemon starts some processes to do some administration
clean-up (rotating log files, etc...), and mails the results back. They
are redirected into specific folders with the WRITE command, to ensure
they do not grow up without limit. Note the macro substitution for the
daily output (on Mondays, the output is stored in daily.1 for
instance).
The next group of rules prevents the mail system from sending back
mails when I am in a group alias expansion. This is a sendmail option
which I disabled on my machine. Care is taken however to keep mails
coming from the mailagent which I receive as a blind carbon copy.
CAVEAT
In order to limit the load overhead on the system, only one mailagent
process is allowed to run the commands. If some new mail arrives while
another mailagent is running, that mail is queued and will be processed
later by the main mailagent.
For the same reason, messages sent back by mailagent are queued by
sendmail, to avoid the cost of mail transfer while processing commands.
SECURITY
First, let me discuss what security means here. It does not mean system
safety against intruder attacks. If your system allows .forward hooks
and/or cron jobs to be set by regular users, then your system is not
secure at all. Period. So we're not bothering with security at the sys‐
tem level, but rather at your own account level where all sort of pre‐
cious data is held.
To avoid any pernicious intrusion via Trojan horses, the C filter will
refuse to run if the configuration file ~/.mailagent or the rule file
specified are world writable or not owned by the user. Those tests are
enforced even if the filter does not run setuid, because they compro‐
mise the security of your account. The mailagent will also perform
some of those checks, in case it is not invoked via the C filter.
Indeed, if someone can write into your ~/.mailagent file, then he can
easily change your rules configuration parameter to point to another
faked rule file and then send you a mail, which will trigger mailagent,
running as you. Via the RUN command, this potential intruder could run
any command, using your privileges, and could set a Trojan horse for
later perusal. Applying the same logic, the rule file must also be pro‐
tected tightly.
And, no surprise, the same rules apply for your newcmd file, which is
used to describe extended filtering commands. Otherwise it would allow
someone to quietly redefine a commonly used standard command like LEAVE
and later be able to assume your identity.
Versions after 3.0 PL44 come with an improved (from a security point of
view) C filter that will not only perform the aforementionned checks
but will also ensure that the perl executable and the mailagent script
it is about to exec are not loosely protected (when execsafe is ON or
when running with superuser privileges). Furthermore, if the filter is
set up in your .forward as described in this man page, it will be able
to check itself for safety and will warn you loundly if it can be tam‐
pered with, which could defeat all security checks.
Mailagent was also extended so that all programs executed via RUN and
friends, as well as mail hooks, are checked for obvious protection
flaws before being actually run Interpreted scripts (starting with the
#! magic token) and perl scripts following the magic "exec perl if
$under_shell" incantation are specially checked for further security of
the relevant interpretor. Those checks are performed systematically
(when execsafe is ON or when running with superuser privileges) even if
the secure parameter was not set to ON. Also, all files about to be
exec()ed are checked using the same extended check method used when
secure is ON (ownership tests are skipped however when checking for
exec()-ness of a file).
FILES
~/.mailagent configuration file for mailagent.
~/agent.trace trace dump from a PROCESS command when error cannot
be mailed back.
~/mbox.filter mailbox used by filter in case of error
~/mbox.urgent mailbox used by mailagent in case of error
~/mbox.<username> mailbox used if writing access is denied in the
mail spool directory
/usr/share/mailagent/mailagent
directory holding templates and samples.
Log/agentlog mailagent's log file.
Spool/agent.wait list of mails waiting to be processed and stored
outside of mailagent's queue directory. Even when
logically empty, this file is kept around and still
holds one blank line to reserve a block on the
filesystem.
Queue/qmXXXXX mail spooled by filter.
Queue/fmXXXXX mail spooled by mailagent.
Queue/cmXXXXX mail spooled by the AFTER command.
Hash/X/Y hash files used by RECORD, UNIQUE, ONCE commands
and vacation mode.
BUGS
There is a small chance that mail arrives while the main mailagent is
about to finish its processing. That mail will be queued and not pro‐
cessed until another mail arrives (the main mailagent always processes
the queue after having dealt with the message that invoked it).
A version number must currently contain a dot. Moreover, an old system
(i.e. a system with an o in the patches column) must have a version
number, so that mailagent can compute the name of the directory holding
the patches.
The lock file is deliberately ignored when -q option is used (in fact,
it is ignored whenever an option is specified). This may result in
having mails processed more than once.
Mailagent is at the mercy of any perl bug, and there is little I can do
about it. Some spurious warnings may be emitted by the data-loaded ver‐
sion, although they do not appear with the plain version.
Parsing of the rule file should be done by a real parser and not lexi‐
cally. Or at least, it should be possible to escape otherwise meaning‐
ful characters like ';' or '}' within the rules.
AUTHOR
Raphael Manfredi <Raphael_Manfredi@pobox.com>.
SEE ALSOmaildist(1), mailhelp(1), maillist(1), mailpatch(1), perl(1).
Version 3.1-64 MAILAGENT(1)
