MKHYBRID(8)MKHYBRID(8)NAMEmkhybrid - create an hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystem with optional
Rock Ridge attributes.
SYNOPSISmkhybrid [-a] [-abstract FILE] [-biblio FILE] [-b boot_image] [-c
boot_catalog] [-copyright FILE] [-A application_id] [-f] [-d] [-D]
[-hide glob] [-hide-list file] [-hide-joliet glob] [-hide-joliet-list
file] [-J] [-l] [-L] [-log-file log_file]
[-no-split-symlink-components] [-no-split-symlink-fields] [-path-list
file] [-p preparer] [-print-size] [-P publisher] [-quiet] [-r] [-R]
[-sysid ID] [-T | -table-name TABLE_NAME] [-v] [-V volid] [-volset ID]
[-volset-size #] [-volset-seqno #] [-x path] [-z] [-m glob] [-hfs |
-apple] [-map mapping_file] [-magic magic_file] [-no-mac-files]
[-probe] [-no-desktop] [-mac-name] [-boot-hfs-file driver_file [-part]
[-auto AutoStart_file] [-cluster-size size] [-hide-hfs glob]
[-hide-hfs-list file] [-hfs-volid hfs_volid] [-hfs-bless folder_name]
[--cap] [--netatalk] [--double] [--ethershare] [--ushare] [--exchange]
[--sgi] [--xinet] [--macbin] [--single] -o filename pathspec [pathspec]
DESCRIPTIONmkhybrid is effectively a pre-mastering program to generate an
HFS/ISO9660/JOLIET hybrid filesystem. It is based on mkisofs(1) and
will generate a pure ISO9660 filesystem unless the HFS hybrid command
line options are given.
mkhybrid can generate a true (or shared) HFS hybrid filesystem. The
same files are seen as HFS files when accessed from a Macintosh and as
ISO9660 files when accessed from other machines. HFS stands for
Hierarchical File System and is the native file system used on
Macintosh computers.
As an alternative, mkhybrid can generate the Apple Entensions to
ISO9660 for each file. These extensions provide each file with CREATOR,
TYPE and certain Finder Flags when accessed from a Macintosh. See the
MACINTOSH FILE FORMATS section below.
mkhybrid takes a snapshot of a given directory tree, and generates a
binary image which will correspond to an ISO9660 or HFS filesystem when
written to a block device.
mkhybrid is also capable of generating the System Use Sharing Protocol
records specified by the Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol. This is used
to further describe the files in the iso9660 filesystem to a unix host,
and provides information such as longer filenames, uid/gid, posix
permissions, and block and character devices.
Each file written to the iso9660 filesystem must have a filename in the
8.3 format (8 characters, period, 3 characters, all upper case), even
if Rock Ridge is in use. This filename is used on systems that are not
able to make use of the Rock Ridge extensions (such as MS-DOS), and
each filename in each directory must be different from the other
filenames in the same directory. mkhybrid generally tries to form
correct names by forcing the unix filename to upper case and truncating
as required, but often times this yields unsatisfactory results when
there are cases where the truncated names are not all unique. mkhybrid
assigns weightings to each filename, and if two names that are
otherwise the same are found the name with the lower priority is
renamed to have a 3 digit number as an extension (where the number is
guaranteed to be unique). An example of this would be the files
foo.bar and foo.bar.~1~ - the file foo.bar.~1~ would be written as
FOO.000;1 and the file foo.bar would be written as FOO.BAR;1
When used with the HFS options, mkhybrid will attempt to recognise
files stored in a number of Apple/Unix file formats and will copy the
data and resource forks as well as any relevant finder information. See
the MACINTOSH FILE FORMATS section below for more about formats
mkhybrid supports.
Note that mkhybrid is not designed to communicate with the writer
directly. Most writers have proprietary command sets which vary from
one manufacturer to another, and you need a specialized tool to
actually burn the disk. The cdwrite utility is one such tool that runs
under Linux and performs this task. The latest version of cdwrite is
capable of communicating with Phillips/IMS/Kodak, HP and Yamaha drives.
Most writers come with some version of DOS software that allows a
direct image copy of an iso9660 image to the writer. The current
version of cdwrite is available from
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/utils/disk-management/cdwrite-2.0.tar.gz Note
that cdwrite has not been actively maintained in recent times.
The cdrecord utility is another utility capable of burning an actual
disc. The latest version of cdrecord is available from
ftp://ftp.fokus.gmd.de/pub/unix/cdrecord Cdrecord is under constant
development.
Also you should know that most cd writers are very particular about
timing. Once you start to burn a disc, you cannot let their buffer
empty before you are done, or you will end up with a corrupt disc.
Thus it is critical that you be able to maintain an uninterrupted data
stream to the writer for the entire time that the disc is being
written.
pathspec is the path of the directory tree to be copied into the
iso9660 filesystem. Multiple paths can be specified, and mkhybrid will
merge the files found in all of the specified path components to form
the cdrom image.
