SUDOERS(5) MAINTENANCE COMMANDS SUDOERS(5)NAMEsudoers - list of which users may execute what
DESCRIPTION
The sudoers file is composed of two types of entries: aliases
(basically variables) and user specifications (which specify who may
run what).
When multiple entries match for a user, they are applied in order.
Where there are multiple matches, the last match is used (which is not
necessarily the most specific match).
The sudoers grammar will be described below in Extended Backus-Naur
Form (EBNF). Don't despair if you don't know what EBNF is; it is
fairly simple, and the definitions below are annotated.
Quick guide to EBNF
EBNF is a concise and exact way of describing the grammar of a
language. Each EBNF definition is made up of production rules. E.g.,
symbol ::= definition | alternate1 | alternate2 ...
Each production rule references others and thus makes up a grammar for
the language. EBNF also contains the following operators, which many
readers will recognize from regular expressions. Do not, however,
confuse them with "wildcard" characters, which have different meanings.
? Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) is optional.
That is, it may appear once or not at all.
* Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear
zero or more times.
+ Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear
one or more times.
Parentheses may be used to group symbols together. For clarity, we
will use single quotes ('') to designate what is a verbatim character
string (as opposed to a symbol name).
Aliases
There are four kinds of aliases: User_Alias, Runas_Alias, Host_Alias
and Cmnd_Alias.
Alias ::= 'User_Alias' User_Alias (':' User_Alias)* |
'Runas_Alias' Runas_Alias (':' Runas_Alias)* |
'Host_Alias' Host_Alias (':' Host_Alias)* |
'Cmnd_Alias' Cmnd_Alias (':' Cmnd_Alias)*
User_Alias ::= NAME '=' User_List
Runas_Alias ::= NAME '=' Runas_List
Host_Alias ::= NAME '=' Host_List
Cmnd_Alias ::= NAME '=' Cmnd_List
NAME ::= [A-Z]([A-Z][0-9]_)*
Each alias definition is of the form
Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, ...
where Alias_Type is one of User_Alias, Runas_Alias, Host_Alias, or
Cmnd_Alias. A NAME is a string of uppercase letters, numbers, and
underscore characters ('_'). A NAME must start with an uppercase
letter. It is possible to put several alias definitions of the same
type on a single line, joined by a colon (':'). E.g.,
Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, item3 : NAME = item4, item5
The definitions of what constitutes a valid alias member follow.
User_List ::= User |
User ',' User_List
User ::= '!'* username |
'!'* '#'uid |
'!'* '%'group |
'!'* '+'netgroup |
'!'* '%:'nonunix_group |
'!'* User_Alias
A User_List is made up of one or more usernames, uids (prefixed with
'#'), system groups (prefixed with '%'), netgroups (prefixed with '+')
and User_Aliases. Each list item may be prefixed with zero or more '!'
operators. An odd number of '!' operators negate the value of the
item; an even number just cancel each other out.
A username, group, netgroup and nonunix_groups may be enclosed in
double quotes to avoid the need for escaping special characters.
Alternately, special characters may be specified in escaped hex mode,
e.g. \x20 for space.
The nonunix_group syntax depends on the underlying implementation. For
instance, the QAS AD backend supports the following formats:
· Group in the same domain: "Group Name"
· Group in any domain: "Group Name@FULLY.QUALIFIED.DOMAIN"
· Group SID: "S-1-2-34-5678901234-5678901234-5678901234-567"
Note that quotes around group names are optional. Unquoted strings
must use a backslash (\) to escape spaces and the '@' symbol.
Runas_List ::= Runas_Member |
Runas_Member ',' Runas_List
Runas_Member ::= '!'* username |
'!'* '#'uid |
'!'* '%'group |
'!'* +netgroup |
'!'* Runas_Alias
A Runas_List is similar to a User_List except that instead of
User_Aliases it can contain Runas_Aliases. Note that usernames and
groups are matched as strings. In other words, two users (groups) with
the same uid (gid) are considered to be distinct. If you wish to match
all usernames with the same uid (e.g. root and toor), you can use a uid
instead (#0 in the example given).
Host_List ::= Host |
Host ',' Host_List
Host ::= '!'* hostname |
'!'* ip_addr |
'!'* network(/netmask)? |
'!'* '+'netgroup |
'!'* Host_Alias
A Host_List is made up of one or more hostnames, IP addresses, network
numbers, netgroups (prefixed with '+') and other aliases. Again, the
value of an item may be negated with the '!' operator. If you do not
specify a netmask along with the network number, sudo will query each
of the local host's network interfaces and, if the network number
corresponds to one of the hosts's network interfaces, the corresponding
netmask will be used. The netmask may be specified either in standard
IP address notation (e.g. 255.255.255.0 or ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::), or
CIDR notation (number of bits, e.g. 24 or 64). A hostname may include
shell-style wildcards (see the Wildcards section below), but unless the
hostname command on your machine returns the fully qualified hostname,
you'll need to use the fqdn option for wildcards to be useful.
Cmnd_List ::= Cmnd |
Cmnd ',' Cmnd_List
commandname ::= filename |
filename args |
filename '""'
Cmnd ::= '!'* commandname |
'!'* directory |
'!'* "sudoedit" |
'!'* Cmnd_Alias
A Cmnd_List is a list of one or more commandnames, directories, and
other aliases. A commandname is a fully qualified filename which may
include shell-style wildcards (see the Wildcards section below). A
simple filename allows the user to run the command with any arguments
he/she wishes. However, you may also specify command line arguments
(including wildcards). Alternately, you can specify "" to indicate
that the command may only be run without command line arguments. A
directory is a fully qualified pathname ending in a '/'. When you
specify a directory in a Cmnd_List, the user will be able to run any
file within that directory (but not in any subdirectories therein).
