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PYTHON(1)							     PYTHON(1)

NAME
       python  - an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming lan‐
       guage

SYNOPSIS
       python [ -B ] [ -b ] [ -d ] [ -E ] [ -h ] [ -i ] [ -I ]
	      [ -m module-name ] [ -q ] [ -O ] [ -OO ] [ -s ] [ -S ] [ -u ]
	      [ -v ] [ -V ] [ -W argument ] [ -x ] [ [ -X option ] -?  ]
	      [ -c command | script | - ] [ arguments ]

DESCRIPTION
       Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming lan‐
       guage  that  combines  remarkable power with very clear syntax.	For an
       introduction to programming in Python, see the  Python  Tutorial.   The
       Python  Library	Reference  documents built-in and standard types, con‐
       stants, functions and modules.  Finally, the  Python  Reference	Manual
       describes  the  syntax  and  semantics of the core language in (perhaps
       too) much detail.  (These documents may be  located  via	 the  INTERNET
       RESOURCES below; they may be installed on your system as well.)

       Python's basic power can be extended with your own modules written in C
       or C++.	On most	 systems  such	modules	 may  be  dynamically  loaded.
       Python is also adaptable as an extension language for existing applica‐
       tions.  See the internal documentation for hints.

       Documentation for installed Python modules and packages can  be	viewed
       by running the pydoc program.

COMMAND LINE OPTIONS
       -B     Don't  write .pyc files on import. See also PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTE‐
	      CODE.

       -b     Issue   warnings	  about	   str(bytes_instance),	   str(bytear‐
	      ray_instance)  and  comparing  bytes/bytearray  with  str. (-bb:
	      issue errors)

       -c command
	      Specify the command to execute (see next section).  This	termi‐
	      nates the option list (following options are passed as arguments
	      to the command).

       -d     Turn on parser debugging output (for wizards only, depending  on
	      compilation options).

       -E     Ignore environment variables like PYTHONPATH and PYTHONHOME that
	      modify the behavior of the interpreter.

       -h ,  -? ,  --help
	      Prints the usage for the interpreter executable and exits.

       -i     When a script is passed as first argument or the	-c  option  is
	      used,  enter  interactive mode after executing the script or the
	      command.	It does not read the $PYTHONSTARTUP file.  This can be
	      useful  to  inspect  global  variables  or  a stack trace when a
	      script raises an exception.

       -I     Run Python in isolated mode. This also implies  -E  and  -s.  In
	      isolated	mode  sys.path contains neither the script's directory
	      nor the user's site-packages directory. All PYTHON*  environment
	      variables are ignored, too.  Further restrictions may be imposed
	      to prevent the user from injecting malicious code.

       -m module-name
	      Searches sys.path for the named module and runs the  correspond‐
	      ing .py file as a script.

       -O     Turn  on basic optimizations.  Given twice, causes docstrings to
	      be discarded.

       -OO    Discard docstrings in addition to the -O optimizations.

       -q     Do not print the version and copyright messages. These  messages
	      are also suppressed in non-interactive mode.

       -s     Don't add user site directory to sys.path.

       -S     Disable  the  import  of	the module site and the site-dependent
	      manipulations of sys.path that it entails.  Also	disable	 these
	      manipulations if site is explicitly imported later.

       -u     Force  the  binary  I/O  layers  of  stdout  and	stderr	to  be
	      unbuffered.  stdin is always buffered.  The text I/O layer  will
	      still be line-buffered.

       -v     Print  a	message each time a module is initialized, showing the
	      place (filename or built-in module) from	which  it  is  loaded.
	      When  given twice, print a message for each file that is checked
	      for when searching for a module.	Also provides  information  on
	      module cleanup at exit.

       -V ,  --version
	      Prints  the  Python  version number of the executable and exits.
	      When given twice, print more information about the build.

       -W argument
	      Warning control.	Python sometimes  prints  warning  message  to
	      sys.stderr.   A  typical warning message has the following form:
	      file:line: category:  message.   By  default,  each  warning  is
	      printed  once for each source line where it occurs.  This option
	      controls how often warnings are printed.	 Multiple  -W  options
	      may  be  given; when a warning matches more than one option, the
	      action for the last matching option is  performed.   Invalid  -W
	      options  are ignored (a warning message is printed about invalid
	      options when the first warning is issued).  Warnings can also be
	      controlled  from within a Python program using the warnings mod‐
	      ule.

