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text(n)			     Tk Built-In Commands		       text(n)

______________________________________________________________________________

NAME
       text,  tk_textCopy,  tk_textCut,	 tk_textPaste  - Create and manipulate
       text widgets

SYNOPSIS
       text pathName ?options?
       tk_textCopy pathName						       │
       tk_textCut pathName						       │
       tk_textPaste pathName						       │

STANDARD OPTIONS
       -background	     -highlightthickness  -relief
       -borderwidth	     -insertbackground	  -selectbackground
       -cursor		     -insertborderwidth	  -selectborderwidth
       -exportselection	     -insertofftime	  -selectforeground
       -font		     -insertontime	  -setgrid
       -foreground	     -insertwidth	  -takefocus
       -highlightbackground  -padx		  -xscrollcommand
       -highlightcolor	     -pady		  -yscrollcommand

       See the options manual entry for details on the standard options.

WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
       [-autoseparators autoSeparators] Specifies a boolean that says  whether │
       separators  are automatically inserted in the undo stack. Only meaning‐ │
       ful when the -undo option  is  true.   [-height height]	Specifies  the
       desired height for the window, in units of characters in the font given
       by the -font option.  Must be at least one.  [-maxundo maxUndo]	Speci‐ │
       fies  the  maximum number of compound undo actions on the undo stack. A │
       zero or a negative  value  imply	 an  unlimited	undo  stack.   [-spac‐
       ing1 spacing1]  Requests	 additional  space above each text line in the
       widget, using any of the standard forms for  screen  distances.	 If  a
       line  wraps, this option only applies to the first line on the display.
       This option may be overridden with -spacing1 options in tags.   [-spac‐
       ing2 spacing2]  For  lines  that wrap (so that they cover more than one
       line on the display) this option specifies additional space to  provide
       between	the  display  lines that represent a single line of text.  The
       value may have any of the standard forms for  screen  distances.	  This
       option  may  be	overridden  with  -spacing2  options in tags.  [-spac‐
       ing3 spacing3] Requests additional space below each text	 line  in  the
       widget,	using  any  of	the standard forms for screen distances.  If a
       line wraps, this option only applies to the last line on	 the  display.
       This   option  may  be  overridden  with	 -spacing3  options  in	 tags.
       [-state state] Specifies one of two states for  the  text:   normal  or
       disabled.   If the text is disabled then characters may not be inserted
       or deleted and no insertion cursor will be displayed, even if the input
       focus  is in the widget.	 [-tabs tabs] Specifies a set of tab stops for
       the window.  The option's value consists of a list of screen  distances
       giving the positions of the tab stops, each of which is a distance rel‐
       ative to the left edge of the widget (excluding borders, padding, etc).
       Each  position  may  optionally be followed in the next list element by
       one of the keywords left, right, center, or  numeric,  which  specifies
       how  to justify text relative to the tab stop.  Left is the default; it
       causes the text following the tab character to be positioned  with  its
       left  edge at the tab position.	Right means that the right edge of the
       text following the tab character is positioned at the tab position, and
       center  means  that  the text is centered at the tab position.  Numeric
       means that the decimal point in the text is positioned at the tab posi‐
       tion;  if there is no decimal point then the least significant digit of
       the number is positioned just to the left  of  the  tab	position;   if
       there  is no number in the text then the text is right-justified at the
       tab position.  For example, -tabs {2c left 4c 6c center} creates	 three
       tab stops at two-centimeter intervals;  the first two use left justifi‐
       cation and the third uses center justification.	If  the	 list  of  tab
       stops  does not have enough elements to cover all of the tabs in a text
       line, then Tk extrapolates new tab stops using the spacing  and	align‐
       ment  from  the	last  tab  stop	 in  the  list.	 Tab distances must be
       strictly positive, and must always increase from one tab	 stop  to  the
       next (if not, an error is thrown).  The value of the tabs option may be
       overridden by -tabs options in tags.  If no -tabs option is  specified,
       or  if  it  is  specified  as  an empty list, then Tk uses default tabs
       spaced every eight (average size) characters.  [-undo undo] Specifies a │
       boolean	that  says  whether  the  undo	mechanism  is  active  or not.
       [-width width] Specifies the desired width for the window in  units  of
       characters  in the font given by the -font option.  If the font doesn't
       have a uniform width then the width of the character ``0'' is  used  in
       translating  from character units to screen units.  [-wrap wrap] Speci‐
       fies how to handle lines in the text that are too long to be  displayed
       in  a single line of the text's window.	The value must be none or char
       or word.	 A wrap mode of none means that each line of text  appears  as
       exactly one line on the screen;	extra characters that don't fit on the
       screen are not displayed.  In the other modes each line of text will be
       broken  up into several screen lines if necessary to keep all the char‐
       acters visible.	In char mode a screen line break may occur  after  any
       character;  in  word mode a line break will only be made at word bound‐
       aries.
_________________________________________________________________

DESCRIPTION
       The text command creates a new window (given by the pathName  argument)
       and  makes it into a text widget.  Additional options, described above,
       may be specified on the command line or in the option database to  con‐
       figure  aspects	of  the	 text such as its default background color and
       relief.	The text command returns the path name of the new window.