If a Cmnd has associated command line arguments, then the arguments in
the Cmnd must match exactly those given by the user on the command line
(or match the wildcards if there are any). Note that the following
characters must be escaped with a '\' if they are used in command
arguments: ',', ':', '=', '\'. The special command "sudoedit" is used
to permit a user to run sudo with the -e option (or as sudoedit). It
may take command line arguments just as a normal command does.
Defaults
Certain configuration options may be changed from their default values
at runtime via one or more Default_Entry lines. These may affect all
users on any host, all users on a specific host, a specific user, a
specific command, or commands being run as a specific user. Note that
per-command entries may not include command line arguments. If you
need to specify arguments, define a Cmnd_Alias and reference that
instead.
Default_Type ::= 'Defaults' |
'Defaults' '@' Host_List |
'Defaults' ':' User_List |
'Defaults' '!' Cmnd_List |
'Defaults' '>' Runas_List
Default_Entry ::= Default_Type Parameter_List
Parameter_List ::= Parameter |
Parameter ',' Parameter_List
Parameter ::= Parameter '=' Value |
Parameter '+=' Value |
Parameter '-=' Value |
'!'* Parameter
Parameters may be flags, integer values, strings, or lists. Flags are
implicitly boolean and can be turned off via the '!' operator. Some
integer, string and list parameters may also be used in a boolean
context to disable them. Values may be enclosed in double quotes (")
when they contain multiple words. Special characters may be escaped
with a backslash (\).
Lists have two additional assignment operators, += and -=. These
operators are used to add to and delete from a list respectively. It
is not an error to use the -= operator to remove an element that does
not exist in a list.
Defaults entries are parsed in the following order: generic, host and
user Defaults first, then runas Defaults and finally command defaults.
See "SUDOERS OPTIONS" for a list of supported Defaults parameters.
User Specification
User_Spec ::= User_List Host_List '=' Cmnd_Spec_List \
(':' Host_List '=' Cmnd_Spec_List)*
Cmnd_Spec_List ::= Cmnd_Spec |
Cmnd_Spec ',' Cmnd_Spec_List
Cmnd_Spec ::= Runas_Spec? Tag_Spec* Cmnd
Runas_Spec ::= '(' Runas_List? (':' Runas_List)? ')'
Tag_Spec ::= ('NOPASSWD:' | 'PASSWD:' | 'NOEXEC:' | 'EXEC:' |
'SETENV:' | 'NOSETENV:' )
A user specification determines which commands a user may run (and as
what user) on specified hosts. By default, commands are run as root,
but this can be changed on a per-command basis.
The basic structure of a user specification is `who = where (as_whom)
what'. Let's break that down into its constituent parts:
Runas_Spec
A Runas_Spec determines the user and/or the group that a command may be
run as. A fully-specified Runas_Spec consists of two Runas_Lists (as
defined above) separated by a colon (':') and enclosed in a set of
parentheses. The first Runas_List indicates which users the command
may be run as via sudo's -u option. The second defines a list of
groups that can be specified via sudo's -g option. If both Runas_Lists
are specified, the command may be run with any combination of users and
groups listed in their respective Runas_Lists. If only the first is
specified, the command may be run as any user in the list but no -g
option may be specified. If the first Runas_List is empty but the
second is specified, the command may be run as the invoking user with
the group set to any listed in the Runas_List. If no Runas_Spec is
specified the command may be run as root and no group may be specified.
A Runas_Spec sets the default for the commands that follow it. What
this means is that for the entry:
dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm
The user dgb may run /bin/ls, /bin/kill, and /usr/bin/lprm -- but only
as operator. E.g.,
$ sudo -u operator /bin/ls.
It is also possible to override a Runas_Spec later on in an entry. If
we modify the entry like so:
dgb boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, (root) /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm
Then user dgb is now allowed to run /bin/ls as operator, but /bin/kill
and /usr/bin/lprm as root.
We can extend this to allow dgb to run /bin/ls with either the user or
group set to operator:
dgb boulder = (operator : operator) /bin/ls, (root) /bin/kill, \
/usr/bin/lprm
In the following example, user tcm may run commands that access a modem
device file with the dialer group. Note that in this example only the
group will be set, the command still runs as user tcm.
tcm boulder = (:dialer) /usr/bin/tip, /usr/bin/cu, \
/usr/local/bin/minicom
Tag_Spec
A command may have zero or more tags associated with it. There are
eight possible tag values, NOPASSWD, PASSWD, NOEXEC, EXEC, SETENV and
NOSETENV. Once a tag is set on a Cmnd, subsequent Cmnds in the
Cmnd_Spec_List, inherit the tag unless it is overridden by the opposite
tag (i.e.: PASSWD overrides NOPASSWD and NOEXEC overrides EXEC).
NOPASSWD and PASSWD
By default, sudo requires that a user authenticate him or herself
before running a command. This behavior can be modified via the
NOPASSWD tag. Like a Runas_Spec, the NOPASSWD tag sets a default for
the commands that follow it in the Cmnd_Spec_List. Conversely, the
PASSWD tag can be used to reverse things. For example:
ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
would allow the user ray to run /bin/kill, /bin/ls, and /usr/bin/lprm
as root on the machine rushmore without authenticating himself. If we
only want ray to be able to run /bin/kill without a password the entry
would be:
ray rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm
Note, however, that the PASSWD tag has no effect on users who are in
the group specified by the exempt_group option.
By default, if the NOPASSWD tag is applied to any of the entries for a
user on the current host, he or she will be able to run sudo -l without
a password. Additionally, a user may only run sudo -v without a
password if the NOPASSWD tag is present for all a user's entries that
pertain to the current host. This behavior may be overridden via the
verifypw and listpw options.
