MOUNT(8) BSD System Manager's Manual MOUNT(8)NAMEmount - mount file systems
SYNOPSISmount [-Aadfruvw] [-t type]
mount [-dfruvw] special | node
mount [-dfruvw] [-o options] [-t type] special node
DESCRIPTION
The mount command invokes a file system specific program to prepare and
graft the special device or remote node (rhost:path) on to the file sys-
tem tree at the point node. If either special or node are not provided,
the appropriate information is taken from the fstab(5) file.
For disk partitions, the special device must correspond to a partition
registered in the disklabel(5).
The system maintains a list of currently mounted file systems. If no ar-
guments are given to mount, this list is printed.
A mount point node must be an existing directory for a mount to succeed
(except in the special case of /, of course). Only the superuser may
mount file systems unless kern.usermount is nonzero (see sysctl(8)), the
special device is readable and writeable by the user attempting the
mount, and the mount point node is owned by the user attempting the
mount.
The options are as follows:
-A Causes mount to try to mount all of the file systems listed in
the fstab(5) table except those for which the "noauto" option is
specified.
-a Similar to the -A flag, except that if a file system (other than
the root file system) appears to be already mounted, mount will
not try to mount it again. mount assumes that a file system is
already mounted if a file system with the same type is mounted on
the given mount point. More stringent checks are not possible be-
cause some file system types report strange values for the
mounted-from device for mounted file systems.
-d Causes everything to be done except for the invocation of the
file system specific program. This option is useful in conjunc-
tion with the -v flag to determine what the mount command is try-
ing to do.
-f Either force mounting of dirty file systems or, in the case of a
downgrade from read-write to read-only operation, the revocation
of opened files with write access.
-o options
Options can be given with (or without) a 'no' prefix to invert
their meaning. The options listed below specify non-default
values. For example, 'noasync' is the default, so 'async' can be
used to mount a file system asynchronously. Multiple options can
be specified in a comma-separated list. The available options are
as follows:
async All I/O to the file system should be done asynchronously.
This is a dangerous flag to set since it does not guaran-
tee to keep a consistent file system structure on the
disk. You should not use this flag unless you are
prepared to recreate the file system should your system
crash. The most common use of this flag is to speed up
restore(8) where it can give a factor of two speed in-
crease.
softdep
(FFS only.) Mount the file system using soft dependen-
cies. Instead of metadata being written immediately, it
is written in an ordered fashion to keep the on-disk
state of the file system consistent. This results in sig-
nificant speedups for file create/delete operations. This
option will be ignored when using the -u flag and a file
system is already mounted read/write. It requires option
FFS_SOFTUPDATES to be enabled in the running kernel.
force The same as -f; forces the revocation of write access
when trying to downgrade a file system mount status from
read-write to read-only.
noatime
Do not update atime on files in the system unless the
mtime or ctime is being changed as well. This option is
useful for laptops and news servers where one does not
want the extra disk activity associated with updating the
atime.
noaccesstime
Synonym for noatime provided for compatibility with other
operating systems.
noauto Do not mount the file system automatically (either at
boot or with the -A or -a options).
nodev Do not interpret character or block special devices on
the file system. This option is useful for a server that
has file systems containing special devices for architec-
tures other than its own.
noexec Do not allow execution of any binaries on the mounted
file system. This option is useful for a server that has
file systems containing binaries for architectures other
than its own.
nosuid Do not allow set-user-identifier or set-group-identifier
bits to take effect.
rdonly The same as -r; mount the file system read-only (even the
superuser may not write it).
sync All I/O to the file system should be done synchronously.
update The same as -u; indicate that the status of an already
mounted file system should be changed.
Any additional options specific to a given file system type (see
the -t option) may be passed as a comma separated list; these op-
tions are distinguished by a leading "-" (dash). Options that
take a value are specified using the syntax -option=value. For
example, the mount command:
# mount-t mfs -o nosuid,-s=4000 /dev/sd0b /tmp
causes mount to execute the equivalent of:
# /sbin/mount_mfs -o nosuid -s 4000 /dev/sd0b /tmp
-r The file system is to be mounted read-only. Mount the file system
read-only (even the superuser may not write it). The same as the
"rdonly" argument to the -o option.
-t type
The argument following the -t is used to indicate the file system
type. The type ffs is the default. The -t option can be used to
indicate that the actions should only be taken on file systems of
the specified type. More than one type may be specified in a com-
ma separated list. The list of file system types can be prefixed
with "no" to specify the file system types for which action
should not be taken. For example, the mount command:
# mount-a -t nonfs,mfs
mounts all file systems except those of type NFS and MFS.
mount will attempt to execute a program in /sbin/mount_XXX where
XXX is replaced by the type name. For example, NFS file systems
are mounted by the program /sbin/mount_nfs.
-u The -u flag indicates that the status of an already mounted file
system should be changed. Any of the options discussed above (the
-o option) may be changed; also a file system can be changed from
read-only to read-write or vice versa. An attempt to change from
read-write to read-only will fail if any files on the file system
are currently open for writing unless the -f flag is also speci-
fied. Only options specified on the command line with -o are
changed; other file system options are unaltered. The options set
in the fstab(5) table are ignored.
-v Verbose mode.
-w The file system object is to be read and write.
The options specific to the various file system types are described in
the manual pages for those file systems' mount_XXX commands. For in-
stance, the options specific to Berkeley Fast File Systems are described
in the mount_ffs(8) manual page.
FILES
/etc/fstab file system table
EXAMPLES
Mount a CD-ROM on node /mnt/cdrom:
# mount-t cd9660 -r /dev/cd0a /mnt/cdrom
Mount an MS-DOS floppy on node /mnt/floppy:
# mount-t msdos /dev/fd0a /mnt/floppy
Graft a remote NFS file system on host host, path /path/name, on node
/mnt/nfs:
# mount host:/path/name /mnt/nfs
Remount /var with option "dev":
# mount-u -o dev /var
SEE ALSOmount(2), fstab(5), disklabel(8), mount_ados(8), mount_cd9660(8),
mount_ext2fs(8), mount_fdesc(8), mount_ffs(8), mount_kernfs(8),
mount_mfs(8), mount_msdos(8), mount_nfs(8), mount_ntfs(8),
mount_portal(8), mount_procfs(8), mount_udf(8), mount_xfs(8), sysctl(8),
umount(8)HISTORY
A mount command appeared in Version 3 AT&T UNIX.
CAVEATS
After a successful mount, the permissions on the original mount point
determine if ".." is accessible from the mounted file system. The minimum
permissions for the mount point for traversal across the mount point in
both directions to be possible for all users is 0111 (execute for all).
MirOS BSD #10-current March 27, 1994 3