	      The simplest form of argument is one  of	the  following	action
	      strings  (or  a unique abbreviation): ignore to ignore all warn‐
	      ings; default to explicitly request the default behavior (print‐
	      ing  each	 warning once per source line); all to print a warning
	      each time it occurs (this may generate many messages if a	 warn‐
	      ing  is  triggered  repeatedly for the same source line, such as
	      inside a loop); module to print each warning only the first time
	      it  occurs  in  each module; once to print each warning only the
	      first time it occurs in the program; or error to raise an excep‐
	      tion instead of printing a warning message.

	      The   full  form	of  argument  is  action:message:category:mod‐
	      ule:line.	 Here, action is as explained above but	 only  applies
	      to messages that match the remaining fields.  Empty fields match
	      all values; trailing empty fields may be omitted.	  The  message
	      field  matches  the  start  of the warning message printed; this
	      match is case-insensitive.  The category field matches the warn‐
	      ing category.  This must be a class name; the match test whether
	      the actual warning category of the message is a subclass of  the
	      specified	 warning category.  The full class name must be given.
	      The module field matches the (fully-qualified) module name; this
	      match  is	 case-sensitive.  The line field matches the line num‐
	      ber, where zero matches all line numbers and is thus  equivalent
	      to an omitted line number.

       -X option
	      Set implementation specific option.

       -x     Skip  the	 first line of the source.  This is intended for a DOS
	      specific hack only.  Warning: the line numbers in error messages
	      will be off by one!

INTERPRETER INTERFACE
       The interpreter interface resembles that of the UNIX shell: when called
       with standard input connected to a tty device, it prompts for  commands
       and  executes  them  until an EOF is read; when called with a file name
       argument or with a file as standard input,  it  reads  and  executes  a
       script  from  that  file;  when called with -c command, it executes the
       Python statement(s) given as command.  Here command may contain	multi‐
       ple  statements	separated by newlines.	Leading whitespace is signifi‐
       cant in Python statements!  In non-interactive mode, the	 entire	 input
       is parsed before it is executed.

       If  available,  the script name and additional arguments thereafter are
       passed to the script in the Python variable sys.argv, which is  a  list
       of  strings (you must first import sys to be able to access it).	 If no
       script name is given, sys.argv[0] is an empty string; if	 -c  is	 used,
       sys.argv[0] contains the string '-c'.  Note that options interpreted by
       the Python interpreter itself are not placed in sys.argv.

       In interactive mode, the primary prompt is  `>>>';  the	second	prompt
       (which  appears	when a command is not complete) is `...'.  The prompts
       can be changed by assignment to sys.ps1 or  sys.ps2.   The  interpreter
       quits  when  it	reads an EOF at a prompt.  When an unhandled exception
       occurs, a stack trace is printed and control  returns  to  the  primary
       prompt;	in  non-interactive mode, the interpreter exits after printing
       the stack trace.	 The interrupt	signal	raises	the  KeyboardInterrupt
       exception;  other  UNIX	signals are not caught (except that SIGPIPE is
       sometimes ignored, in favor of the IOError exception).  Error  messages
       are written to stderr.

FILES AND DIRECTORIES
       These are subject to difference depending on local installation conven‐
       tions; ${prefix}	 and  ${exec_prefix}  are  installation-dependent  and
       should  be  interpreted	as for GNU software; they may be the same.  On
       Debian GNU/{Hurd,Linux} the default for both is /usr.

       ${exec_prefix}/bin/python
	      Recommended location of the interpreter.

       ${prefix}/lib/python<version>
       ${exec_prefix}/lib/python<version>
	      Recommended locations of the directories containing the standard
	      modules.