It is possible to graft the paths at points other than the root
directory, and it is possible to graft files or directories onto the
cdrom image with names different than what they have in the source
filesystem. This is easiest to illustrate with a couple of examples.
Let's start by assuming that a local file ../old.lis exists, and you
wish to include it in the cdrom image.
foo/bar/=../old.lis
will include the file old.lis in the cdrom image at /foo/bar/old.lis,
while
foo/bar/xxx=../old.lis
will include the file old.lis in the cdrom image at /foo/bar/xxx. The
same sort of syntax can be used with directories as well. mkhybrid
will create any directories required such that the graft points exist
on the cdrom image - the directories do not need to appear in one of
the paths. Any directories that are created on the fly like this will
have permissions 0555 and appear to be owned by the person running
mkhybrid. If you wish other permissions or owners of the intermediate
directories, the easiest solution is to create real directories in the
path such that mkhybrid doesn't have to invent them.
mkhybrid will also run on Win9X/NT4 machines when compiled with Cygnus'
cygwin (available from http://sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/). Therefore
most references in this man page to Unix can be replaced with Win32.
OPTIONS-a Include all files on the iso9660 filesystem. Normally files
that contain the characters '~' or '#' will not be included
(these are typically backup files for editors under unix).
-abstract FILE
Specifies the abstract file name. This parameter can also be
set in the file .mkisofsrc with ABST=filename. If specified in
both places, the command line version is used.
-A application_id
Specifies a text string that will be written into the volume
header. This should describe the application that will be on
the disc. There is space on the disc for 128 characters of
information. This parameter can also be set in the file
.mkisofsrc with APPI=id. If specified in both places, the
command line version is used.
-biblio FILE
Specifies the bibliographic file name. This parameter can also
be set in the file .mkisofsrc with BIBLO=filename. If specified
in both places, the command line version is used.
-b boot_image
Specifies the path and filename of the boot image to be used
when making an "El Torito" bootable CD. The pathname must be
relative to the source path specified to mkhybrid. This option
is required to make a bootable CD. The boot image must be
exactly the size of one of a 1.2, 1.44, or 2.88 MB floppy, or of
a 2 KB CD sector, and mkhybrid will use this size when creating
the output iso9660 filesystem. If the boot file is 2 KB long, a
no-emulation boot CD will be created, and the whole 2 KB will be
read on boot. If the boot file is a floppy image, then only the
first 512-byte sector will be read from the boot image (it is
emulating a normal floppy drive). This will work, for example,
if the boot image is a LILO-based boot floppy.
-C last_sess_start,next_sess_start
This option is needed when mkisofs is used to create the image
of a second session or a higher level session for a multi
session disk. The option -C takes a pair of two numbers
separated by a comma. The first number is the sector number of
the first sector in the last session of the disk that should be
appended to. The second number is the starting sector number of
the new session. The expected pair of numbers may be retrieved
by calling cdrecord -msinfo ... the -C option may only be uses
in conjunction with the -M option.
-c boot_catalog
Specifies the path and filename of the boot catalog to be used
when making an "El Torito" bootable CD. The pathname must be
relative to the source path specified to mkhybrid. This option
is required to make a bootable CD. This file will be created by
mkhybrid in the source filesystem, so be sure the specified
filename does not conflict with an existing file, as it will be
quietly overwritten! Usually a name like "boot.catalog" is
chosen.
-copyright FILE
Specifies the Copyright file name. This parameter can also be
set in the file .mkisofsrc with COPY=filename. If specified in
both places, the command line version is used.
-d Omit trailing period from files that do not have a period. This
violates the ISO9660 standard, but it happens to work on many
systems. Use with caution.
-D Do not use deep directory relocation, and instead just pack them
in the way we see them. This violates the ISO9660 standard, but
it works on many systems. Use with caution.
-f Follow symbolic links when generating the filesystem. When this
option is not in use, symbolic links will be entered using Rock
Ridge if enabled, otherwise the file will be ignored.
-hide glob
Hide glob from being seen on the ISO9660 or Rock Ridge
directory. glob is a shell wild-card-style pattern that must
match any part of the filename or path. Multiple globs may be
hidden (up to 1000). If glob matches a directory, then the
contents of that directory will be hidden. All the hidden files
will still be written to the output CD image file. Should be
used with the -hide-joliet option.
-hide-list file
A file containing a list of globs to be hidden as above.
-hide-joliet glob
Hide glob from being seen on the Joliet directory. glob is a
shell wild-card-style pattern that must match any part of the
filename or path. Multiple globs may be hidden (up to 1000).
If glob matches a directory, then the contents of that directory
will be hidden. All the hidden files will still be written to
the output CD image file. Should be used with the -hide option.
-hide-joliet-list file
A file containing a list of globs to be hidden as above.
-l Allow full 32 character filenames. Normally the ISO9660
filename will be in an 8.3 format which is compatible with
MS-DOS, even though the ISO9660 standard allows filenames of up
to 32 characters. If you use this option, the disc may be
difficult to use on a MS-DOS system, but this comes in handy on
some other systems (such as the Amiga). Use with caution.