       A text widget displays one or more lines of text and allows  that  text
       to be edited.  Text widgets support four different kinds of annotations
       on the text, called tags, marks, embedded windows or  embedded  images.
       Tags  allow different portions of the text to be displayed with differ‐
       ent fonts and colors.  In addition, Tcl commands can be associated with
       tags  so	 that scripts are invoked when particular actions such as key‐
       strokes and mouse button presses occur  in  particular  ranges  of  the
       text.  See TAGS below for more details.

       The  second form of annotation consists of floating markers in the text
       called "marks".	Marks are used to keep track  of  various  interesting
       positions  in  the  text	 as  it	 is  edited.  See MARKS below for more
       details.

       The third form of annotation allows arbitrary windows to be embedded in
       a text widget.  See EMBEDDED WINDOWS below for more details.

       The fourth form of annotation allows Tk images to be embedded in a text
       widget.	See EMBEDDED IMAGES below for more details.

       The text widget also has a built-in undo/redo mechanism.	 See THE  UNDO │
       MECHANISM below for more details.

INDICES
       Many of the widget commands for texts take one or more indices as argu‐
       ments.  An index is a string used to indicate a particular place within
       a text, such as a place to insert characters or one endpoint of a range
       of characters to delete.	 Indices have the syntax
	      base modifier modifier modifier ...
       Where base gives a starting point and the modifiers  adjust  the	 index
       from  the starting point (e.g. move forward or backward one character).
       Every index must contain a base, but the modifiers are optional.

       The base for an index must have one of the following forms:

       line.char   Indicates char'th character on line line.  Lines  are  num‐
		   bered  from 1 for consistency with other UNIX programs that
		   use this numbering scheme.  Within a line,  characters  are
		   numbered from 0.  If char is end then it refers to the new‐
		   line character that ends the line.

       @x,y	   Indicates the character that covers the pixel whose x and y
		   coordinates within the text's window are x and y.

       end	   Indicates the end of the text (the character just after the
		   last newline).

       mark	   Indicates the character just after the mark whose  name  is
		   mark.

       tag.first   Indicates  the  first  character  in the text that has been
		   tagged with tag.  This form generates an error if no	 char‐
		   acters are currently tagged with tag.

       tag.last	   Indicates the character just after the last one in the text
		   that has been tagged with  tag.   This  form	 generates  an
		   error if no characters are currently tagged with tag.

       pathName	   Indicates the position of the embedded window whose name is
		   pathName.  This form generates an  error  if	 there	is  no
		   embedded window by the given name.

       imageName   Indicates  the position of the embedded image whose name is
		   imageName.  This form generates an error  if	 there	is  no
		   embedded image by the given name.

       If  the	base  could  match more than one of the above forms, such as a
       mark and imageName both having the same value, then the form earlier in
       the  above  list takes precedence.  If modifiers follow the base index,
       each one of them must have one of the  forms  listed  below.   Keywords
       such  as	 chars and wordend may be abbreviated as long as the abbrevia‐
       tion is unambiguous.

       + count chars
	      Adjust the index forward by count characters,  moving  to	 later
	      lines  in	 the text if necessary.	 If there are fewer than count
	      characters in the text after the current	index,	then  set  the
	      index  to the last character in the text.	 Spaces on either side
	      of count are optional.

       - count chars
	      Adjust the index backward by count characters, moving to earlier
	      lines  in	 the text if necessary.	 If there are fewer than count
	      characters in the text before the current index,	then  set  the
	      index to the first character in the text.	 Spaces on either side
	      of count are optional.

       + count lines
	      Adjust the index forward by  count  lines,  retaining  the  same
	      character	 position  within  the	line.  If there are fewer than
	      count lines after the line containing the	 current  index,  then
	      set  the	index  to  refer to the same character position on the
	      last line of the text.  Then, if the line is not long enough  to
	      contain  a character at the indicated character position, adjust
	      the character position to refer to the  last  character  of  the
	      line  (the  newline).   Spaces  on  either  side	of  count  are
	      optional.

       - count lines
	      Adjust the index backward by count  lines,  retaining  the  same
	      character	 position  within  the	line.  If there are fewer than
	      count lines before the line containing the current  index,  then
	      set  the	index  to  refer to the same character position on the
	      first line of the text.  Then, if the line is not long enough to
	      contain  a character at the indicated character position, adjust
	      the character position to refer to the  last  character  of  the
	      line  (the  newline).   Spaces  on  either  side	of  count  are
	      optional.

       linestart
	      Adjust the index to refer to the first character on the line.

       lineend
	      Adjust the index to refer to the last character on the line (the
	      newline).

       wordstart
	      Adjust  the  index  to  refer to the first character of the word
	      containing the current index.  A word consists of any number  of
	      adjacent characters that are letters, digits, or underscores, or
	      a single character that is not one of these.

       wordend
	      Adjust the index to refer to the character just after  the  last
	      one  of  the  word containing the current index.	If the current
	      index refers to the last character of the text then  it  is  not
	      modified.