       ${prefix}/include/python<version>
       ${exec_prefix}/include/python<version>
	      Recommended  locations of the directories containing the include
	      files needed for developing Python extensions and embedding  the
	      interpreter.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
       PYTHONHOME
	      Change  the  location  of	 the  standard	Python	libraries.  By
	      default, the libraries are searched in ${prefix}/lib/python<ver‐
	      sion>  and  ${exec_prefix}/lib/python<version>,  where ${prefix}
	      and ${exec_prefix} are installation-dependent directories,  both
	      defaulting  to  /usr/local.  When $PYTHONHOME is set to a single
	      directory, its value replaces both ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix}.
	      To specify different values for these, set $PYTHONHOME to ${pre‐
	      fix}:${exec_prefix}.

       PYTHONPATH
	      Augments the default search path for module files.   The	format
	      is  the  same  as the shell's $PATH: one or more directory path‐
	      names  separated	by  colons.   Non-existent   directories   are
	      silently	ignored.   The	default	 search	 path  is installation
	      dependent, but generally begins  with  ${prefix}/lib/python<ver‐
	      sion> (see PYTHONHOME above).  The default search path is always
	      appended to $PYTHONPATH.	If a script  argument  is  given,  the
	      directory containing the script is inserted in the path in front
	      of $PYTHONPATH.  The search path can be manipulated from	within
	      a Python program as the variable sys.path.

       PYTHONSTARTUP
	      If  this	is the name of a readable file, the Python commands in
	      that file are executed before the first prompt is	 displayed  in
	      interactive  mode.   The file is executed in the same name space
	      where interactive commands are executed so that objects  defined
	      or  imported  in	it  can	 be  used without qualification in the
	      interactive session.  You can also change	 the  prompts  sys.ps1
	      and sys.ps2 in this file.

       PYTHONOPTIMIZE
	      If  this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to speci‐
	      fying the -O option. If set to an integer, it is	equivalent  to
	      specifying -O multiple times.

       PYTHONDEBUG
	      If  this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to speci‐
	      fying the -d option. If set to an integer, it is	equivalent  to
	      specifying -d multiple times.

       PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE
	      If  this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to speci‐
	      fying the -B option (don't try to write .pyc files).

       PYTHONINSPECT
	      If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to	speci‐
	      fying the -i option.

       PYTHONIOENCODING
	      If  this is set before running the interpreter, it overrides the
	      encoding used for stdin/stdout/stderr, in the  syntax  encoding‐
	      name:errorhandler	 The errorhandler part is optional and has the
	      same meaning as in str.encode. For stderr, the errorhandler
	       part is ignored; the handler will always be ´backslashreplace´.

       PYTHONNOUSERSITE
	      If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to	speci‐
	      fying  the  -s  option  (Don't  add  the	user site directory to
	      sys.path).

       PYTHONUNBUFFERED
	      If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to	speci‐
	      fying the -u option.

       PYTHONVERBOSE
	      If  this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to speci‐
	      fying the -v option. If set to an integer, it is	equivalent  to
	      specifying -v multiple times.

       PYTHONWARNINGS
	      If  this	is set to a comma-separated string it is equivalent to
	      specifying the -W option for each separate value.

       PYTHONHASHSEED
	      If this variable is set to "random", a random value is  used  to
	      seed the hashes of str, bytes and datetime objects.

	      If  PYTHONHASHSEED  is  set to an integer value, it is used as a
	      fixed seed for generating the hash() of the types covered by the
	      hash randomization.  Its purpose is to allow repeatable hashing,
	      such as for selftests for the interpreter itself, or to allow  a
	      cluster of python processes to share hash values.

	      The   integer   must   be	  a   decimal	number	in  the	 range
	      [0,4294967295].  Specifying the value 0 will disable  hash  ran‐
	      domization.

AUTHOR
       The Python Software Foundation: https://www.python.org/psf/

INTERNET RESOURCES
       Main website:  https://www.python.org/
       Documentation:  https://docs.python.org/
       Developer resources:  https://devguide.python.org/
       Downloads:  https://www.python.org/downloads/
       Module repository:  https://pypi.python.org/
       Newsgroups:  comp.lang.python, comp.lang.python.announce

LICENSING
       Python  is  distributed	under  an  Open	 Source license.  See the file
       "LICENSE" in the Python source distribution for information on terms  &
       conditions  for	accessing  and	otherwise  using Python and for a DIS‐
       CLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES.

								     PYTHON(1)
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