NOEXEC and EXEC
If sudo has been compiled with noexec support and the underlying
operating system supports it, the NOEXEC tag can be used to prevent a
dynamically-linked executable from running further commands itself.
In the following example, user aaron may run /usr/bin/more and
/usr/bin/vi but shell escapes will be disabled.
aaron shanty = NOEXEC: /usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/vi
See the "PREVENTING SHELL ESCAPES" section below for more details on
how NOEXEC works and whether or not it will work on your system.
SETENV and NOSETENV
These tags override the value of the setenv option on a per-command
basis. Note that if SETENV has been set for a command, any environment
variables set on the command line way are not subject to the
restrictions imposed by env_check, env_delete, or env_keep. As such,
only trusted users should be allowed to set variables in this manner.
If the command matched is ALL, the SETENV tag is implied for that
command; this default may be overridden by use of the UNSETENV tag.
Wildcards
sudo allows shell-style wildcards (aka meta or glob characters) to be
used in hostnames, pathnames and command line arguments in the sudoers
file. Wildcard matching is done via the POSIX glob(3) and fnmatch(3)
routines. Note that these are not regular expressions.
* Matches any set of zero or more characters.
? Matches any single character.
[...] Matches any character in the specified range.
[!...] Matches any character not in the specified range.
\x For any character "x", evaluates to "x". This is used to
escape special characters such as: "*", "?", "[", and "}".
POSIX character classes may also be used if your system's glob(3) and
fnmatch(3) functions support them. However, because the ':' character
has special meaning in sudoers, it must be escaped. For example:
/bin/ls [[\:alpha\:]]*
Would match any filename beginning with a letter.
Note that a forward slash ('/') will not be matched by wildcards used
in the path name. This is to make a path like:
/usr/bin/*
match /usr/bin/who but not /usr/bin/X11/xterm.
When matching the command line arguments, however, a slash does get
matched by wildcards since command line arguments may contain arbitrary
strings and not just pathnames.
Wildcards in command line arguments should be used with care. Because
command line arguments are matched as a single, concatenated string, a
wildcard such as `?' or `*' can match multiple words. For example,
while a sudoers entry like:
%operator ALL = /bin/cat /var/log/messages*
will allow command like:
$ sudo cat /var/log/messages.1
It will also allow:
$ sudo cat /var/log/messages /etc/shadow
which is probaby not what was intended.
Exceptions to wildcard rules
The following exceptions apply to the above rules:
"" If the empty string "" is the only command line argument in the
sudoers entry it means that command is not allowed to be run
with any arguments.
sudoedit Command line arguments to the sudoedit built-in command
should always be path names, so a forward slash (`/') will
not be matched by a wildcard.
Including other files from within sudoers
It is possible to include other sudoers files from within the sudoers
file currently being parsed using the #include and #includedir
directives.
This can be used, for example, to keep a site-wide sudoers file in
addition to a local, per-machine file. For the sake of this example
the site-wide sudoers will be /etc/sudoers and the per-machine one will
be /etc/sudoers.local. To include /etc/sudoers.local from within
/etc/sudoers we would use the following line in /etc/sudoers:
#include /etc/sudoers.local
When sudo reaches this line it will suspend processing of the current
file (/etc/sudoers) and switch to /etc/sudoers.local. Upon reaching
the end of /etc/sudoers.local, the rest of /etc/sudoers will be
processed. Files that are included may themselves include other files.
A hard limit of 128 nested include files is enforced to prevent include
file loops.
The filename may include the %h escape, signifying the short form of
the hostname. I.e., if the machine's hostname is "xerxes", then
#include /etc/sudoers.%h
will cause sudo to include the file /etc/sudoers.xerxes.
The #includedir directive can be used to create a sudoers.d directory
that the system package manager can drop sudoers rules into as part of
package installation. For example, given:
#includedir /etc/sudoers.d
sudo will read each file in /etc/sudoers.d, skipping file names that
end in ~ or contain a . character to avoid causing problems with
package manager or editor temporary/backup files. Files are parsed in
sorted lexical order. That is, /etc/sudoers.d/01_first will be parsed
before /etc/sudoers.d/10_second. Be aware that because the sorting is
lexical, not numeric, /etc/sudoers.d/1_whoops would be loaded after
/etc/sudoers.d/10_second. Using a consistent number of leading zeroes
in the file names can be used to avoid such problems.
Note that unlike files included via #include, visudo will not edit the
files in a #includedir directory unless one of them contains a syntax
error. It is still possible to run visudo with the -f flag to edit the
files directly.
Other special characters and reserved words
The pound sign ('#') is used to indicate a comment (unless it is part
of a #include directive or unless it occurs in the context of a user
name and is followed by one or more digits, in which case it is treated
as a uid). Both the comment character and any text after it, up to the
end of the line, are ignored.
The reserved word ALL is a built-in alias that always causes a match to
succeed. It can be used wherever one might otherwise use a Cmnd_Alias,
User_Alias, Runas_Alias, or Host_Alias. You should not try to define
your own alias called ALL as the built-in alias will be used in
preference to your own. Please note that using ALL can be dangerous
since in a command context, it allows the user to run any command on
the system.
An exclamation point ('!') can be used as a logical not operator in a
list or alias as well as in front of a Cmnd. This allows one to
exclude certain values. For the `!' operator to be effective, there
must be something for it to exclude. For example, to match all users
except for root one would use:
ALL,!root
If the ALL, is omitted, as in:
!root
it would explicitly deny root but not match any other users. This is
different from a true ``negation'' operator.
Note, however, that using a ! in conjunction with the built-in ALL
alias to allow a user to run "all but a few" commands rarely works as
intended (see SECURITY NOTES below).
Long lines can be continued with a backslash ('\') as the last
character on the line.
Whitespace between elements in a list as well as special syntactic
characters in a User Specification ('=', ':', '(', ')') is optional.