       If  more than one modifier is present then they are applied in left-to-
       right order.  For example, the index ``end - 1 chars''  refers  to  the
       next-to-last  character	in  the	 text  and  ``insert wordstart - 1 c''
       refers to the character just before the first one in the word  contain‐
       ing  the	 insertion  cursor.   Modifiers are applied one by one in this
       left to right order, and after each step the resulting  index  is  con‐
       strained	 to be a valid index in the text widget.  So, for example, the
       index ``1.0 -1c +1c'' refers to the index ``2.0''.

TAGS
       The first form of annotation in text widgets is a tag.  A tag is a tex‐
       tual  string  that is associated with some of the characters in a text.
       Tags may contain arbitrary characters, but it is probably best to avoid
       using the characters `` '' (space), +, or -: these characters have spe‐
       cial meaning in indices, so tags	 containing  them  can't  be  used  as
       indices.	 There may be any number of tags associated with characters in
       a text.	Each tag may refer to a single character, a range  of  charac‐
       ters,  or  several  ranges  of characters.  An individual character may
       have any number of tags associated with it.

       A priority order is defined among tags,	and  this  order  is  used  in
       implementing some of the tag-related functions described below.	When a
       tag is defined (by associating it with characters or setting  its  dis‐
       play  options or binding commands to it), it is given a priority higher
       than any existing tag.  The priority order of  tags  may	 be  redefined
       using the ``pathName tag raise'' and ``pathName tag lower'' widget com‐
       mands.

       Tags serve three purposes in text widgets.  First, they control the way
       information  is	displayed  on  the screen.  By default, characters are
       displayed as determined by the background, font, and foreground options
       for  the	 text widget.  However, display options may be associated with
       individual tags using the ``pathName tag	 configure''  widget  command.
       If  a  character	 has  been tagged, then the display options associated
       with the tag override the default display style.	 The following options
       are currently supported for tags:

       -background color
	      Color specifies the background color to use for characters asso‐
	      ciated with the tag.  It may have any of the forms  accepted  by
	      Tk_GetColor.

       -bgstipple bitmap
	      Bitmap  specifies a bitmap that is used as a stipple pattern for
	      the background.  It may  have  any  of  the  forms  accepted  by
	      Tk_GetBitmap.   If  bitmap  hasn't  been	specified, or if it is
	      specified as an empty string, then a solid fill will be used for
	      the background.

       -borderwidth pixels
	      Pixels  specifies	 the  width of a 3-D border to draw around the
	      background.  It may have any of the forms accepted by Tk_GetPix‐
	      els.  This option is used in conjunction with the -relief option
	      to give a 3-D appearance to the background for characters; it is
	      ignored unless the -background option has been set for the tag.

       -elide boolean
	      Elide  specifies whether the data should be elided.  Elided data
	      is not displayed and takes no space on screen,  but  further  on
	      behaves just as normal data.

       -fgstipple bitmap
	      Bitmap specifies a bitmap that is used as a stipple pattern when
	      drawing text and other foreground	 information  such  as	under‐
	      lines.   It  may have any of the forms accepted by Tk_GetBitmap.
	      If bitmap hasn't been specified, or if it	 is  specified	as  an
	      empty string, then a solid fill will be used.

       -font fontName
	      FontName	is  the	 name of a font to use for drawing characters.
	      It may have any of the forms accepted by Tk_GetFont.

       -foreground color
	      Color specifies the color to use when  drawing  text  and	 other
	      foreground  information  such as underlines.  It may have any of
	      the forms accepted by Tk_GetColor.

       -justify justify
	      If the first character of a display line has  a  tag  for	 which
	      this  option  has been specified, then justify determines how to
	      justify the line.	 It must be one of left, right, or center.  If
	      a	 line  wraps, then the justification for each line on the dis‐
	      play is determined by the first character of that display line.

       -lmargin1 pixels
	      If the first character of a text line has a tag for  which  this
	      option  has  been	 specified, then pixels specifies how much the
	      line should be indented from the left edge of the window.	  Pix‐
	      els may have any of the standard forms for screen distances.  If
	      a line of text wraps, this option only applies to the first line
	      on  the  display;	 the -lmargin2 option controls the indentation
	      for subsequent lines.

       -lmargin2 pixels
	      If the first character of a display line has  a  tag  for	 which
	      this  option  has been specified, and if the display line is not
	      the first for its text line (i.e., the text line	has  wrapped),
	      then  pixels specifies how much the line should be indented from
	      the left edge of the window.  Pixels may have any of  the	 stan‐
	      dard  forms for screen distances.	 This option is only used when
	      wrapping is enabled, and it only applies to the second and later
	      display lines for a text line.

       -offset pixels
	      Pixels  specifies	 an amount by which the text's baseline should
	      be offset vertically from the baseline of the overall  line,  in
	      pixels.	For  example, a positive offset can be used for super‐
	      scripts and a negative offset can be used for subscripts.	  Pix‐
	      els may have any of the standard forms for screen distances.

       -overstrike boolean
	      Specifies	 whether  or not to draw a horizontal rule through the
	      middle of	 characters.   Boolean	may  have  any	of  the	 forms
	      accepted by Tcl_GetBoolean.

       -relief relief
	      Relief  specifies the 3-D relief to use for drawing backgrounds,
	      in any of the forms accepted by Tk_GetRelief.   This  option  is
	      used  in	conjunction with the -borderwidth option to give a 3-D
	      appearance to the	 background  for  characters;  it  is  ignored
	      unless the -background option has been set for the tag.