-J Generate Joliet directory records in addition to regular iso9660
file names. This is primarily useful when the discs are to be
used on Windows-NT or Windows-95 machines. The Joliet
filenames are specified in Unicode and each path component can
be up to 64 Unicode characters long.
-L Allow filenames to begin with a period. Usually, a leading dot
is replaced with an underscore in order to maintain MS-DOS
compatibility.
-log-file log_file
Redirect all error, warning and informational messages to
log_file instead of the standard error.
-m glob
Exclude glob from being written to CDROM. glob is a shell
wild-card-style pattern that must match part of the filename
(not the path as with option -x). Technically glob is matched
against the d->d_name part of the directory entry. Multiple
globs may be excluded (up to 1000). Example:
mkhybrid-o rom -m '*.o' -m core -m foobar
would exclude all files ending in ".o", called "core" or
"foobar" to be copied to CDROM. Note that if you had a directory
called "foobar" it too (and of course all its descendants) would
be excluded.
NOTE: The -m and -x option description should both be updated,
they are wrong. Both now work identical and use filename
globbing. A file is exluded if either the last component matches
or the whole path matches.
-exclude-list file
A file containing a list of globs to be exclude as above.
-M path
or
-M device
Specifies path to existing iso9660 image to be merged. The
alternate form takes a SCSI device specifier that uses the same
syntax as the dev= parameter of cdrecord. The output of mkhybrid
will be a new session which should get written to the end of the
image specified in -M. Typically this requires multi-session
capability for the recorder and cdrom drive that you are
attempting to write this image to. This option may only be used
in conjunction with the -C option.
-N Omit version numbers from ISO9660 file names. This may violate
the ISO9660 standard, but no one really uses the version numbers
anyway. Use with caution.
-no-split-symlink-components
Don't split the SL components, but begin a new Continuation Area
(CE) instead. This may waste some space, but the SunOS 4.1.4
cdrom driver has a bug in reading split SL components (link_size
= component_size instead of link_size += component_size).
-no-split-symlink-fields
Don't split the SL fields, but begin a new Continuation Area
(CE) instead. This may waste some space, but the SunOS 4.1.4 and
Solaris 2.5.1 cdrom driver have a bug in reading split SL fields
(a `/' can be dropped).
-o filename
is the name of the file to which the iso9660 filesystem image
should be written. This can be a disk file, a tape drive, or it
can correspond directly to the device name of the optical disc
writer. If not specified, stdout is used. Note that the output
can also be a block special device for a regular disk drive, in
which case the disk partition can be mounted and examined to
ensure that the premastering was done correctly.
-path-list file
A file containing a list of filespec directories and filenames
to be added to the ISO9660 filesystem. This list of filespecs
are processed after any that appear on the command line. If the
argument is -, then the list is read from the standard input.
-P publisher_id
Specifies a text string that will be written into the volume
header. This should describe the publisher of the CDROM,
usually with a mailing address and phone number. There is space
on the disc for 128 characters of information. This parameter
can also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with PUBL=. If specified
in both places, the command line version is used.
-p preparer_id
Specifies a text string that will be written into the volume
header. This should describe the preparer of the CDROM, usually
with a mailing address and phone number. There is space on the
disc for 128 characters of information. This parameter can also
be set in the file .mkisofsrc with PREP=. If specified in both
places, the command line version is used.
-print-size
Print estimated filesystem size and exit. This option is needed
for Disk At Once mode and with some CD-R drives when piping
directly into cdrecord. In this case it is needed to know the
size of the filesystem before the actual CD-creation is done.
The option -print-size allows to get this size from a "dry-run"
before the CD is actually written.
-quiet This makes mkhybrid even less verbose. No progress output will
be provided.
-R Generate SUSP and RR records using the Rock Ridge protocol to
further describe the files on the iso9660 filesystem.
-r This is like the -R option, but file ownership and modes are set
to more useful values. The uid and gid are set to zero, because
they are usually only useful on the author's system, and not
useful to the client. All the file read bits are set true, so
that files and directories are globally readable on the client.
If any execute bit is set for a file, set all of the execute
bits, so that executables are globally executable on the client.
If any search bit is set for a directory, set all of the search
bits, so that directories are globally searchable on the client.
All write bits are cleared, because the CD-Rom will be mounted
read-only in any case. If any of the special mode bits are set,
clear them, because file locks are not useful on a read-only
file system, and set-id bits are not desirable for uid 0 or gid
0. When used on Win32, the execute bit is set on all files.
-sysid ID
Specifies the system ID. This parameter can also be set in the
file .mkisofsrc with SYSI=system_id. If specified in both
places, the command line version is used.
-T Generate a file TRANS.TBL in each directory on the CDROM, which
can be used on non-Rock Ridge capable systems to help establish
the correct file names. There is also information present in
the file that indicates the major and minor numbers for block
and character devices, and each symlink has the name of the link
file given.
-table-name TABLE_NAME
Alternative translation table file name (see above). Implies the
-T option.