The following characters must be escaped with a backslash ('\') when
used as part of a word (e.g. a username or hostname): '@', '!', '=',
':', ',', '(', ')', '\'.
SUDOERS OPTIONS
sudo's behavior can be modified by Default_Entry lines, as explained
earlier. A list of all supported Defaults parameters, grouped by type,
are listed below.
Flags:
always_set_home If set, sudo will set the HOME environment variable to
the home directory of the target user (which is root
unless the -u option is used). This effectively means
that the -H option is always implied. This flag is off
by default.
authenticate If set, users must authenticate themselves via a
password (or other means of authentication) before they
may run commands. This default may be overridden via
the PASSWD and NOPASSWD tags. This flag is on by
default.
closefrom_override
If set, the user may use sudo's -C option which
overrides the default starting point at which sudo
begins closing open file descriptors. This flag is off
by default.
env_editor If set, visudo will use the value of the EDITOR or
VISUAL environment variables before falling back on the
default editor list. Note that this may create a
security hole as it allows the user to run any
arbitrary command as root without logging. A safer
alternative is to place a colon-separated list of
editors in the editor variable. visudo will then only
use the EDITOR or VISUAL if they match a value
specified in editor. This flag is on by default.
env_reset If set, sudo will reset the environment to only contain
the LOGNAME, SHELL, USER, USERNAME and the SUDO_*
variables. Any variables in the caller's environment
that match the env_keep and env_check lists are then
added. The default contents of the env_keep and
env_check lists are displayed when sudo is run by root
with the -V option. If the secure_path option is set,
its value will be used for the PATH environment
variable. This flag is on by default.
fqdn Set this flag if you want to put fully qualified
hostnames in the sudoers file. I.e., instead of myhost
you would use myhost.mydomain.edu. You may still use
the short form if you wish (and even mix the two).
Beware that turning on fqdn requires sudo to make DNS
lookups which may make sudo unusable if DNS stops
working (for example if the machine is not plugged into
the network). Also note that you must use the host's
official name as DNS knows it. That is, you may not
use a host alias (CNAME entry) due to performance
issues and the fact that there is no way to get all
aliases from DNS. If your machine's hostname (as
returned by the hostname command) is already fully
qualified you shouldn't need to set fqdn. This flag is
off by default.
ignore_dot If set, sudo will ignore '.' or '' (current dir) in the
PATH environment variable; the PATH itself is not
modified. This flag is on by default.
ignore_local_sudoers
If set via LDAP, parsing of /etc/sudoers will be
skipped. This is intended for Enterprises that wish to
prevent the usage of local sudoers files so that only
LDAP is used. This thwarts the efforts of rogue
operators who would attempt to add roles to
/etc/sudoers. When this option is present,
/etc/sudoers does not even need to exist. Since this
option tells sudo how to behave when no specific LDAP
entries have been matched, this sudoOption is only
meaningful for the cn=defaults section. This flag is
off by default.
insults If set, sudo will insult users when they enter an
incorrect password. This flag is off by default.
log_host If set, the hostname will be logged in the (non-syslog)
sudo log file. This flag is off by default.
log_year If set, the four-digit year will be logged in the (non-
syslog) sudo log file. This flag is off by default.
long_otp_prompt When validating with a One Time Password (OPT) scheme
such as S/Key or OPIE, a two-line prompt is used to
make it easier to cut and paste the challenge to a
local window. It's not as pretty as the default but
some people find it more convenient. This flag is off
by default.
mail_always Send mail to the mailto user every time a users runs
sudo. This flag is off by default.
mail_badpass Send mail to the mailto user if the user running sudo
does not enter the correct password. This flag is off
by default.
mail_no_host If set, mail will be sent to the mailto user if the
invoking user exists in the sudoers file, but is not
allowed to run commands on the current host. This flag
is off by default.
mail_no_perms If set, mail will be sent to the mailto user if the
invoking user is allowed to use sudo but the command
they are trying is not listed in their sudoers file
entry or is explicitly denied. This flag is off by
default.
mail_no_user If set, mail will be sent to the mailto user if the
invoking user is not in the sudoers file. This flag is
on by default.
noexec If set, all commands run via sudo will behave as if the
NOEXEC tag has been set, unless overridden by a EXEC
tag. See the description of NOEXEC and EXEC below as
well as the "PREVENTING SHELL ESCAPES" section at the
end of this manual. This flag is off by default.
path_info Normally, sudo will tell the user when a command could
not be found in their PATH environment variable. Some
sites may wish to disable this as it could be used to
gather information on the location of executables that
the normal user does not have access to. The
disadvantage is that if the executable is simply not in
the user's PATH, sudo will tell the user that they are
not allowed to run it, which can be confusing. This
flag is on by default.
passprompt_override
The password prompt specified by passprompt will
normally only be used if the passwod prompt provided by
systems such as PAM matches the string "Password:". If
passprompt_override is set, passprompt will always be
used. This flag is off by default.
preserve_groups By default, sudo will initialize the group vector to
the list of groups the target user is in. When
preserve_groups is set, the user's existing group
vector is left unaltered. The real and effective group
IDs, however, are still set to match the target user.
This flag is off by default.
pwfeedback By default, sudo reads the password like most other
Unix programs, by turning off echo until the user hits
the return (or enter) key. Some users become confused
by this as it appears to them that sudo has hung at
this point. When pwfeedback is set, sudo will provide
visual feedback when the user presses a key. Note that
this does have a security impact as an onlooker may be
able to determine the length of the password being
entered. This flag is off by default.
requiretty If set, sudo will only run when the user is logged in
to a real tty. When this flag is set, sudo can only be
run from a login session and not via other means such
as cron(8) or cgi-bin scripts. This flag is off by
default.
root_sudo If set, root is allowed to run sudo too. Disabling
this prevents users from "chaining" sudo commands to
get a root shell by doing something like "sudo sudo
/bin/sh". Note, however, that turning off root_sudo
will also prevent root and from running sudoedit.