       -rmargin pixels
	      If  the  first  character	 of a display line has a tag for which
	      this option has been specified, then pixels specifies how wide a
	      margin  to  leave between the end of the line and the right edge
	      of the window.  Pixels may have any of the  standard  forms  for
	      screen  distances.   This	 option	 is only used when wrapping is
	      enabled.	If a text line wraps, the right margin for  each  line
	      on the display is determined by the first character of that dis‐
	      play line.

       -spacing1 pixels
	      Pixels specifies how much additional space should be left	 above
	      each  text line, using any of the standard forms for screen dis‐
	      tances.  If a line wraps, this option only applies to the	 first
	      line on the display.

       -spacing2 pixels
	      For  lines  that wrap, this option specifies how much additional
	      space to leave between the display lines for a single text line.
	      Pixels may have any of the standard forms for screen distances.

       -spacing3 pixels
	      Pixels  specifies how much additional space should be left below
	      each text line, using any of the standard forms for screen  dis‐
	      tances.	If  a line wraps, this option only applies to the last
	      line on the display.

       -tabs tabList
	      TabList specifies a set of tab stops in the same form as for the
	      -tabs option for the text widget.	 This option only applies to a
	      display line if it applies to the first character on  that  dis‐
	      play  line.   If this option is specified as an empty string, it
	      cancels the option, leaving it  unspecified  for	the  tag  (the
	      default).	 If the option is specified as a non-empty string that
	      is an empty list, such as -tags { }, then	 it  requests  default
	      8-character tabs as described for the tags widget option.

       -underline boolean
	      Boolean specifies whether or not to draw an underline underneath
	      characters.  It may have any of the forms accepted  by  Tcl_Get‐
	      Boolean.

       -wrap mode
	      Mode  specifies  how  to	handle	lines  that are wider than the
	      text's window.  It has the same legal values as the -wrap option
	      for  the	text widget:  none, char, or word.  If this tag option
	      is specified, it overrides the -wrap option for the text widget.

       If a character has several tags associated with it, and if  their  dis‐
       play options conflict, then the options of the highest priority tag are
       used.  If a particular display option hasn't been specified for a  par‐
       ticular tag, or if it is specified as an empty string, then that option
       will never be used;  the next-highest-priority tag's option  will  used
       instead.	  If  no  tag  specifies a particular display option, then the
       default style for the widget will be used.

       The second purpose for tags is event bindings.  You can associate bind‐
       ings  with a tag in much the same way you can associate bindings with a
       widget class:  whenever particular X events occur  on  characters  with
       the  given tag, a given Tcl command will be executed.  Tag bindings can
       be used to give behaviors to ranges of characters; among other  things,
       this  allows  hypertext-like  features to be implemented.  For details,
       see the description of the tag bind widget command below.

       The third use for tags is in managing the selection.  See THE SELECTION
       below.

MARKS
       The  second  form  of  annotation in text widgets is a mark.  Marks are
       used for remembering particular places in a text.  They	are  something
       like  tags,  in	that  they  have names and they refer to places in the
       file, but a mark isn't associated with particular characters.  Instead,
       a  mark is associated with the gap between two characters.  Only a sin‐
       gle position may be associated with a mark at any given time.   If  the
       characters  around  a  mark are deleted the mark will still remain;  it
       will just have new neighbor characters.	In contrast, if the characters
       containing  a tag are deleted then the tag will no longer have an asso‐
       ciation with characters in the file.  Marks may be manipulated with the
       ``pathName  mark''  widget  command, and their current locations may be
       determined by using the mark name as an index in widget commands.

       Each mark also has a "gravity", which is either	left  or  right.   The
       gravity	for  a	mark  specifies	 what happens to the mark when text is
       inserted at the point of the mark.  If a mark has  left	gravity,  then
       the  mark  is  treated  as  if it were attached to the character on its
       left, so the mark will remain to the left of any text inserted  at  the
       mark position.  If the mark has right gravity, new text inserted at the
       mark position will appear to the left of the mark  (so  that  the  mark
       remains rightmost).  The gravity for a mark defaults to right.

       The  name  space	 for  marks is different from that for tags:  the same
       name may be used for both a mark and a tag, but they will refer to dif‐
       ferent things.

       Two marks have special significance.  First, the mark insert is associ‐
       ated with the insertion cursor, as described under THE INSERTION CURSOR
       below.  Second, the mark current is associated with the character clos‐
       est to the mouse and is adjusted automatically to track the mouse posi‐
       tion and any changes to the text in the widget (one exception:  current
       is not updated in response to mouse motions if a mouse button is	 down;
       the  update  will  be  deferred	until  all  mouse  buttons  have  been
       released).  Neither of these special marks may be deleted.

