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SEMOP(2)		   Linux Programmer's Manual		      SEMOP(2)

NAME
       semop, semtimedop - System V semaphore operations

SYNOPSIS
       #include <sys/types.h>
       #include <sys/ipc.h>
       #include <sys/sem.h>

       int semop(int semid, struct sembuf *sops, unsigned nsops);

       int semtimedop(int semid, struct sembuf *sops, unsigned nsops,
		      struct timespec *timeout);

   Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):

       semtimedop(): _GNU_SOURCE

DESCRIPTION
       Each semaphore in a System V semaphore set has the following associated
       values:

	   unsigned short  semval;   /* semaphore value */
	   unsigned short  semzcnt;  /* # waiting for zero */
	   unsigned short  semncnt;  /* # waiting for increase */
	   pid_t	   sempid;   /* ID of process that did last op */

       semop() performs operations on selected semaphores in the set indicated
       by  semid.   Each of the nsops elements in the array pointed to by sops
       specifies an operation to be performed on a single semaphore.  The ele‐
       ments  of this structure are of type struct sembuf, containing the fol‐
       lowing members:

	   unsigned short sem_num;  /* semaphore number */
	   short	  sem_op;   /* semaphore operation */
	   short	  sem_flg;  /* operation flags */

       Flags recognized in sem_flg are IPC_NOWAIT and SEM_UNDO.	 If an	opera‐
       tion  specifies	SEM_UNDO,  it  will  be	 automatically undone when the
       process terminates.

       The set of operations contained in sops is performed  in	 array	order,
       and  atomically, that is, the operations are performed either as a com‐
       plete unit, or not at all.  The behavior of the system call if not  all
       operations  can be performed immediately depends on the presence of the
       IPC_NOWAIT flag in the individual sem_flg fields, as noted below.

       Each operation is performed on the sem_num-th semaphore	of  the	 sema‐
       phore  set,  where the first semaphore of the set is numbered 0.	 There
       are three types of operation, distinguished by the value of sem_op.

       If sem_op is a positive integer, the operation adds this value  to  the
       semaphore  value	 (semval).   Furthermore, if SEM_UNDO is specified for
       this operation, the system subtracts the value sem_op  from  the	 sema‐
       phore adjustment (semadj) value for this semaphore.  This operation can
       always proceed—it never forces a thread to wait.	 The  calling  process
       must have alter permission on the semaphore set.

       If  sem_op  is zero, the process must have read permission on the sema‐
       phore set.  This is a "wait-for-zero" operation: if semval is zero, the
       operation  can immediately proceed.  Otherwise, if IPC_NOWAIT is speci‐
       fied in sem_flg, semop() fails with errno set to EAGAIN	(and  none  of
       the  operations in sops is performed).  Otherwise semzcnt (the count of
       threads waiting until this semaphore's value becomes  zero)  is	incre‐
       mented by one and the thread sleeps until one of the following occurs:

       ·  semval becomes 0, at which time the value of semzcnt is decremented.

       ·  The  semaphore  set  is  removed:  semop()  fails, with errno set to
	  EIDRM.

       ·  The calling thread catches a signal: the value of semzcnt is	decre‐
	  mented and semop() fails, with errno set to EINTR.

       ·  The  time limit specified by timeout in a semtimedop() call expires:
	  semop() fails, with errno set to EAGAIN.

       If sem_op is less than zero, the process must have alter permission  on
       the  semaphore set.  If semval is greater than or equal to the absolute
       value of sem_op, the operation can proceed  immediately:	 the  absolute
       value  of  sem_op is subtracted from semval, and, if SEM_UNDO is speci‐
       fied for this operation, the system adds the absolute value  of	sem_op
       to  the semaphore adjustment (semadj) value for this semaphore.	If the
       absolute value of sem_op is greater  than  semval,  and	IPC_NOWAIT  is
       specified in sem_flg, semop() fails, with errno set to EAGAIN (and none
       of the operations  in  sops  is	performed).   Otherwise	 semncnt  (the
       counter	of  threads waiting for this semaphore's value to increase) is
       incremented by one and the thread sleeps until  one  of	the  following
       occurs:

       ·  semval  becomes  greater  than  or  equal  to	 the absolute value of
	  sem_op: the operation now proceeds, as described above.

       ·  The semaphore set is removed from the system:	 semop()  fails,  with
	  errno set to EIDRM.

       ·  The  calling thread catches a signal: the value of semncnt is decre‐
	  mented and semop() fails, with errno set to EINTR.

       ·  The time limit specified by timeout in a semtimedop() call  expires:
	  the system call fails, with errno set to EAGAIN.

       On successful completion, the sempid value for each semaphore specified
       in the array pointed to by sops is set to the caller's process ID.   In
       addition, the sem_otime is set to the current time.

       semtimedop()  behaves identically to semop() except that in those cases
       where the calling thread would sleep, the duration  of  that  sleep  is
       limited	by the amount of elapsed time specified by the timespec struc‐
       ture whose address is passed in	the  timeout  argument.	  (This	 sleep
       interval will be rounded up to the system clock granularity, and kernel
       scheduling delays mean  that  the  interval  may	 overrun  by  a	 small
       amount.)	  If  the  specified time limit has been reached, semtimedop()
       fails with errno set to EAGAIN (and none of the operations in  sops  is
       performed).  If the timeout argument is NULL, then semtimedop() behaves
       exactly like semop().

RETURN VALUE
       If successful, semop() and semtimedop() return 0; otherwise they return
       -1 with errno indicating the error.

