restore(1M)restore(1M)NAME
restore, rrestore - restore file system incrementally, local or across
network
SYNOPSIS
key [name ...]
key [name ...]
DESCRIPTION
The and commands read tapes previously dumped by the or command (see
dump(1M) and rdump(1M)).
Actions taken are controlled by the key argument where key is a string
of characters containing not more than one function letter and possibly
one or more function modifiers. One or more name arguments, if
present, are file or directory names specifying the files that are to
be restored. Unless the modifier is specified (see below), the appear‐
ance of a directory name refers to the files and (recursively) subdi‐
rectories of that directory.
Function Portion of key
The function portion of the key is specified by one of the following
letters:
Read the tape and load into the current directory.
should be used only after careful consideration, and only
to restore a complete dump tape onto a clear file system,
or to restore an incremental dump tape after a full level
zero restore. Thus,
is a typical sequence to restore a complete dump. Another
or can then be performed to restore an incremental dump on
top of this. Note that and leave a file in the root
directory of the file system to pass information between
incremental restore passes. This file should be removed
when the last incremental tape has been restored. A or
followed by a and a or is used to change the size of a
file system (see newfs(1M)).
and request a particular tape of a multivolume set on which to
restart a full restore (see above). This provides a means
for interrupting and restarting and
Extract the named files from the tape.
If the named file matches a directory whose contents had
been written onto the tape, and the modifier is not speci‐
fied, the directory is recursively extracted. The owner,
modification time, and mode are restored (if possible).
If no file argument is given, the root directory is
extracted, which results in the entire contents of the
tape being extracted, unless has been specified.
Names of the specified files are listed if they occur on the
tape.
If no file argument is given, the root directory is
listed, which results in the entire content of the tape
being listed, unless has been specified.
The next argument to
is used as the dump file number to recover. This is use‐
ful if there is more than one dump file on a tape.
This mode allows interactive restoration of files from a dump
tape.
After reading in the directory information from the tape,
and provide a shell-like interface that allows the user to
move around the directory tree selecting files to be
extracted. The available commands are given below; for
those commands that require an argument, the default is
the current directory.
The current directory or specified argument
is added to the list of files to be
extracted. If a directory is specified, it
and all its descendents are added to the
extraction list (unless the key is speci‐
fied on the command line). File names on
the extraction list are displayed with a
leading when listed by
Change the current working directory to the specified
argument.
The current directory or specified argument
is deleted from the list of files to be
extracted. If a directory is specified, it
and all its descendents are deleted from
the extraction list (unless is specified on
the command line). The most expedient way
to extract files from a directory is to add
the directory to the extraction list, then
delete unnecessary files.
All files named on the extraction list are extracted
from the dump tape. and ask which volume
the user wants to mount. The fastest way
to extract a few files is to start with the
last volume, then work toward the first
volume.
List a summary of the available commands.
List the current or specified directory.
Entries that are directories are displayed
with a trailing Entries marked for extrac‐
tion are displayed with a leading If the
verbose key is set, the inode number of
each entry is also listed.
Print the full path name of the current working directory.
and immediately exit, even if the extraction
list is not empty.
Set the owner, modes, and times of all directories
that are added to the extraction list.
Nothing is extracted from the tape. This
setting is useful for cleaning up after a
restore aborts prematurely.
The sense of the
modifier is toggled. When set, the verbose
key causes the command to list the inode
numbers of all entries. It also causes and
to print out information about each file as
it is extracted.
Function Modifiers
The following function modifier characters can be used in addition to
the letter that selects the function desired:
Specify the block size of the tape in kilobytes.
If the option is not specified, and try to determine the
tape block size dynamically.
Specify the name of the archive instead of
If the name of the file is reads from standard input.
Thus, and can be used in a pipeline to dump and restore a
file system with the command
When using this key should be specified, and the next
argument supplied should be of the form
Extract the actual directory,
rather than the files to which it refers. This prevents
hierarchical restoration of complete subtrees from the
tape, rather than the files to which it refers.
Extract by inode numbers rather than by file name.
This is useful if only a few files are being extracted and
one wants to avoid regenerating the complete path name to
the file.
Type the name of each file
and treat, preceded by its file type. Normally and do
their work silently; the modifier specifies verbose out‐
put.
Do not ask whether to abort the operation if
and encounters a tape error. and attempt to skip over the
bad tape block(s) and continue.
creates a server, either or on the remote machine to access the
tape device.
DIAGNOSTICS
and complain about bad key characters.
and complain if a read error is encountered. If the modifier has been
specified, or the user responds and attempt to continue the restore.
If the dump extends over more than one tape, and ask the user to change
tapes. If the or function has been specified, and also ask which vol‐
ume the user wants to mount. The fastest way to extract a few files is
to start with the last volume and work towards the first volume.
There are numerous consistency checks that can be listed by and Most
checks are self-explanatory or can ``never happen''. Here are some
common errors:
The specified file name was listed in the tape directory
but not found on the tape. This is caused by tape read
errors while looking for the file, and from using a dump
tape created on an active file system.
A file not listed in the directory showed up.
This can occur when using a dump tape created on an
active file system.
When doing an incremental restore,
a tape that was written before the previous incremental
tape, or that has too low an incremental level has been
loaded.
When doing an incremental restore,
a tape that does not begin its coverage where the previ‐
ous incremental tape left off, or that has too high an
incremental level has been loaded.
A tape read error has occurred.
If a file name is specified,
the contents of the restored
files are probably partially
wrong. If restore is skip‐
ping an inode or is trying to
resynchronize the tape, no
extracted files are cor‐
rupted, although files may
not be found on the tape.
After a tape read error,
and may have to resynchronize
themselves. This message
indicates the number of
blocks skipped over.
WARNINGS
and can get confused when doing incremental
restores from dump tapes that were made on
active file systems.
A level zero dump (see dump(1M)) must be
done after a full restore. Since restore
runs in user code, it has no control over
inode allocation; thus a full dump must be
done to get a new set of directories
reflecting the new inode numbering, even
though the contents of the files are
unchanged.
AUTHOR
and were developed by the University of
California, Berkeley.
FILES
Default tape drive.
File containing directories on the tape.
Owner, mode, and time stamps for directo‐
ries.
Information passed between incremental
restores.
SEE ALSOdump(1M), mkfs(1M), mount(1M), newfs(1M),
rmt(1M), mt(7).
restore(1M)