Disabling root_sudo provides no real additional
security; it exists purely for historical reasons.
This flag is on by default.
rootpw If set, sudo will prompt for the root password instead
of the password of the invoking user. This flag is off
by default.
runaspw If set, sudo will prompt for the password of the user
defined by the runas_default option (defaults to root)
instead of the password of the invoking user. This
flag is off by default.
set_home If set and sudo is invoked with the -s option the HOME
environment variable will be set to the home directory
of the target user (which is root unless the -u option
is used). This effectively makes the -s option imply
-H. This flag is off by default.
set_logname Normally, sudo will set the LOGNAME, USER and USERNAME
environment variables to the name of the target user
(usually root unless the -u option is given). However,
since some programs (including the RCS revision control
system) use LOGNAME to determine the real identity of
the user, it may be desirable to change this behavior.
This can be done by negating the set_logname option.
Note that if the env_reset option has not been
disabled, entries in the env_keep list will override
the value of set_logname. This flag is off by default.
setenv Allow the user to disable the env_reset option from the
command line. Additionally, environment variables set
via the command line are not subject to the
restrictions imposed by env_check, env_delete, or
env_keep. As such, only trusted users should be
allowed to set variables in this manner. This flag is
off by default.
shell_noargs If set and sudo is invoked with no arguments it acts as
if the -s option had been given. That is, it runs a
shell as root (the shell is determined by the SHELL
environment variable if it is set, falling back on the
shell listed in the invoking user's /etc/passwd entry
if not). This flag is off by default.
fast_glob Normally, sudo uses the glob(3) function to do shell-
style globbing when matching pathnames. However, since
it accesses the file system, glob(3) can take a long
time to complete for some patterns, especially when the
pattern references a network file system that is
mounted on demand (automounted). The fast_glob option
causes sudo to use the fnmatch(3) function, which does
not access the file system to do its matching. The
disadvantage of fast_glob is that it is unable to match
relative pathnames such as ./ls or ../bin/ls. This
flag is off by default.
stay_setuid Normally, when sudo executes a command the real and
effective UIDs are set to the target user (root by
default). This option changes that behavior such that
the real UID is left as the invoking user's UID. In
other words, this makes sudo act as a setuid wrapper.
This can be useful on systems that disable some
potentially dangerous functionality when a program is
run setuid. This option is only effective on systems
with either the setreuid() or setresuid() function.
This flag is off by default.
targetpw If set, sudo will prompt for the password of the user
specified by the -u option (defaults to root) instead
of the password of the invoking user. Note that this
precludes the use of a uid not listed in the passwd
database as an argument to the -u option. This flag is
off by default.
tty_tickets If set, users must authenticate on a per-tty basis.
Normally, sudo uses a directory in the ticket dir with
the same name as the user running it. With this flag
enabled, sudo will use a file named for the tty the
user is logged in on in that directory. This flag is
on by default.
umask_override If set, sudo will set the umask as specified by sudoers
without modification. This makes it possible to
specify a more permissive umask in sudoers than the
user's own umask and matches historical behavior. If
umask_override is not set, sudo will set the umask to
be the union of the user's umask and what is specified
in sudoers. This flag is off by default.
visiblepw By default, sudo will refuse to run if the user must
enter a password but it is not possible to disable echo
on the terminal. If the visiblepw flag is set, sudo
will prompt for a password even when it would be
visible on the screen. This makes it possible to run
things like "rsh somehost sudo ls" since rsh(1) does
not allocate a tty. This flag is off by default.
Integers:
closefrom Before it executes a command, sudo will close all open
file descriptors other than standard input, standard
output and standard error (ie: file descriptors 0-2).
The closefrom option can be used to specify a different
file descriptor at which to start closing. The default
is 3.
passwd_tries The number of tries a user gets to enter his/her
password before sudo logs the failure and exits. The
default is 3.
Integers that can be used in a boolean context:
loglinelen Number of characters per line for the file log. This
value is used to decide when to wrap lines for nicer
log files. This has no effect on the syslog log file,
only the file log. The default is 80 (use 0 or negate
the option to disable word wrap).
passwd_timeout Number of minutes before the sudo password prompt times
out. The default is 5; set this to 0 for no password
timeout.
timestamp_timeout
Number of minutes that can elapse before sudo will ask
for a passwd again. The default is 5. Set this to 0
to always prompt for a password. If set to a value
less than 0 the user's timestamp will never expire.
This can be used to allow users to create or delete
their own timestamps via sudo -v and sudo -k
respectively.
umask Umask to use when running the command. Negate this
option or set it to 0777 to preserve the user's umask.
The actual umask that is used will be the union of the
user's umask and 0022. This guarantees that sudo never
lowers the umask when running a command. Note on
systems that use PAM, the default PAM configuration may
specify its own umask which will override the value set
in sudoers.