-V volid
Specifies the volume ID (volume name or label) to be written
into the master block. This parameter can also be set in the
file .mkisofsrc with VOLI=id. If specified in both places, the
command line version is used. Note that if you assign a volume
ID, this is the name that will be used as the mount point used
by the Solaris volume management system and the name that is
assigned to the disc on a Windows or Mac platform.
-volset ID
Specifies the volset ID. This parameter can also be set in the
file .mkisofsrc with VOLS=volset_id. If specified in both
places, the command line version is used.
-volset-size #
Sets the volume set size to #. The volume set size is the
number of CD's that are in a CD set. The -volset-size option
may be used to create CD's that are part of e.g. a Operation
System installation set of CD's. The option -volset-size must
be specified before -volset-seqno on each command line.
-volset-seqno #
Sets the volume set sequence number to #. The volume set
sequence number is the index number of the current CD in a CD
set. The option -volset-size must be specified before
-volset-seqno on each command line.
-v Verbose execution. If given twice on the command line, extra
debug information will be printed.
-x path
Exclude path from being written to CDROM. path must be the
complete pathname that results from concatenating the pathname
given as command line argument and the path relative to this
directory. Multiple paths may be excluded (up to 1000).
Example:
mkhybrid-o cd -x /local/dir1 -x /local/dir2 /local
NOTE: The -m and -x option description should both be updated,
they are wrong. Both now work identical and use filename
globbing. A file is exluded if either the last component matches
or the whole path matches.
-z Generate special SUSP records for transparently compressed
files. This is only of use and interest for hosts that support
transparent decompression. This is an experimental feature, and
no hosts yet support this, but there are ALPHA patches for Linux
that can make use of this feature.
HFS OPTIONS-hfs Create an ISO9660/HFS hybrid CD. By default, all source files
are checked to attempt to recognise files stored in one of the
known Apple/Unix file formats. See the MACINTOSH FILE FORMATS
section below for more about these formats
-apple Create an ISO9660 CD with Apple's extensions. Similar to the
-hfs option, except that the Apple Extensions to ISO9660 are
added instead of creating an HFS hybrid volume.
-map mapping_file
Use the mapping_file to set the CREATOR and TYPE information for
a file based on the filename's extension. A filename is mapped
only if it is not one of the know Apple/Unix file formats. See
the CREATOR/TYPE section below.
-magic magic_file
The CREATOR and TYPE information is set by using a file's magic
number (usually the first few bytes of a file). The magic_file
is only used if a file is not one of the known Apple/Unix file
formats, or the filename extension has not been mapped using the
-map option. See the CREATOR/TYPE section below for more
details.
-no-mac-files
Disables searching for Apple/Unix files. This will speed up
processing if there are none of the known Apple/Unix format
files in the source directory trees (the source directories just
contain ordinary files). The -map and/or -magic option can be
used to set the CREATOR and TYPE for each file.
-probe Search the contents of files for Apple/Unix file formats. When
-hfs or -apple is used, mkhybrid will attempt to work out
automatically what type of Apple/Unix format each file is.
However, the only way to check for MacBinary and AppleSingle
files is to open and read them. Therefore, if MacBinary or
AppleSingle format files are being used, then you need to give
this option. This saves opening and searching every file if no
MacBinary and/or AppleSingle files exist. Or you could use the
relevant double dash options given below.
-no-desktop
Do not create (empty) Desktop files. New HFS Desktop files will
be created when the CD is used on a Macintosh (and stored in the
System Folder). By default, empty Desktop files are added to
the HFS volume.
-mac-name
Use the HFS filename as the starting point for the ISO9660,
Joliet and Rock Ridge file names. See the MACINTOSH FILE NAMES
section below for more information.
-boot-hfs-file driver_file
Installs the driver_file that may make the CD bootable on a
Macintosh. See the HFS BOOT DRIVER section below. (Alpha).
-part Generate an HFS partition table. By default, no partition table
is generated, but some older Macintosh CDROM drivers need an HFS
partition table on the CDROM to be able to recognize a hybrid
CDROM.
-auto AutoStart_file
Make the HFS CD use the QuickTime 2.0 Autostart feature to
launch an application or document. The given filename must be
the name of a document or application located at the top level
of the CD. The filename must be less than 12 characters.
(Alpha).
-cluster-size size
Set the size in bytes of the cluster or allocation units of PC
Exchange files. See the MACINTOSH FILE FORMATS section below.
-hide-hfs glob
Hide glob from the HFS volume. The file or directory will still
exist in the ISO9660 and/or Joliet directory. glob is a shell
wild-card-style pattern that must match any part of the filename
Multiple globs may be excluded (up to 1000). Example:
mkhybrid-o rom -hfs -hide-hfs '*.o' -hide-hfs foobar
would exclude all files ending in ".o" or called "foobar" from
the HFS volume. Note that if you had a directory called "foobar"
it too (and of course all its descendants) would be excluded.
The glob can also be a path name relative to the source
directories given on the command line. Example:
mkhybrid-o rom -hfs -hide-hfs src/html src
would exclude just the file or directory called "html" from the
"src" directory. Any other file or directory called "html" in
the tree will not be excluded. Should be used with the -hide
and/or -hide-joliet options.