EMBEDDED WINDOWS
       The third form of annotation in text widgets  is	 an  embedded  window.
       Each  embedded  window  annotation causes a window to be displayed at a
       particular point in  the text.  There may be  any  number  of  embedded
       windows	in  a  text  widget, and any widget may be used as an embedded
       window (subject to the  usual  rules  for  geometry  management,	 which
       require	the  text  window to be the parent of the embedded window or a
       descendant of its parent).   The	 embedded  window's  position  on  the
       screen will be updated as the text is modified or scrolled, and it will
       be mapped and unmapped as it moves into and out of the visible area  of
       the  text  widget.  Each embedded window occupies one character's worth
       of index space in the text widget, and it may be referred to either  by
       the  name  of  its  embedded  window or by its position in the widget's
       index space.  If the range of text containing the  embedded  window  is
       deleted then the window is destroyed.

       When  an embedded window is added to a text widget with the window cre‐
       ate widget command, several configuration  options  may	be  associated
       with  it.  These options may be	modified later with the window config‐
       ure widget command.  The following options are currently supported:

       -align where
	      If the window is not as tall as the line in  which  it  is  dis‐
	      played,  this option determines where the window is displayed in
	      the line.	 Where must have one of the values top (align the  top
	      of the window with the top of the line), center (center the win‐
	      dow within the range of the line), bottom (align the  bottom  of
	      the  window  with	 the  bottom  of the line's area), or baseline
	      (align the bottom of the window with the baseline of the line).

       -create script
	      Specifies a Tcl script that may be evaluated to create the  win‐
	      dow for the annotation.  If no -window option has been specified
	      for the annotation this script will be evaluated when the	 anno‐
	      tation is about to be displayed on the screen.  Script must cre‐
	      ate a window for the annotation and return the name of that win‐
	      dow  as  its  result.  If the annotation's window should ever be
	      deleted, script will be evaluated again the next time the	 anno‐
	      tation is displayed.

       -padx pixels
	      Pixels specifies the amount of extra space to leave on each side
	      of the embedded window.  It may have  any	 of  the  usual	 forms
	      defined for a screen distance.

       -pady pixels
	      Pixels  specifies	 the amount of extra space to leave on the top
	      and on the bottom of the embedded window.	 It may	 have  any  of
	      the usual forms defined for a screen distance.

       -stretch boolean
	      If  the requested height of the embedded window is less than the
	      height of the line in which it is displayed, this option can  be
	      used  to	specify	 whether the window should be stretched verti‐
	      cally to fill its line.  If the -pady option has been  specified
	      as well, then the requested padding will be retained even if the
	      window is stretched.

       -window pathName
	      Specifies the name of a window to display in the annotation.

EMBEDDED IMAGES
       The final form of annotation in text  widgets  is  an  embedded	image.
       Each  embedded  image  annotation  causes an image to be displayed at a
       particular point in  the text.  There may be  any  number  of  embedded
       images in a text widget, and a particular image may be embedded in mul‐
       tiple places in the same text widget.  The embedded image's position on
       the  screen  will be updated as the text is modified or scrolled.  Each
       embedded image occupies one character's worth of	 index	space  in  the
       text  widget,  and  it may be referred to either by its position in the
       widget's index space, or the name it is	assigned  when	the  image  is
       inserted	 into the text widget with image create.  If the range of text
       containing the embedded image is deleted then that copy of the image is
       removed from the screen.

       When  an embedded image is added to a text widget with the image create
       widget command, a  name	unique	to  this  instance  of	the  image  is
       returned.   This name may then be used to refer to this image instance.
       The name is taken to be	the  value  of	the  -name  option  (described
       below).	 If  the -name option is not provided, the -image name is used
       instead.	 If the imageName is already in use in the text	 widget,  then
       #nn  is	added  to  the	end of the imageName, where nn is an arbitrary
       integer.	 This insures the imageName is	unique.	  Once	this  name  is
       assigned to this instance of the image, it does not change, even though
       the -image or -name values can be changed with image configure.

       When an embedded image is added to a text widget with the image	create
       widget  command,	 several  configuration options may be associated with
       it.  These options may be modified later with the image configure  wid‐
       get command.  The following options are currently supported:

       -align where
	      If  the  image  is  not  as tall as the line in which it is dis‐
	      played, this option determines where the image is	 displayed  in
	      the  line.  Where must have one of the values top (align the top
	      of the image with the top of the line), center (center the image
	      within  the  range of the line), bottom (align the bottom of the
	      image with the bottom of the line's area),  or  baseline	(align
	      the bottom of the image with the baseline of the line).

       -image image
	      Specifies the name of the Tk image to display in the annotation.
	      If image is not a valid Tk image, then an error is returned.

       -name ImageName
	      Specifies the name by which this image instance  may  be	refer‐
	      enced in the text widget. If ImageName is not supplied, then the
	      name of the Tk image is  used  instead.	If  the	 imageName  is
	      already  in  use,	 #nn  is  appended  to	the end of the name as
	      described above.

       -padx pixels
	      Pixels specifies the amount of extra space to leave on each side
	      of  the  embedded	 image.	  It  may  have any of the usual forms
	      defined for a screen distance.

       -pady pixels
	      Pixels specifies the amount of extra space to leave on  the  top
	      and on the bottom of the embedded image.	It may have any of the
	      usual forms defined for a screen distance.

THE SELECTION
       Selection support is implemented	 via  tags.   If  the  exportSelection
       option  for the text widget is true then the sel tag will be associated
       with the selection:

       [1]    Whenever characters are tagged with sel  the  text  widget  will
	      claim ownership of the selection.