Strings:
badpass_message Message that is displayed if a user enters an incorrect
password. The default is Sorry, try again. unless
insults are enabled.
editor A colon (':') separated list of editors allowed to be
used with visudo. visudo will choose the editor that
matches the user's EDITOR environment variable if
possible, or the first editor in the list that exists
and is executable. The default is the path to vi on
your system.
mailsub Subject of the mail sent to the mailto user. The escape
%h will expand to the hostname of the machine. Default
is *** SECURITY information for %h ***.
noexec_file Path to a shared library containing dummy versions of
the execv(), execve() and fexecve() library functions
that just return an error. This is used to implement
the noexec functionality on systems that support
LD_PRELOAD or its equivalent. Defaults to
/usr/libexec/sudo_noexec.so.
passprompt The default prompt to use when asking for a password;
can be overridden via the -p option or the SUDO_PROMPT
environment variable. The following percent (`%')
escapes are supported:
%H expanded to the local hostname including the domain
name (on if the machine's hostname is fully
qualified or the fqdn option is set)
%h expanded to the local hostname without the domain
name
%p expanded to the user whose password is being asked
for (respects the rootpw, targetpw and runaspw
flags in sudoers)
%U expanded to the login name of the user the command
will be run as (defaults to root)
%u expanded to the invoking user's login name
%% two consecutive % characters are collapsed into a
single % character
The default value is [sudo] password for %p: .
role The default SELinux role to use when constructing a new
security context to run the command. The default role
may be overridden on a per-command basis in sudoers or
via command line options. This option is only
available whe sudo is built with SELinux support.
runas_default The default user to run commands as if the -u option is
not specified on the command line. This defaults to
root. Note that if runas_default is set it must occur
before any Runas_Alias specifications.
syslog_badpri Syslog priority to use when user authenticates
unsuccessfully. Defaults to alert.
syslog_goodpri Syslog priority to use when user authenticates
successfully. Defaults to notice.
sudoers_locale Locale to use when parsing the sudoers file. Note that
changing the locale may affect how sudoers is
interpreted. Defaults to "C".
timestampdir The directory in which sudo stores its timestamp files.
The default is /var/run/sudo.
timestampowner The owner of the timestamp directory and the timestamps
stored therein. The default is root.
type The default SELinux type to use when constructing a new
security context to run the command. The default type
may be overridden on a per-command basis in sudoers or
via command line options. This option is only
available whe sudo is built with SELinux support.
Strings that can be used in a boolean context:
askpass The askpass option specifies the fully qualified path to a
helper program used to read the user's password when no
terminal is available. This may be the case when sudo is
executed from a graphical (as opposed to text-based)
application. The program specified by askpass should
display the argument passed to it as the prompt and write
the user's password to the standard output. The value of
askpass may be overridden by the SUDO_ASKPASS environment
variable.
env_file The env_file options specifies the fully qualified path to
a file containing variables to be set in the environment of
the program being run. Entries in this file should either
be of the form VARIABLE=value or export VARIABLE=value.
The value may optionally be surrounded by single or double
quotes. Variables in this file are subject to other sudo
environment settings such as env_keep and env_check.
exempt_group
Users in this group are exempt from password and PATH
requirements. This is not set by default.
lecture This option controls when a short lecture will be printed
along with the password prompt. It has the following
possible values:
always Always lecture the user.
never Never lecture the user.
once Only lecture the user the first time they run sudo.
If no value is specified, a value of once is implied.
Negating the option results in a value of never being used.
The default value is once.
lecture_file
Path to a file containing an alternate sudo lecture that
will be used in place of the standard lecture if the named
file exists. By default, sudo uses a built-in lecture.
listpw This option controls when a password will be required when
a user runs sudo with the -l option. It has the following
possible values:
all All the user's sudoers entries for the current host
must have the NOPASSWD flag set to avoid entering a
password.
always The user must always enter a password to use the -l
option.
any At least one of the user's sudoers entries for the
current host must have the NOPASSWD flag set to
avoid entering a password.
never The user need never enter a password to use the -l
option.
If no value is specified, a value of any is implied.
Negating the option results in a value of never being used.
The default value is any.
logfile Path to the sudo log file (not the syslog log file).
Setting a path turns on logging to a file; negating this
option turns it off. By default, sudo logs via syslog.
mailerflags Flags to use when invoking mailer. Defaults to -t.
mailerpath Path to mail program used to send warning mail. Defaults
to the path to sendmail found at configure time.
mailfrom Address to use for the "from" address when sending warning
and error mail. The address should be enclosed in double
quotes (") to protect against sudo interpreting the @ sign.
Defaults to the name of the user running sudo.
mailto Address to send warning and error mail to. The address
should be enclosed in double quotes (") to protect against
sudo interpreting the @ sign. Defaults to root.
secure_path Path used for every command run from sudo. If you don't
trust the people running sudo to have a sane PATH
environment variable you may want to use this. Another use
is if you want to have the "root path" be separate from the
"user path." Users in the group specified by the
exempt_group option are not affected by secure_path. This
is not set by default.
syslog Syslog facility if syslog is being used for logging (negate
to disable syslog logging). Defaults to authpriv.
verifypw This option controls when a password will be required when
a user runs sudo with the -v option. It has the following
possible values:
all All the user's sudoers entries for the current host
must have the NOPASSWD flag set to avoid entering a
password.
always The user must always enter a password to use the -v
option.
any At least one of the user's sudoers entries for the
current host must have the NOPASSWD flag set to
avoid entering a password.
never The user need never enter a password to use the -v
option.
If no value is specified, a value of all is implied.
Negating the option results in a value of never being used.
The default value is all.
Lists that can be used in a boolean context:
env_check Environment variables to be removed from the user's
environment if the variable's value contains % or /
characters. This can be used to guard against printf-
style format vulnerabilities in poorly-written
programs. The argument may be a double-quoted, space-
separated list or a single value without double-quotes.
The list can be replaced, added to, deleted from, or
disabled by using the =, +=, -=, and ! operators
respectively. Regardless of whether the env_reset
option is enabled or disabled, variables specified by
env_check will be preserved in the environment if they
pass the aforementioned check. The default list of
environment variables to check is displayed when sudo
is run by root with the -V option.
env_delete Environment variables to be removed from the user's
environment when the env_reset option is not in effect.
The argument may be a double-quoted, space-separated
list or a single value without double-quotes. The list
can be replaced, added to, deleted from, or disabled by
using the =, +=, -=, and ! operators respectively. The
default list of environment variables to remove is
displayed when sudo is run by root with the -V option.