ERRORS
       On failure, errno is set to one of the following:

       E2BIG  The argument nsops is greater than SEMOPM, the maximum number of
	      operations allowed per system call.

       EACCES The calling process does not have the  permissions  required  to
	      perform  the  specified  semaphore operations, and does not have
	      the CAP_IPC_OWNER capability.

       EAGAIN An operation could not proceed immediately and either IPC_NOWAIT
	      was  specified in sem_flg or the time limit specified in timeout
	      expired.

       EFAULT An address specified in either the sops or the timeout  argument
	      isn't accessible.

       EFBIG  For  some	 operation  the	 value	of  sem_num  is less than 0 or
	      greater than or equal to the number of semaphores in the set.

       EIDRM  The semaphore set was removed.

       EINTR  While blocked in this system call, the thread caught  a  signal;
	      see signal(7).

       EINVAL The  semaphore set doesn't exist, or semid is less than zero, or
	      nsops has a nonpositive value.

       ENOMEM The sem_flg of some operation specified SEM_UNDO and the	system
	      does not have enough memory to allocate the undo structure.

       ERANGE For  some	 operation  sem_op+semval  is greater than SEMVMX, the
	      implementation dependent maximum value for semval.

VERSIONS
       semtimedop() first appeared in Linux 2.5.52, and was subsequently back‐
       ported  into  kernel  2.4.22.   Glibc  support  for  semtimedop() first
       appeared in version 2.3.3.

CONFORMING TO
       SVr4, POSIX.1-2001.

NOTES
       The inclusion of <sys/types.h> and <sys/ipc.h> isn't required on	 Linux
       or by any version of POSIX.  However, some old implementations required
       the inclusion of these header files, and the SVID also documented their
       inclusion.   Applications  intended  to be portable to such old systems
       may need to include these header files.

       The sem_undo structures of a process aren't inherited by the child pro‐
       duced  by  fork(2),  but	 they are inherited across an execve(2) system
       call.

       semop() is never automatically restarted after being interrupted	 by  a
       signal  handler,	 regardless of the setting of the SA_RESTART flag when
       establishing a signal handler.

       A semaphore adjustment (semadj) value is a  per-process,	 per-semaphore
       integer	that is the negated sum of all operations performed on a sema‐
       phore specifying the SEM_UNDO flag.  Each process has a list of	semadj
       values—one  value  for  each  semaphore	on which it has operated using
       SEM_UNDO.  When a process terminates, each of its per-semaphore	semadj
       values is added to the corresponding semaphore, thus undoing the effect
       of that process's operations on the semaphore  (but  see	 BUGS  below).
       When  a	semaphore's  value  is directly set using the SETVAL or SETALL
       request to semctl(2), the corresponding semadj values in all  processes
       are cleared.

       The  semval, sempid, semzcnt, and semnct values for a semaphore can all
       be retrieved using appropriate semctl(2) calls.

       The following limits on semaphore  set  resources  affect  the  semop()
       call:

       SEMOPM Maximum  number  of operations allowed for one semop() call (32)
	      (on Linux, this limit can be read and  modified  via  the	 third
	      field of /proc/sys/kernel/sem).

       SEMVMX Maximum  allowable  value	 for  semval: implementation dependent
	      (32767).

       The implementation has no intrinsic limits for the adjust on exit maxi‐
       mum  value  (SEMAEM), the system wide maximum number of undo structures
       (SEMMNU) and the per-process maximum  number  of	 undo  entries	system
       parameters.

BUGS
       When  a	process terminates, its set of associated semadj structures is
       used to undo the effect of all of the semaphore operations it performed
       with  the SEM_UNDO flag.	 This raises a difficulty: if one (or more) of
       these semaphore adjustments would result in an attempt  to  decrease  a
       semaphore's  value  below  zero, what should an implementation do?  One
       possible approach would be to block until all the semaphore adjustments
       could  be  performed.  This is however undesirable since it could force
       process termination to block for	 arbitrarily  long  periods.   Another
       possibility  is	that such semaphore adjustments could be ignored alto‐
       gether (somewhat analogously to failing when  IPC_NOWAIT	 is  specified
       for  a semaphore operation).  Linux adopts a third approach: decreasing
       the semaphore value as far as possible (i.e.,  to  zero)	 and  allowing
       process termination to proceed immediately.

       In  kernels  2.6.x,  x <= 10, there is a bug that in some circumstances
       prevents a thread that is waiting for a semaphore value to become  zero
       from being woken up when the value does actually become zero.  This bug
       is fixed in kernel 2.6.11.

EXAMPLE
       The following code segment uses semop()	to  atomically	wait  for  the
       value  of  semaphore 0 to become zero, and then increment the semaphore
       value by one.

	   struct sembuf sops[2];
	   int semid;

	   /* Code to set semid omitted */

	   sops[0].sem_num = 0;	       /* Operate on semaphore 0 */
	   sops[0].sem_op = 0;	       /* Wait for value to equal 0 */
	   sops[0].sem_flg = 0;

	   sops[1].sem_num = 0;	       /* Operate on semaphore 0 */
	   sops[1].sem_op = 1;	       /* Increment value by one */
	   sops[1].sem_flg = 0;

	   if (semop(semid, sops, 2) == -1) {
	       perror("semop");
	       exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
	   }

SEE ALSO
       clone(2),   semctl(2),	semget(2),   sigaction(2),    capabilities(7),
       sem_overview(7), svipc(7), time(7)

COLOPHON
       This  page  is  part of release 3.65 of the Linux man-pages project.  A
       description of the project, and information about reporting  bugs,  can
       be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.

Linux				  2013-04-17			      SEMOP(2)
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