       [2]    Attempts	to retrieve the selection will be serviced by the text
	      widget, returning all the characters with the sel tag.

       [3]    If the selection is claimed away by another  application	or  by
	      another window within this application, then the sel tag will be
	      removed from all characters in the text.

       [4]    Whenever the sel tag range changes a virtual event <<Selection>>
	      is generated.

       The sel tag is automatically defined when a text widget is created, and
       it may not be deleted with the ``pathName tag delete'' widget  command.
       Furthermore,  the  selectBackground, selectBorderWidth, and selectFore‐
       ground options for the text widget are tied to the  -background,	 -bor‐
       derwidth,  and  -foreground options for the sel tag:  changes in either
       will automatically be reflected in the other.

THE INSERTION CURSOR
       The mark named insert has special significance in text widgets.	It  is
       defined	automatically  when a text widget is created and it may not be
       unset with the ``pathName mark unset'' widget command.  The insert mark
       represents the position of the insertion cursor, and the insertion cur‐
       sor will automatically be drawn at this point whenever the text	widget
       has the input focus.

THE MODIFIED FLAG
       The  text widget can keep track of changes to the content of the widget
       by means of the modified flag. Inserting or deleting text will set this
       flag.  The  flag	 can  be  queried, set and cleared programmatically as
       well. Whenever the flag changes state a <<Modified>> virtual  event  is
       generated. See the edit modified widget command for more details.

THE UNDO MECHANISM
       The  text  widget  has  an  unlimited undo and redo mechanism (when the │
       -undo widget option is true) which  records  every  insert  and	delete │
       action on a stack.						       │

       Boundaries  (called  "separators")  are	inserted between edit actions. │
       The purpose of these  separators	 is  to	 group	inserts,  deletes  and │
       replaces	 into  one compound edit action.  When undoing a change every‐ │
       thing between two separators will be undone.  The  undone  changes  are │
       then  moved  to	the  redo  stack, so that an undone edit can be redone │
       again.  The redo	 stack	is  cleared  whenever  new  edit  actions  are │
       recorded on the undo stack.  The undo and redo stacks can be cleared to │
       keep their depth under control.					       │

       Separators are inserted automatically when the  -autoseparators	widget │
       option  is  true.   You can insert separators programmatically as well. │
       If a separator is already present at the top of the undo stack no other │
       will be inserted.  That means that two separators on the undo stack are │
       always separated by at least one insert or delete action.	       │

       The undo mechanism is also linked to the	 modified  flag.   This	 means │
       that undoing or redoing changes can take a modified text widget back to │
       the unmodified state or vice versa.  The	 modified  flag	 will  be  set │
       automatically  to  the appropriate state.  This automatic coupling does │
       not work when the modified flag has been set by	the  user,  until  the │
       flag has been reset again.					       │

       See below for the edit widget command that controls the undo mechanism.

WIDGET COMMAND
       The  text  command  creates a new Tcl command whose name is the same as
       the path name of the text's window.  This command may be used to invoke
       various operations on the widget.  It has the following general form:
	      pathName option ?arg arg ...?
       PathName is the name of the command, which is the same as the text wid‐
       get's path name.	 Option and the args determine the exact  behavior  of
       the command.  The following commands are possible for text widgets:

       pathName bbox index
	      Returns  a  list	of four elements describing the screen area of
	      the character given by index.  The first	two  elements  of  the
	      list  give  the  x and y coordinates of the upper-left corner of
	      the area occupied by the character, and the  last	 two  elements
	      give the width and height of the area.  If the character is only
	      partially visible on the screen, then the return value  reflects
	      just  the	 visible part.	If the character is not visible on the
	      screen then the return value is an empty list.

       pathName cget option
	      Returns the current value of the configuration option  given  by
	      option.	Option may have any of the values accepted by the text
	      command.

       pathName compare index1 op index2
	      Compares the indices given by index1 and index2 according to the
	      relational  operator given by op, and returns 1 if the relation‐
	      ship is satisfied and 0 if it isn't.  Op	must  be  one  of  the
	      operators	 <,  <=,  ==,  >=,  >,	or  !=.	 If op is == then 1 is
	      returned if the two indices refer to the same character,	if  op
	      is < then 1 is returned if index1 refers to an earlier character
	      in the text than index2, and so on.

       pathName configure ?option? ?value option value ...?
	      Query or modify the configuration options of the widget.	If  no
	      option is specified, returns a list describing all of the avail‐
	      able options for pathName (see Tk_ConfigureInfo for  information
	      on  the  format  of  this list).	If option is specified with no
	      value, then the command returns a list describing the one	 named
	      option (this list will be identical to the corresponding sublist
	      of the value returned if no option is  specified).   If  one  or
	      more option-value pairs are specified, then the command modifies
	      the given widget option(s) to have the given value(s);  in  this
	      case  the	 command returns an empty string.  Option may have any
	      of the values accepted by the text command.

       pathName debug ?boolean?
	      If boolean is specified, then it must have one of	 the  true  or
	      false values accepted by Tcl_GetBoolean.	If the value is a true
	      one then internal consistency checks will be turned on in the B-
	      tree  code associated with text widgets.	If boolean has a false
	      value then the debugging checks will be turned off.   In	either
	      case  the	 command  returns  an empty string.  If boolean is not
	      specified then the command returns on or off to indicate whether
	      or  not  debugging  is  turned  on.  There is a single debugging
	      switch shared by all text widgets:  turning debugging on or  off
	      in  any  widget turns it on or off for all widgets.  For widgets
	      with large amounts of text, the consistency checks may  cause  a
	      noticeable slow-down.