Note that many operating systems will remove
potentially dangerous variables from the environment of
any setuid process (such as sudo).
env_keep Environment variables to be preserved in the user's
environment when the env_reset option is in effect.
This allows fine-grained control over the environment
sudo-spawned processes will receive. The argument may
be a double-quoted, space-separated list or a single
value without double-quotes. The list can be replaced,
added to, deleted from, or disabled by using the =, +=,
-=, and ! operators respectively. The default list of
variables to keep is displayed when sudo is run by root
with the -V option.
When logging via syslog(3), sudo accepts the following values for the
syslog facility (the value of the syslog Parameter): authpriv (if your
OS supports it), auth, daemon, user, local0, local1, local2, local3,
local4, local5, local6, and local7. The following syslog priorities
are supported: alert, crit, debug, emerg, err, info, notice, and
warning.
FILES
/etc/sudoers List of who can run what
/etc/group Local groups file
/etc/netgroup List of network groups
EXAMPLES
Below are example sudoers entries. Admittedly, some of these are a bit
contrived. First, we define our aliases:
# User alias specification
User_Alias FULLTIMERS = millert, mikef, dowdy
User_Alias PARTTIMERS = bostley, jwfox, crawl
User_Alias WEBMASTERS = will, wendy, wim
# Runas alias specification
Runas_Alias OP = root, operator
Runas_Alias DB = oracle, sybase
Runas_Alias ADMINGRP = adm, oper
# Host alias specification
Host_Alias SPARC = bigtime, eclipse, moet, anchor :\
SGI = grolsch, dandelion, black :\
ALPHA = widget, thalamus, foobar :\
HPPA = boa, nag, python
Host_Alias CUNETS = 128.138.0.0/255.255.0.0
Host_Alias CSNETS = 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0/24, 128.138.242.0
Host_Alias SERVERS = master, mail, www, ns
Host_Alias CDROM = orion, perseus, hercules
# Cmnd alias specification
Cmnd_Alias DUMPS = /usr/bin/mt, /usr/sbin/dump, /usr/sbin/rdump,\
/usr/sbin/restore, /usr/sbin/rrestore
Cmnd_Alias KILL = /usr/bin/kill
Cmnd_Alias PRINTING = /usr/sbin/lpc, /usr/bin/lprm
Cmnd_Alias SHUTDOWN = /usr/sbin/shutdown
Cmnd_Alias HALT = /usr/sbin/halt
Cmnd_Alias REBOOT = /usr/sbin/reboot
Cmnd_Alias SHELLS = /usr/bin/sh, /usr/bin/csh, /usr/bin/ksh, \
/usr/local/bin/tcsh, /usr/bin/rsh, \
/usr/local/bin/zsh
Cmnd_Alias SU = /usr/bin/su
Cmnd_Alias PAGERS = /usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/pg, /usr/bin/less
Here we override some of the compiled in default values. We want sudo
to log via syslog(3) using the auth facility in all cases. We don't
want to subject the full time staff to the sudo lecture, user millert
need not give a password, and we don't want to reset the LOGNAME, USER
or USERNAME environment variables when running commands as root.
Additionally, on the machines in the SERVERS Host_Alias, we keep an
additional local log file and make sure we log the year in each log
line since the log entries will be kept around for several years.
Lastly, we disable shell escapes for the commands in the PAGERS
Cmnd_Alias (/usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/pg and /usr/bin/less).
# Override built-in defaults
Defaults syslog=auth
Defaults>root !set_logname
Defaults:FULLTIMERS !lecture
Defaults:millert !authenticate
Defaults@SERVERS log_year, logfile=/var/log/sudo.log
Defaults!PAGERS noexec
The User specification is the part that actually determines who may run
what.
root ALL = (ALL) ALL
%wheel ALL = (ALL) ALL
We let root and any user in group wheel run any command on any host as
any user.
FULLTIMERS ALL = NOPASSWD: ALL
Full time sysadmins (millert, mikef, and dowdy) may run any command on
any host without authenticating themselves.
PARTTIMERS ALL = ALL
Part time sysadmins (bostley, jwfox, and crawl) may run any command on
any host but they must authenticate themselves first (since the entry
lacks the NOPASSWD tag).
jack CSNETS = ALL
The user jack may run any command on the machines in the CSNETS alias
(the networks 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0, and 128.138.242.0). Of
those networks, only 128.138.204.0 has an explicit netmask (in CIDR
notation) indicating it is a class C network. For the other networks
in CSNETS, the local machine's netmask will be used during matching.
lisa CUNETS = ALL
The user lisa may run any command on any host in the CUNETS alias (the
class B network 128.138.0.0).
operator ALL = DUMPS, KILL, SHUTDOWN, HALT, REBOOT, PRINTING,\
sudoedit /etc/printcap, /usr/oper/bin/
The operator user may run commands limited to simple maintenance.
Here, those are commands related to backups, killing processes, the
printing system, shutting down the system, and any commands in the
directory /usr/oper/bin/.
joe ALL = /usr/bin/su operator
The user joe may only su(1) to operator.
pete HPPA = /usr/bin/passwd [A-Za-z]*, !/usr/bin/passwd root
%opers ALL = (: ADMINGRP) /usr/sbin/
Users in the opers group may run commands in /usr/sbin/ as themselves
with any group in the ADMINGRP Runas_Alias (the adm and oper groups).
The user pete is allowed to change anyone's password except for root on
the HPPA machines. Note that this assumes passwd(1) does not take
multiple usernames on the command line.
bob SPARC = (OP) ALL : SGI = (OP) ALL
The user bob may run anything on the SPARC and SGI machines as any user
listed in the OP Runas_Alias (root and operator).
jim +biglab = ALL
The user jim may run any command on machines in the biglab netgroup.
sudo knows that "biglab" is a netgroup due to the '+' prefix.