-hide-hfs-list file
A file containing a list of globs to be hidden as above.
-hfs-volid hfs_volid
Volume name for the HFS partition. This is the name that is
assigned to the disc on a Macintosh and replaces the volid used
with the -V option
-hfs-bless folder_name
"Bless" the given directory (folder). This is usually the System
Folder and is used in creating HFS bootable CDs. The name of the
directory must be the whole path name as mkisofs sees it. e.g.
if the given pathspec is ./cddata and the required folder is
called System Folder, then the whole path name is
"./cddata/System Folder" (remember to use quotes if the name
contains spaces).
--cap Look for AUFS CAP Macintosh files. Search for CAP Apple/Unix
file formats only. Searching for the other possible Apple/Unix
file formats is disabled, unless other double dash options are
given.
--netatalk
Look for NETATALK Macintosh files
--double
Look for AppleDouble Macintosh files
--ethershare
Look for Helios EtherShare Macintosh files
--ushare
Look for IPT UShare Macintosh files
--exchange
Look for PC Exchange Macintosh files
--sgi Look for SGI Macintosh files
--xinet
Look for XINET Macintosh files
--macbin
Look for MacBinary Macintosh files
--single
Look for AppleSingle Macintosh files
CREATOR/TYPE
A Macintosh file has two properties associated with it which define
which application created the file, the CREATOR and what data the file
contains, the TYPE. Both are (exactly) 4 letter strings. Usually this
allows a Macintosh user to double-click on a file and launch the
correct application etc. The CREATOR and TYPE of a particular file can
be found by using something like ResEdit (or similar) on a Macintosh.
The CREATOR and TYPE information is stored in all the various
Apple/Unix encoded files. For other files it is possible to base the
CREATOR and TYPE on the filename's extension using a mapping file (the
-map option) and/or using the magic number (usually a signature in the
first few bytes) of a file (the -magic option). If both these options
are given, then their order on the command line is important. If the
-map option is given first, then a filename extension match is
attempted before a magic number match. However, if the -magic option is
given first, then a magic number match is attempted before a filename
extension match.
If a mapping or magic file is not used, or no match is found then the
default CREATOR and TYPE for all regular files can be set by using
entries in the .mkisofsrc file, otherwise the default CREATOR and TYPE
are 'unix' and 'TEXT'.
The format of the mapping file is the same afpfile format as used by
aufs. This file has five columns for the extension, file translation,
CREATOR, TYPE and Comment. Lines starting with the '#' character are
comment lines and are ignored. An example file would be like:
# Example filename mapping file
#
# EXTN XLate CREATOR TYPE Comment
.tif Raw '8BIM' 'TIFF' "Photoshop TIFF image"
.hqx Ascii 'BnHq' 'TEXT' "BinHex file"
.doc Raw 'MSWD' 'WDBN' "Word file"
.mov Raw 'TVOD' 'MooV' "QuickTime Movie"
* Ascii 'ttxt' 'TEXT' "Text file"
Where:
The first column EXTN defines the Unix filename extension to be
mapped. The default mapping for any filename extension that
doesn't match is defined with the "*" character.
The Xlate column defines the type of text translation between
the Unix and Macintosh file it is ignored by mkhybrid, but is
kept to be compatible with aufs(1). Although mkhybrid does not
alter the contents of a file, if a binary file has it's TYPE set
as 'TEXT', it may be read incorrectly on a Macintosh. Therefore
a better choice for the default TYPE may be '????'
The CREATOR and TYPE keywords must be 4 characters long and
enclosed in single quotes.
The comment field is enclosed in double quotes - it is ignored
by mkhybrid, but is kept to be compatible with aufs.
The format of the magic file is almost identical to the magic(4) file
used by the Linux file(1) command - the routines for reading and
decoding the magic file are based on the Linux file(1) command.
This file has four tab separated columns for the byte offset, type,
test and message. Lines starting with the '#' character are comment
lines and are ignored. An example file would be like:
# Example magic file
#
# off type test message
0 string GIF8 8BIM GIFf GIF image
0 beshort 0xffd8 8BIM JPEG image data
0 string SIT! SIT! SIT! StuffIt Archive
0 string \037\235 LZIV ZIVU standard unix compress
0 string \037\213 GNUz ZIVU gzip compressed data
0 string %! ASPS TEXT Postscript
0 string \004%! ASPS TEXT PC Postscript with a ^D to start
4 string moov txtt MooV QuickTime movie file (moov)
4 string mdat txtt MooV QuickTime movie file (mdat)
The format of the file is described in the magic(4) man page. The only
difference here is that for each entry in the magic file, the message
for the initial offset must be 4 characters for the CREATOR followed by
4 characters for the TYPE - white space is optional between them. Any
other characters on this line are ignored. Continuation lines
(starting with a '>') are also ignored i.e. only the initial offset
lines are used.
Using the -magic option may significantly increase processing time as
each file has to opened and read to find it's magic number.