       When  debugging	is  turned on, the drawing routines of the text widget │
       set the global variables tk_textRedraw and tk_textRelayout to the lists │
       of  indices that are redrawn.  The values of these variables are tested │
       by Tk's test suite.

       pathName delete index1 ?index2 ...?
	      Delete a range of characters from the text.  If both index1  and
	      index2  are  specified,  then delete all the characters starting
	      with the one given by index1 and	stopping  just	before	index2
	      (i.e.  the  character  at	 index2	 is  not  deleted).  If index2
	      doesn't specify a position later in the text than index1 then no
	      characters are deleted.  If index2 isn't specified then the sin‐
	      gle character at index1 is deleted.   It	is  not	 allowable  to
	      delete  characters  in a way that would leave the text without a
	      newline as the last character.  The  command  returns  an	 empty
	      string.  If more indices are given, multiple ranges of text will │
	      be deleted.  All indices are first checked for  validity	before │
	      any deletions are made.  They are sorted and the text is removed │
	      from the last range to the first range to deleted text does  not │
	      cause  an	 undesired  index  shifting side-effects.  If multiple │
	      ranges with the same start index are  given,  then  the  longest │
	      range  is used.  If overlapping ranges are given, then they will │
	      be merged into spans that do not cause deletion of text  outside │
	      the given ranges due to text shifted during deletion.

       pathName dlineinfo index
	      Returns  a  list with five elements describing the area occupied
	      by the display line containing index.  The first two elements of
	      the  list	 give the x and y coordinates of the upper-left corner
	      of the area occupied by the line, the third and fourth  elements
	      give  the	 width	and  height of the area, and the fifth element
	      gives the position of the baseline for the line,	measured  down
	      from  the	 top of the area.  All of this information is measured
	      in pixels.  If the current  wrap	mode  is  none	and  the  line
	      extends  beyond  the boundaries of the window, the area returned
	      reflects the entire area of the  line,  including	 the  portions
	      that  are	 out  of  the window.  If the line is shorter than the
	      full width of the window then the area  returned	reflects  just
	      the  portion  of	the  line  that	 is occupied by characters and
	      embedded windows.	 If the display line containing index  is  not
	      visible on the screen then the return value is an empty list.

       pathName dump ?switches? index1 ?index2?
	      Return  the  contents  of the text widget from index1 up to, but
	      not including index2, including the text and  information	 about
	      marks,  tags, and embedded windows.  If index2 is not specified,
	      then it defaults to one character past index1.  The  information
	      is returned in the following format:

	      key1 value1 index1 key2 value2 index2 ...

	      The  possible  key  values are text, mark, tagon, tagoff, image,
	      and window.  The corresponding value is the text, mark name, tag
	      name,  image name, or window name.  The index information is the
	      index of the start of the text, mark, tag transition,  image  or
	      window.  One or more of the following switches (or abbreviations
	      thereof) may be specified to control the dump:

	      -all   Return information about all elements: text, marks, tags,
		     images and windows.  This is the default.

	      -command command
		     Instead of returning the information as the result of the
		     dump operation, invoke the command on each element of the
		     text  widget  within  the	range.	 The command has three
		     arguments appended to it before it is evaluated: the key,
		     value, and index.

	      -image Include information about images in the dump results.

	      -mark  Include information about marks in the dump results.

	      -tag   Include  information  about  tag  transitions in the dump
		     results. Tag information is returned as tagon and	tagoff
		     elements that indicate the begin and end of each range of
		     each tag, respectively.

	      -text  Include information about text in the dump results.   The
		     value  is	the  text up to the next element or the end of
		     range indicated by index2.	 A text element does not  span
		     newlines.	 A  multi-line	block of text that contains no
		     marks or tag transitions will still be dumped as a set of
		     text  segments that each end with a newline.  The newline
		     is part of the value.

	      -window
		     Include information about embedded windows	 in  the  dump
		     results.	The  value  of	a  window  is its Tk pathname,
		     unless the window has not been  created  yet.   (It  must
		     have  a  create script.)  In this case an empty string is
		     returned, and you must query  the	window	by  its	 index
		     position to get more information.

