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SENDMAIL(8)							   SENDMAIL(8)

NAME
       sendmail - send mail over the internet

SYNOPSIS
       /usr/lib/sendmail [ flags ] [ address ...  ]

       newaliases

       mailq [ -v ]

DESCRIPTION
       The sendmail utility sends a message to one or more recipients, routing
       the message  over  whatever  networks  are  necessary.	It  also  does
       internetwork  forwarding	 as  necessary	to  deliver the message to the
       correct place.

       The sendmail utility is not intended as a user interface routine; other
       programs	 provide  user-friendly	 front	ends; sendmail is used only to
       deliver pre-formatted messages.

       If given no flags, sendmail reads its standard input up to  an  end-of-
       file  or a line consisting only of a single dot and sends a copy of the
       message found there to all of the addresses listed.  It determines  the
       network(s) to use based on the syntax and contents of the addresses.

       Local  addresses	 are  looked  up  in a file and aliased appropriately.
       Aliasing can be prevented by preceding the address  with	 a  backslash.
       Normally	 the  sender is not included in any alias expansions, e.g., if
       ``john'' sends to ``group,'' and ``group''  includes  ``john''  in  the
       expansion, then the letter will not be delivered to ``john.''

       Sendmail	 needs	a  configuration  file	which  tells it how to rewrite
       addresses and where to deliver  messages.   The	default	 configuration
       file  is located in /etc/sendmail/sendmail.cf, but can be overridden by
       setting the sendmail.cf property of the	/locations/sendmail  directory
       in NetInfo to a different file name.

       Flags are:

       -ba	   Go  into ARPANET mode.  All input lines must end with a CR-
		   LF, and all messages will be generated with a CR-LF at  the
		   end.	  Also,	 the  ``From:''	 and  ``Sender:''  fields  are
		   examined for the name of the sender.

       -bd	   Run as a daemon.  This requires Berkeley IPC.  The sendmail
		   daemon will fork and run in background, listening on socket
		   25 for incoming SMTP connections.   This  is	 normally  run
		   from /etc/rc.

       -bi	   Initialize the alias database.

       -bm	   Deliver mail in the usual way (default).

       -bp	   Print a listing of the queue.

       -bs	   Use	the  SMTP  protocol as described in RFC821 on standard
		   input and output.  This flag implies all the operations  of
		   the -ba flag that are compatible with SMTP.

       -bt	   Run	in  address  test mode.	 This mode reads addresses and
		   shows the steps  in	parsing;  it  is  used	for  debugging
		   configuration tables.

       -bv	   Verify  names  only	—  do  not try to collect or deliver a
		   message.  Verify mode is normally used for validating users
		   or mailing lists.

       -Cfile	   Use	alternate  configuration  file.	  The sendmail utility
		   refuses to run as root if an alternate  configuration  file
		   is specified.

       -dX.Y	   Set the debugging flag X to level Y.

       -Ffullname  Set the full name of the sender.

       -fname	   Sets	 the  name of the ``from'' person (i.e., the sender of
		   the mail).  The -f flag can only  be	 used  by  ``trusted''
		   users (normally root, daemon, and network) or if the person
		   you are trying to become is the same as the person you are.

       -hN	   Set the hop count to N.  The hop count is incremented every
		   time	 the  mail is processed.  When it reaches a limit, the
		   mail is returned with an error message, the	victim	of  an
		   aliasing  loop.   If	 not specified, ``Received:'' lines in
		   the message are counted.

       -Mmessageid Used together with the -q flag  to  only  process  messages
		   with the specified ID.

       -n	   Don't do aliasing.

       -oxvalue	   Set option x to the specified value.	 Options are described
		   below.

       -q[time]	   Process saved messages in the queue at given intervals.  If
		   time	 is omitted, process the queue once.  Time is given as
		   a tagged number, with  ``s''	 being	seconds,  ``m''	 being
		   minutes,  ``h''  being  hours,  ``d'' being days, and ``w''
		   being weeks.	 For example, ``-q1h30m'' or  ``-q90m''	 would
		   both	 set  the timeout to one hour thirty minutes.  If time
		   is specified, sendmail will run in background.  This option
		   can be used safely with -bd.

       -Rrecipient Used	 in  combination  with	the  -q	 flag  to only process
		   messages destined to the specified recipient.

       -rname	   An alternate and obsolete form of the -f flag.

       -t	   Read message for recipients.	 To:, Cc:, and Bcc: lines will
		   be  scanned for recipient addresses.	 The Bcc: line will be
		   deleted before transmission.	 Any addresses in the argument
		   list	 will  be  suppressed,	that is, they will not receive
		   copies even if listed in the message header.

       -v	   Go into verbose mode.  Alias expansions will be  announced,
		   etc.

       There  are  also	 a  number  of	processing  options  that  may be set.
       Normally these will only be used by a  system  administrator.   Options
       may  be	set  either  on	 the  command line using the -o flag or in the
       configuration file.  These are described	 in  detail  in	 the  Sendmail
       Installation and Operation Guide.  The options are:

       Afile	   Use alternate alias file.

       aminutes	   Maximum time to wait for aliases database to be rebuilt.

       Bchar	   Character to use instead of spaces (blanks) in addresses.

       c	   On mailers that are considered ``expensive'' to connect to,
		   don't  initiate  immediate	connection.    This   requires
		   queueing.

       dx	   Set	the  delivery mode to x.  Delivery modes are ``i'' for
		   interactive (synchronous) delivery,	``b''  for  background
		   (asynchronous)  delivery,  and ``q'' for queue only - i.e.,
		   actual delivery is done the next time the queue is run.