In summary, for all files, the default CREATOR is 'unix' and the
default TYPE is 'TEXT'. These can be changed by using entries in the
.mkisofsrc file.
If the a file is in one of the known Apple/Unix formats (and the format
has been selected), then the CREATOR and TYPE are taken from the values
stored in the Apple/Unix file.
Other files can have their CREATOR and TYPE set from their file name
extension (the -map option), or their magic number (the -magic option).
If the default match is used in the mapping file, then these values
override the default CREATOR and TYPE.
A full CREATOR/TYPE database can be found at
http://www.angelfire.com/il/szekely/index.html
MACINTOSH FILE FORMATS
Macintosh files have two parts called the Data and Resource fork.
Either may be empty. Unix (and many other OSs) can only cope with files
having one part (or fork). To add to this, Macintosh files have a
number of attributes associated with them - probably the most important
are the TYPE and CREATOR. Again Unix has no concept of these types of
attributes.
e.g. a Macintosh file may be a JPEG image where the image is stored in
the Data fork and a desktop thumbnail stored in the Resource fork. It
is usually the information in the data fork that is useful across
platforms.
Therefore to store a Macintosh file on a Unix filesystem, a way has to
be found to cope with the two forks and the extra attributes (which are
referred to as the finder info). Unfortunately, it seems that every
software package that stores Macintosh files on Unix has chosen a
completely different storage method.
The Apple/Unix formats that mkhybrid (partially) supports are:
CAP AUFS format
Data fork stored in a file. Resource fork in subdirectory
.resource with same filename as data fork. Finder info in
.finderinfo subdirectory with same filename.
AppleDouble/Netatalk
Data fork stored in a file. Resource fork stored in a file with
same name prefixed with "%". Finder info also stored in same "%"
file. Netatalk uses the same format, but the resource
fork/finderinfo stored in subdirectory .AppleDouble with same
name as data fork.
AppleSingle
Data structures similar to above, except both forks and finder
info are stored in one file.
Helios EtherShare
Data fork stored in a file. Resource fork and finder info
together in subdirectory .rsrc with same filename as data fork.
IPT UShare
Very similar to the EtherShare format, but the finder info is
stored slightly differently.
MacBinary
Both forks and finder info stored in one file.
Apple PC Exchange
Used by Macintoshes to store Apple files on DOS (FAT) disks.
Data fork stored in a file. Resource fork in subdirectory
resource.frk (or RESOURCE.FRK). Finder info as one record in
file finder.dat (or FINDER.DAT). Separate finder.dat for each
data fork directory.
Note: normally files should be accessed directly from the DOS
media as mkhybrid needs to find out the native FAT cluster size.
If the native FAT cluster size is known, then the -cluster-size
option can be used to set the cluster size - useful if PC
Exchange files have be copied from DOS disks before running
mkhybrid. The cluster or allocation size can be found by using
the DOS utility CHKDSK.
May not work with PC Exchange v2.2 or higher files (available
with MacOS 8.1). DOS media containing PC Exchange files should
be mounted as type msdos (not vfat) when using Linux.
SGI/XINET
Used by SGI machines when they mount HFS disks. Data fork stored
in a file. Resource fork in subdirectory .HSResource with same
name. Finder info as one record in file .HSancillary. Separate
.HSancillary for each data fork directory.
mkhybrid will attempt to set the CREATOR, TYPE, date and possibly other
flags from the finder info. Additionally, if it exists, the Macintosh
filename is set from the finder info, otherwise the Macintosh name is
based on the Unix filename - see the MACINTOSH FILE NAMES section
below.
When using the -apple option, the TYPE and CREATOR are stored in the
optional System Use or SUSP field in the ISO9660 Directory Record - in
much the same way as the Rock Ridge attributes are. In fact to make
life easy, the Apple extensions are added at the beginning of the
existing Rock Ridge attributes (i.e. to get the Apple extensions you
get the Rock Ridge extensions as well).
The Apple extensions require the resource fork to be stored as an
ISO9660 associated file. This is just like any normal file stored in
the ISO9660 filesystem except that the associated file flag is set in
the Directory Record (bit 2). This file has the same name as the data
fork (the file seen by non-Apple machines). Associated files are
normally ignored by other OSs
When using the -hfs option, the TYPE and CREATOR plus other finder
info, are stored in a separate HFS directory, not visible on the
ISO9660 volume. The HFS directory references the same data and resource
fork files described above.
In most cases, it is better to use the -hfs option instead of the
-apple option, as the latter imposes the limited ISO9660 characters
allowed in filenames. However, the Apple extensions do give the
advantage that the files are packed on the disk more efficiently and it
may be possible to fit more files on a CD - important when the total
size of the source files is approaching 650MB.
MACINTOSH FILE NAMES
Where possible, the HFS filename that is stored with an Apple/Unix file
is used for the HFS part of the CD. However, not all the Apple/Unix
encodings store the HFS filename with the finderinfo. In these cases,
the Unix filename is used - with escaped special characters. Special
characters include '/' and characters with codes over 127.
