RAL(4) OpenBSD Programmer's Manual RAL(4)NAMEral - Ralink Technology IEEE 802.11a/g/n wireless network device
SYNOPSIS
ral* at cardbus?
ral* at pci?
DESCRIPTION
The ral driver supports PCI/PCIe/CardBus wireless adapters based on the
Ralink RT2500, RT2501, RT2600, RT2700, RT2800 and RT3090 chipsets.
The RT2500 chipset is the first generation of 802.11b/g adapters from
Ralink. It consists of two integrated chips, an RT2560 MAC/BBP and an
RT2525 radio transceiver.
The RT2501 chipset is the second generation of 802.11a/b/g adapters from
Ralink. It consists of two integrated chips, an RT2561 MAC/BBP and an
RT2527 radio transceiver. This chipset provides support for the IEEE
802.11e standard with multiple hardware transmission queues and allows
scatter/gather for efficient DMA operations.
The RT2600 chipset consists of two integrated chips, an RT2661 MAC/BBP
and an RT2529 radio transceiver. This chipset uses the MIMO (multiple-
input multiple-output) technology with multiple radio transceivers to
extend the operating range of the adapter and to achieve higher
throughput. However, the RT2600 chipset does not support any of the
802.11n features.
The RT2700 chipset is a low-cost version of the RT2800 chipset. It
supports a single transmit path and two receiver paths (1T2R). It
consists of two integrated chips, an RT2760 or RT2790 (PCIe) MAC/BBP and
an RT2720 (2.4GHz) or RT2750 (2.4GHz/5GHz) radio transceiver.
The RT2800 chipset is the first generation of 802.11n adapters from
Ralink. It consists of two integrated chips, an RT2860 or RT2890 (PCIe)
MAC/BBP and an RT2820 (2.4GHz) or RT2850 (2.4GHz/5GHz) radio transceiver.
The RT2800 chipset supports two transmit paths and up to three receiver
paths (2T2R/2T3R). It can achieve speeds up to 144Mbps (20MHz bandwidth)
and 300Mbps (40MHz bandwidth.)
The RT3090 chipset is the first generation of single-chip 802.11n
adapters from Ralink.
These are the modes the ral driver can operate in:
BSS mode Also known as infrastructure mode, this is used when
associating with an access point, through which all
traffic passes. This mode is the default.
IBSS mode Also known as IEEE ad-hoc mode or peer-to-peer mode. This
is the standardized method of operating without an access
point. Stations associate with a service set. However,
actual connections between stations are peer-to-peer.
Host AP In this mode the driver acts as an access point (base
station) for other cards.
monitor mode In this mode the driver is able to receive packets without
associating with an access point. This disables the
internal receive filter and enables the card to capture
packets from networks which it wouldn't normally have
access to, or to scan for access points.
The ral driver can be configured to use Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) or
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK). WPA is the de facto
encryption standard for wireless networks. It is strongly recommended
that WEP not be used as the sole mechanism to secure wireless
communication, due to serious weaknesses in it.
The ral driver relies on the software 802.11 stack for both encryption
and decryption of data frames on the RT2500, RT2501 and RT2600 chipsets.
On the RT2700 and RT2800 chipsets, the ral driver offloads both
encryption and decryption of data frames to the hardware for the WEP40,
WEP104, TKIP(+MIC) and CCMP ciphers.
The transmit speed is user-selectable or can be adapted automatically by
the driver depending on the number of hardware transmission retries.
The ral driver can be configured at runtime with ifconfig(8) or on boot
with hostname.if(5).
FILES
The RT2501, RT2600, RT2700 and RT2800 chipsets require the following
firmware files to be loaded when an interface is brought up:
/etc/firmware/ral-rt2561
/etc/firmware/ral-rt2561s
/etc/firmware/ral-rt2661
/etc/firmware/ral-rt2860
The RT2500 chipset does not require a firmware to operate.
HARDWARE
The following PCI adapters should work:
A-Link WL54H. AirLive WN-5000PCI. Amigo AWI-926W. AMIT WL531P. AOpen
AOI-831. ASUS WL-130G. ASUS WL-130N. ASUS WIFI-G-AAY. Atlantis Land
A02-PCI-W54. Belkin F5D7000 v3. Canyon CN-WF511. CNet CWP-854. Compex
WLP54G. Conceptronic C54Ri. Corega CG-WLPCI54GL. Digitus DN-7006G-RA.
Dynalink WLG25PCI. E-Tech WGPI02. Edimax EW-7128g. Edimax EW-7628Ig.
Edimax EW-7728In. Eminent EM3037. Encore ENLWI-G-RLAM. Eusso UGL2454-
VPR. Fiberline WL-400P. Foxconn WLL-3350. Gigabyte GN-WPKG. Gigabyte
GN-WP01GS. Gigabyte GN-WI02GM. Gigabyte GN-WP01GM. Hawking HWP54GR.