       D	   Try	to  rebuild  the  alias	 database   automatically   if
		   necessary.

       ex	   Set	error  processing to mode x.  Valid modes are ``m'' to
		   mail back the error message, ``w'' to  ``write''  back  the
		   error  message (or mail it back if the sender is not logged
		   in), ``p'' to print the errors on the  terminal  (default),
		   ``q''  to  throw  away  error messages (only exit status is
		   returned), and ``e''	 to  do	 special  processing  for  the
		   BerkNet.   If the text of the message is not mailed back by
		   modes ``m'' or ``w'' and if the sender  is  local  to  this
		   machine,  a	copy  of  the  message is appended to the file
		   ``dead.letter'' in the sender's home directory.

       Fmode	   The mode to use when creating temporary files.

       f	   Save UNIX-style From lines at the front of messages.

       gN	   The default group id to use when calling mailers.

       Hfile	   The SMTP help file.

       i	   Do not take dots on a  line	by  themselves	as  a  message
		   terminator.

       kN	   Checkpoint  the  queue  files  after every N deliveries.  A
		   gross hack to avoid sending duplicate messages if  sendmail
		   crashes  when  delivering a message to a very large list of
		   recipients.

       Ln	   The log level.

       Mxvalue	   Set the macro x to the specified value.

       m	   Send to ``me'' (the sender)	also  if  I  am	 in  an	 alias
		   expansion.

       n	   Check  that all aliases are deliverable when rebuilding the
		   alias database.

       o	   If set, this message may have old style  headers.   If  not
		   set,	 this  message is guaranteed to have new style headers
		   (i.e., commas instead of  spaces  between  addresses).   If
		   set,	 an  adaptive  algorithm  is  used that will correctly
		   determine the header format in most cases.

       pN	   Be sure that no more than N processes are  running  on  the
		   local   system  before  accepting  a	 connection  from  the
		   Internet.  Deferred connections are serviced as soon as the
		   process  count  falls  to an acceptable level.  This option
		   provides a way to avoid thrashing if	 the  mail  server  is
		   subject  to	bursts	of  high load.	It is useful only when
		   running in daemon  mode.   Paddress	Send  a	 copy  of  the
		   headers  of	each  message  that  sendmail  returns	to the
		   specified address (typically ``Postmaster'').

       Qqueuedir   Select the directory in which to queue messages.

       rtimeout	   The timeout on reads; if none is set,  sendmail  will  wait
		   forever  for	 a  mailer.  This option violates the word (if
		   not the intent) of the SMTP specification, so  the  timeout
		   should probably be fairly large.

       Sfile	   Save statistics in the named file.

       s	   Always instantiate the queue file, even under circumstances
		   where it is not strictly necessary.	This  provides	safety
		   against system crashes during delivery.

       Ttime	   Set the timeout on undelivered messages in the queue to the
		   specified time.  After delivery has failed  (e.g.,  because
		   of  a  host	being  down)  for  this amount of time, failed
		   messages will be returned to the sender.   The  default  is
		   three days.

       tstz,dtz	   Set the name of the time zone.

       uN	   Set the default user id for mailers.

       v	   Run in verbose mode.

       xN	   Start  to  automatically  queue all messages when machine's
		   the load average exceeds the specified number.

       XN	   Start to automatically reject any new SMTP connections when
		   the machine's load average exceeds the specified number.

       yN	   Recipient  priority	factor.	  Each	message's  priority is
		   increased with N points for each of its recipients.

       Yaliasmap   Sets an alternate name for the NIS alias map.

       zN	   Class  priority  factor.   Each   message's	 priority   is
		   increased with N times its class value points.

       ZN	   Time priority factor.  Each message's priority is increased
		   with N points each time it's processed.

       In aliases, the first character of a name may  be  a  vertical  bar  to
       cause  interpretation  of the rest of the name as a command to which to
       pipe the mail.  It may be necessary to quote the name to keep  sendmail
       from  suppressing  the  blanks  from between arguments.	For example, a
       common alias is:

	    msgs: "|/usr/ucb/msgs -s"

       Aliases may also have the syntax ``:include:filename'' to ask  sendmail
       to read the named file for a list of recipients.	 For example, an alias
       such as:

	    poets: ":include:/usr/local/lib/poets.list"

       would read /usr/local/lib/poets.list for the list of  addresses	making
       up the group.

       The  sendmail  utility  returns	an exit status describing what it did.
       The codes are defined in <sysexits.h>
	  EX_OK		   Successful completion on all addresses.
	  EX_NOUSER	   User name not recognized.
	  EX_UNAVAILABLE   Catchall  meaning  necessary	 resources  were   not
			   available.
	  EX_SYNTAX	   Syntax error in address.
	  EX_SOFTWARE	   Internal software error, including bad arguments.
	  EX_OSERR	   Temporary  operating	 system error, such as “cannot
			   fork”.
	  EX_NOHOST	   Host name not recognized.
	  EX_TEMPFAIL	   Message could not  be  sent	immediately,  but  was
			   queued.

       If invoked as newaliases, sendmail will rebuild the alias database.  If
       invoked as mailq, sendmail will print the contents of the mail queue.

FILES
       /etc/sendmail/aliases	     raw data for alias names
       /etc/sendmail/aliases.pag
       /etc/sendmail/aliases.dir     data base of alias names
       /etc/sendmail/sendmail.cf     configuration file
       /usr/lib/sendmail.hf	     help file
       /usr/lib/sendmail.st	     collected statistics
       /usr/spool/mqueue/*	     temp files

SEE ALSO
       binmail(1),  mail(1),  rmail(1),	 syslog(3),  aliases(5),  mailaddr(7),
       rc(8);
       DARPA Internet Request For Comments RFC819, RFC821, RFC822.

4th Berkeley Distribution	 May 22, 1986			   SENDMAIL(8)
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