Aufs escapes these characters by using ":" followed by the character
code as two hex digits. Netatalk and EtherShare have a similar scheme,
but uses "%" instead of a ":".
If mkhybrid can't find an HFS filename, then it uses the Unix name,
with any %xx or :xx characters (xx == two hex digits) converted to a
single character code. If "xx" are not hex digits ([0-9a-fA-F]), then
they are left alone - although any remaining ":" is converted to "%" as
colon is the HFS directory separator. Care must be taken, as an
ordinary Unix file with %xx or :xx will also be converted. e.g.
This:2fFile converted to This/File
This:File converted to This%File
This:t7File converted to This%t7File
Although HFS filenames appear to support upper and lower case letters,
the filesystem is case insensitive. i.e. the filenames "aBc" and "AbC"
are the same. If a file is found in a directory with the same HFS name,
then mkhybrid will attempt, where possible, to make a unique name by
adding '_' characters to one of the filenames.
If an HFS filename exists for a file, then mkhybrid can use this name
as the starting point for the ISO9660, Joliet and Rock Ridge filenames
using the -mac-name option. Normal Unix files without an HFS name will
still use their Unix name. e.g.
If a MacBinary (or PC Exchange) file is stored as someimage.gif.bin on
the Unix filesystem, but contains a HFS file called someimage.gif, then
this is the name that would appear on the HFS part of the CD. However,
as mkhybrid uses the Unix name as the starting point for the other
names, then the ISO9660 name generated will probably be SOMEIMAG.BIN
and the Joliet/Rock Ridge would be someimage.gif.bin. Although the
actual data (in this case) is a GIF image. This option will use the HFS
filename as the starting point and the ISO9660 name will probably be
SOMEIMAG.GIF and the Joliet/Rock Ridge would be someimage.gif.
Using the -mac-name option will not currently work with the -T option -
the Unix name will be used in the TRANS.TBL file, not the Macintosh
name.
The existing mkisofs code will filter out any illegal characters for
the ISO9660 and Joliet filenames, but as mkisofs expects to be dealing
directly with Unix names, it leaves the Rock Ridge names as is. But as
'/' is a legal HFS filename character, the -mac-name option coverts '/'
to a '_' in a Rock Ridge filenames.
If the Apple extensions are used, then only the ISO9660 filenames will
appear on the Macintosh. However, as the Macintosh ISO9660 drivers can
use Level 2 filenames, then you can use the -l option without problems
on a Macintosh - still take care over the names, for example
this.file.name will be converted to THIS.FILE i.e. only have one '.',
also filename abcdefgh will be seen as ABCDEFGH but abcdefghi will be
seen as ABCDEFGHI. i.e. with a '.' at the end - don't know if this is a
Macintosh problem or mkisofs/mkhybrid problem. All filenames will be in
uppercase when viewed on a Macintosh. Of course, DOS/Win3.X machines
will not be able to see Level 2 filenames...
As Macintosh filenames do use the '~' and '#' characters (especially
when using PC Exchange Macintosh files), then the -a option should be
given.
HFS BOOT DRIVER
It may be possible to make the hybrid CD bootable on a Macintosh.
A bootable HFS CD requires an Apple CD-ROM (or compatible) driver, a
bootable HFS partition and the necessary System, Finder, etc. files.
A driver can be obtained from any other Macintosh bootable CD-ROM using
the apple_driver utility. This file can then be used with the
-boot-hfs-file option.
The HFS partition (i.e. the hybrid disk in our case) must contain a
suitable System Folder, again from another CD-ROM or disk.
For a partition to be bootable, it must have it's boot block set. The
boot block is in the first two blocks of a partition. For a
non-bootable partition the boot block is full of zeros. Normally, when
a System file is copied to partition on a Macintosh disk, the boot
block is filled with a number of required settings - unfortunately I
don't know the full spec for the boot block, so I'm guessing that the
following will work OK.
Therefore, the utility apple_driver also extracts the boot block from
the first HFS partition it finds on the given CD-ROM and this is used
for the HFS partition created by mkhybrid.
PLEASE NOTE
By using a driver from an Apple CD and copying Apple software to
your CD, you become liable to obey Apple Computer, Inc. Software
License Agreements.
CONFIGURATIONmkhybrid looks for the .mkisofsrc file, first in the current working
directory, then in the user's home directory, and then in the directory
in which the mkhybrid binary is stored. This file is assumed to
contain a series of lines of the form "TAG=value", and in this way you
can specify certain options. The case of the tag is not significant.
Some fields in the volume header are not settable on the command line,
but can be altered through this facility. Comments may be placed in
this file, using lines which start with a hash (#) character.
APPI The application identifier should describe the application that
will be on the disc. There is space on the disc for 128
characters of information. May be overridden using the -A
command line option.
COPY The copyright information, often the name of a file on the disc
containing the copyright notice. There is space in the disc for
37 characters of information. May be overridden using the
-copyright command line option.
ABST The abstract information, often the name of a file on the disc
containing an abstract. There is space in the disc for 37
characters of information. May be overridden using the
-abstract command line option.