Hercules HWGPCI-54. iNexQ CR054g-009 (R03). JAHT WN-4054PCI. KCORP
LifeStyle KLS-660. LevelOne WNC-0301 v2. Linksys WMP54G v4. Longshine
LCS-8031N. Micronet SP906GK. Minitar MN54GPC-R. MSI MS-6834. MSI
PC54G2. OvisLink EVO-W54PCI. PheeNet HWL-PCIG/RA. Planex PCI-GW-
DS300N. Pro-Nets PC80211G. Repotec RP-WP0854. SATech SN-54P. Signamax
065-1798. Sitecom WL-115. SparkLAN WL-660R. Surecom EP-9321-g.
Surecom EP-9321-g1. Sweex LC700030. TekComm NE-9321-g. Tonze PC-6200C.
Unex CR054g-R02. Zinwell ZWX-G361. Zonet ZEW1600.
The following CardBus adapters should work:
A-Link WL54PC. Alfa AWPC036. Amigo AWI-914W. AMIT WL531C. ASUS WL-
107G. Atlantis Land A02-PCM-W54. Belkin F5D7010 v2. Canyon CN-WF513.
CC&C WL-2102. CNet CWC-854. Compex WL54. Conceptronic C54RC. Corega
CG-WLCB54GL. Digiconnect WL591C. Digitus DN-7001G-RA. Dynalink
WLG25CARDBUS. E-Tech WGPC02. E-Tech WGPC03. Edimax EW-7108PCg. Edimax
EW-7708PN. Eminent EM3036. Encore ENPWI-G-RLAM. Eusso UGL2454-01R.
Fiberline WL-400X. Gigabyte GN-WMKG. Gigabyte GN-WM01GS. Gigabyte GN-
WM01GM. Hawking HWC54GR. Hercules HWGPCMCIA-54. JAHT WN-4054P(E).
KCORP LifeStyle KLS-611. LevelOne WPC-0301 v2. Micronet SP908GK V3.
Minitar MN54GCB-R. MSI CB54G2. MSI MS-6835. Pro-Nets CB80211G.
Repotec RP-WB7108. SATech SN-54C. Sitecom WL-112. SparkLAN WL-611R.
SparkLAN WPCR-501. Surecom EP-9428-g. Sweex LC500050. TekComm NE-9428-
g. Tonze PW-6200C. Unex MR054g-R02. Zinwell ZWX-G160. Zonet ZEW1500.
The following Mini PCI adapters should work:
Amigo AWI-922W. Billionton MIWLGRL. Gigabyte GN-WIKG. Gigabyte GN-
WI01GS. Gigabyte GN-WI02GM. MSI MP54G2. MSI MS-6833. SparkLAN WMIR-
215GN. Tonze PC-620C. Zinwell ZWX-G360.
EXAMPLES
The following hostname.if(5) example configures ral0 to join whatever
network is available on boot, using WEP key ``0x1deadbeef1'', channel 11,
obtaining an IP address using DHCP:
dhcp NONE NONE NONE nwkey 0x1deadbeef1 chan 11
The following hostname.if(5) example creates a host-based access point on
boot:
inet 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 NONE media autoselect \
mediaopt hostap nwid my_net chan 11
Configure ral0 to join network ``my_net'' using WPA with passphrase
``my_passphrase'':
# ifconfig ral0 nwid my_net wpakey my_passphrase
Join an existing BSS network, ``my_net'':
# ifconfig ral0 192.168.1.1 netmask 0xffffff00 nwid my_net
DIAGNOSTICS
ral%d: error %d, could not read firmware %s For some reason, the driver
was unable to read the firmware image from the filesystem. The file
might be missing or corrupted.
ral%d: could not load 8051 microcode An error occurred while attempting
to upload the microcode to the onboard 8051 microcontroller unit.
ral%d: timeout waiting for MCU to initialize The onboard 8051
microcontroller unit failed to initialize in time.
ral%d: device timeout A frame dispatched to the hardware for
transmission did not complete in time. The driver will reset the
hardware. This should not happen.
SEE ALSOarp(4), cardbus(4), ifmedia(4), intro(4), netintro(4), pci(4),
hostname.if(5), hostapd(8), ifconfig(8)
Ralink Technology: http://www.ralinktech.com/
HISTORY
The ral driver first appeared in OpenBSD 3.7. Support for the RT2501 and
RT2600 chipsets was added in OpenBSD 3.9. Support for the RT2800 chipset
was added in OpenBSD 4.3. Support for the RT2700 chipset was added in
OpenBSD 4.4. Support for the RT3090 chipset was added in OpenBSD 4.9.
AUTHORS
The ral driver was written by Damien Bergamini <damien@openbsd.org>.
CAVEATS
The ral driver does not make use of the hardware cryptographic engine
present on the RT2500, RT2501 and RT2600 chipsets.
The ral driver does not support any of the 802.11n capabilities offered
by the RT2700 and RT2800 chipsets. Additional work is required in
ieee80211(9) before those features can be supported.
Host AP mode doesn't support power saving. Clients attempting to use
power saving mode may experience significant packet loss (disabling power
saving on the client will fix this).
Some PCI ral adapters seem to strictly require a system supporting PCI
2.2 or greater and will likely not work in systems based on older
revisions of the PCI specification. Check the board's PCI version before
purchasing the card.
OpenBSD 4.9 November 5, 2010 OpenBSD 4.9