+secretaries ALL = PRINTING, /usr/bin/adduser, /usr/bin/rmuser
Users in the secretaries netgroup need to help manage the printers as
well as add and remove users, so they are allowed to run those commands
on all machines.
fred ALL = (DB) NOPASSWD: ALL
The user fred can run commands as any user in the DB Runas_Alias
(oracle or sybase) without giving a password.
john ALPHA = /usr/bin/su [!-]*, !/usr/bin/su *root*
On the ALPHA machines, user john may su to anyone except root but he is
not allowed to specify any options to the su(1) command.
jen ALL, !SERVERS = ALL
The user jen may run any command on any machine except for those in the
SERVERS Host_Alias (master, mail, www and ns).
jill SERVERS = /usr/bin/, !SU, !SHELLS
For any machine in the SERVERS Host_Alias, jill may run any commands in
the directory /usr/bin/ except for those commands belonging to the SU
and SHELLS Cmnd_Aliases.
steve CSNETS = (operator) /usr/local/op_commands/
The user steve may run any command in the directory
/usr/local/op_commands/ but only as user operator.
matt valkyrie = KILL
On his personal workstation, valkyrie, matt needs to be able to kill
hung processes.
WEBMASTERS www = (www) ALL, (root) /usr/bin/su www
On the host www, any user in the WEBMASTERS User_Alias (will, wendy,
and wim), may run any command as user www (which owns the web pages) or
simply su(1) to www.
ALL CDROM = NOPASSWD: /sbin/umount /CDROM,\
/sbin/mount -o nosuid\,nodev /dev/cd0a /CDROM
Any user may mount or unmount a CD-ROM on the machines in the CDROM
Host_Alias (orion, perseus, hercules) without entering a password.
This is a bit tedious for users to type, so it is a prime candidate for
encapsulating in a shell script.
SECURITY NOTES
It is generally not effective to "subtract" commands from ALL using the
'!' operator. A user can trivially circumvent this by copying the
desired command to a different name and then executing that. For
example:
bill ALL = ALL, !SU, !SHELLS
Doesn't really prevent bill from running the commands listed in SU or
SHELLS since he can simply copy those commands to a different name, or
use a shell escape from an editor or other program. Therefore, these
kind of restrictions should be considered advisory at best (and
reinforced by policy).
PREVENTING SHELL ESCAPES
Once sudo executes a program, that program is free to do whatever it
pleases, including run other programs. This can be a security issue
since it is not uncommon for a program to allow shell escapes, which
lets a user bypass sudo's access control and logging. Common programs
that permit shell escapes include shells (obviously), editors,
paginators, mail and terminal programs.
There are two basic approaches to this problem:
restrict Avoid giving users access to commands that allow the user to
run arbitrary commands. Many editors have a restricted mode
where shell escapes are disabled, though sudoedit is a better
solution to running editors via sudo. Due to the large
number of programs that offer shell escapes, restricting
users to the set of programs that do not if often unworkable.
noexec Many systems that support shared libraries have the ability
to override default library functions by pointing an
environment variable (usually LD_PRELOAD) to an alternate
shared library. On such systems, sudo's noexec functionality
can be used to prevent a program run by sudo from executing
any other programs. Note, however, that this applies only to
native dynamically-linked executables. Statically-linked
executables and foreign executables running under binary
emulation are not affected.
To tell whether or not sudo supports noexec, you can run the
following as root:
sudo -V | grep "dummy exec"
If the resulting output contains a line that begins with:
File containing dummy exec functions:
then sudo may be able to replace the exec family of functions
in the standard library with its own that simply return an
error. Unfortunately, there is no foolproof way to know
whether or not noexec will work at compile-time. noexec
should work on SunOS, Solaris, *BSD, Linux, IRIX, Tru64 UNIX,
MacOS X, and HP-UX 11.x. It is known not to work on AIX and
UnixWare. noexec is expected to work on most operating
systems that support the LD_PRELOAD environment variable.
Check your operating system's manual pages for the dynamic
linker (usually ld.so, ld.so.1, dyld, dld.sl, rld, or loader)
to see if LD_PRELOAD is supported.
To enable noexec for a command, use the NOEXEC tag as
documented in the User Specification section above. Here is
that example again:
aaron shanty = NOEXEC: /usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/vi
This allows user aaron to run /usr/bin/more and /usr/bin/vi
with noexec enabled. This will prevent those two commands
from executing other commands (such as a shell). If you are
unsure whether or not your system is capable of supporting
noexec you can always just try it out and see if it works.
Note that restricting shell escapes is not a panacea. Programs running
as root are still capable of many potentially hazardous operations
(such as changing or overwriting files) that could lead to unintended
privilege escalation. In the specific case of an editor, a safer
approach is to give the user permission to run sudoedit.
SEE ALSOssh(1), su(1), fnmatch(3), glob(3), sudo(8), visudo(8)CAVEATS
The sudoers file should always be edited by the visudo command which
locks the file and does grammatical checking. It is imperative that
sudoers be free of syntax errors since sudo will not run with a
syntactically incorrect sudoers file.
When using netgroups of machines (as opposed to users), if you store
fully qualified hostnames in the netgroup (as is usually the case), you
either need to have the machine's hostname be fully qualified as
returned by the hostname command or use the fqdn option in sudoers.
BUGS
If you feel you have found a bug in sudo, please submit a bug report at
http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/bugs/
SUPPORT
Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list, see
http://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or search
the archives.
DISCLAIMER
sudo is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied warranties,
including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of
merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed.
See the LICENSE file distributed with sudo or
http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/license.html for complete details.
1.7.2p1 June 30, 2009 SUDOERS(5)