BIBL The bibliographic information, often the name of a file on the
disc containing a bibliography. There is space in the disc for
37 characters of information. May be overridden using the
-bilio command line option.
PREP This should describe the preparer of the CDROM, usually with a
mailing address and phone number. There is space on the disc
for 128 characters of information. May be overridden using the
-p command line option.
PUBL This should describe the publisher of the CDROM, usually with a
mailing address and phone number. There is space on the disc
for 128 characters of information. May be overridden using the
-P command line option.
SYSI The System Identifier. There is space on the disc for 32
characters of information. May be overridden using the -sysid
command line option.
VOLI The Volume Identifier. There is space on the disc for 32
characters of information. May be overridden using the -V
command line option.
VOLS The Volume Set Name. There is space on the disc for 278
characters of information. May be overridden using the -volset
command line option.
TYPE The default TYPE for Macintosh files. Must be exactly 4
characters.
CREATOR
The default CREATOR for Macintosh files. Must be exactly 4
characters.
mkhybrid can also be configured at compile time with defaults for many
of these fields. See the file defaults.h.
AUTHOR
mkisofs is not based on the standard mk*fs tools for unix, because we
must generate a complete copy of an existing filesystem on a disk in
the iso9660 filesystem. The name mkisofs is probably a bit of a
misnomer, since it not only creates the filesystem, but it also
populates it as well.
Eric Youngdale <ericy@gnu.ai.mit.edu> or <eric@andante.jic.com> wrote
both the Linux isofs9660 filesystem and the mkisofs utility, and is
currently maintaining them. The copyright for the mkisofs utility is
held by Yggdrasil Computing, Incorporated.
mkhybrid is based on mkisofs and works in exactly the same way as
mkisofs without the HFS options. The change in name is to signify that
it does something extra. If you do not need the HFS options, then you
should really be using mkisofs.
HFS hybrid code Copyright (C) James Pearson 1997, 1998, 1999
libhfs code Copyright (C) 1996, 1997 Robert Leslie
libfile code Copyright (C) Ian F. Darwin 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991,
1992, 1994, 1995.
BUGS
Any files that have hard links to files not in the tree being copied to
the iso9660 filesystem will have an incorrect file reference count.
There may be some other ones. Please, report them to the author.
HFS PROBLEMS/LIMITATIONS
I have had to make several assumptions on how I expect the modified
libhfs routines to work, however there may be situations that either I
haven't thought of, or come across when these assumptions fail.
Therefore I can't guarantee that mkhybrid will work as expected
(although I haven't had a major problem yet). Most of the HFS features
work fine, however, some are not fully tested. These are marked as
Alpha above.
Output volume size must be at least 800Kb (libhfs limit - shouldn't
really be a problem).
Although HFS filenames appear to support upper and lower case letters,
the filesystem is case insensitive. i.e. the filenames "aBc" and "AbC"
are the same. If a file is found in a directory with the same HFS name,
then mkhybrid will attempt, where possible, to make a unique name by
adding '_' characters to one of the filenames.
HFS file/directory names that share the first 31 characters have _N' (N
== decimal number) substituted for the last few characters to generate
unique names.
Care must be taken when "grafting" Apple/Unix files or directories (see
above for the method and syntax involved). It is not possible to use a
new name for an Apple/Unix encoded file/directory. e.g. If a Apple/Unix
encoded file called "oldname" is to added to the CD, then you can not
use the command line:
mkhybrid-o output.raw -hfs newname=oldname cd_dir
mkhybrid will be unable to decode "oldname". However, you can graft
Apple/Unix encoded files or directories as long as you do not atempt to
give them new names as above.
The -M option has no real meaning with an HFS volume - and will
probably not work.
Symbolic links (as with all other non-regular files) are not added to
the HFS directory.
Hybrid volumes may be larger than pure ISO9660 volumes containing the
same data.
The resulting hybrid volume can be accessed on a Unix machine by using
the hfsutils routines. However, no changes should be made to the
contents of the volume as it's not a "real" HFS volume.
Using the -mac-name option will not currently work with the -T option -
the Unix name will be used in the TRANS.TBL file, not the Macintosh
name.
Although mkhybrid does not alter the contents of a file, if a binary
file has it's TYPE set as 'TEXT', it may be read incorrectly on a
Macintosh. Therefore a better choice for the default TYPE may be '????'
The -mac-boot-file option may not work at all...
The -a option should be used at all times. It may well become the
default in future releases.
May not work with PC Exchange v2.2 or higher files (available with
MacOS 8.1). DOS media containing PC Exchange files should be mounted
as type msdos (not vfat) when using Linux.
SEE ALSOmkisofs(8), magic(5), apple_driver(8)FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS
Some sort of gui interface.
AVAILABILITY
mkisofs is available for anonymous ftp from
ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/mkisofs and many other mirror
sites.
mkhybrid is available from ftp://ftp.ge.ucl.ac.uk/pub/mkhfs and
hfsutils from ftp://ftp.mars.org/pub/hfs
Version 1.12b5.1 7 April 1999