       pathName edit option ?arg arg ...?
	      This  command controls the undo mechanism and the modified flag. │
	      The exact behavior of the command depends on the option argument │
	      that follows the edit argument.  The following forms of the com‐ │
	      mand are currently supported:				       │

	      pathName edit modified ?boolean?				       │
		     If boolean is not specified, returns the modified flag of │
		     the  widget.  The insert, delete, edit undo and edit redo │
		     commands or the user can set or clear the modified	 flag. │
		     If	 boolean  is  specified, sets the modified flag of the │
		     widget to boolean.					       │

	      pathName edit redo					       │
		     When the -undo option is true, reapplies the last	undone │
		     edits  provided no other edits were done since then. Gen‐ │
		     erates an error when the redo stack is empty.  Does noth‐ │
		     ing when the -undo option is false.		       │

	      pathName edit reset					       │
		     Clears the undo and redo stacks.			       │

	      pathName edit separator					       │
		     Inserts  a	 separator  (boundary) on the undo stack. Does │
		     nothing when the -undo option is false.		       │

	      pathName edit undo					       │
		     Undoes the last edit action  when	the  -undo  option  is │
		     true.   An	 edit  action is defined as all the insert and │
		     delete commands that are recorded on the  undo  stack  in │
		     between  two separators. Generates an error when the undo │
		     stack is empty.  Does nothing when the  -undo  option  is │
		     false.						       │

       pathName get index1 ?index2 ...?
	      Return  a	 range	of characters from the text.  The return value
	      will be all the characters in the text  starting	with  the  one
	      whose index is index1 and ending just before the one whose index
	      is index2 (the character at index2 will not  be  returned).   If
	      index2  is  omitted  then	 the  single  character	 at  index1 is
	      returned.	 If there are no characters  in	 the  specified	 range
	      (e.g.  index1 is past the end of the file or index2 is less than
	      or equal to index1) then an empty string is  returned.   If  the
	      specified	 range contains embedded windows, no information about
	      them is included in the  returned	 string.   If  multiple	 index │
	      pairs  are  given, multiple ranges of text will be returned in a │
	      list.  Invalid ranges will not be represented with empty strings │
	      in  the  list.   The  ranges are returned in the order passed to │
	      get.

       pathName image option ?arg arg ...?
	      This command is used to manipulate embedded images.  The	behav‐
	      ior  of  the command depends on the option argument that follows
	      the tag argument.	 The following forms of the command  are  cur‐
	      rently supported:

	      pathName image cget index option
		     Returns the value of a configuration option for an embed‐
		     ded image.	 Index	identifies  the	 embedded  image,  and
		     option specifies a particular configuration option, which
		     must be one of the ones listed in	the  section  EMBEDDED
		     IMAGES.

	      pathName image configure index ?option value ...?
		     Query or modify the configuration options for an embedded
		     image.   If  no  option  is  specified,  returns  a  list
		     describing	 all of the available options for the embedded
		     image at index (see Tk_ConfigureInfo for  information  on
		     the format of this list).	If option is specified with no
		     value, then the command returns a list describing the one
		     named  option  (this list will be identical to the corre‐
		     sponding sublist of the value returned if	no  option  is
		     specified).  If one or more option-value pairs are speci‐
		     fied, then the command modifies the  given	 option(s)  to
		     have  the	given  value(s);   in  this  case  the command
		     returns an empty string.  See EMBEDDED IMAGES for	infor‐
		     mation on the options that are supported.

	      pathName image create index ?option value ...?
		     This  command  creates a new image annotation, which will
		     appear in the text at the position given by  index.   Any
		     number  of option-value pairs may be specified to config‐
		     ure the annotation.  Returns a unique identifier that may
		     be used as an index to refer to this image.  See EMBEDDED
		     IMAGES for information on the options that are supported,
		     and a description of the identifier returned.

	      pathName image names
		     Returns  a list whose elements are the names of all image
		     instances currently embedded in window.

       pathName index index
	      Returns  the  position  corresponding  to	 index	in  the	  form
	      line.char	 where line is the line number and char is the charac‐
	      ter number.  Index may have any of  the  forms  described	 under
	      INDICES above.

       pathName insert index chars ?tagList chars tagList ...?
	      Inserts  all of the chars arguments just before the character at
	      index.  If index refers to the end of the	 text  (the  character
	      after  the  last	newline)  then	the  new text is inserted just
	      before the last newline instead.	If there  is  a	 single	 chars
	      argument and no tagList, then the new text will receive any tags
	      that are present on both the character before and the  character
	      after  the  insertion  point; if a tag is present on only one of
	      these characters then it will not be applied to  the  new	 text.
	      If tagList is specified then it consists of a list of tag names;
	      the new characters will receive all of the tags in this list and
	      no  others,  regardless of the tags present around the insertion
	      point.  If multiple chars-tagList argument  pairs	 are  present,
	      they produce the same effect as if a separate insert widget com‐
	      mand had been issued for each pair, in order.  The last  tagList
	      argument may be omitted.

       pathName mark option ?arg arg ...?
	      This command is used to manipulate marks.	 The exact behavior of
	      the command depends on the option argument that follows the mark
	      argument.	 The following forms of the command are currently sup‐
	      ported:

	      pathName mark gravity markName ?direction?
		     If direction is not specified, returns left or  right  to
		     indicate  which  of  its  adjacent characters markName is
		     attached to.  If direction is specified, it must be  left
		     or	 right;	 the  gravity  of markName is set to the given
		     value.

	      pathName mark names
		     Returns a list whose elements are the names  of  all  the
		     marks that are currently set.

	      pathName mark next index
		     Returns  the name of the next mark at or after index.  If
		     index is specified in numerical form, then the search for
		     the next mark begins at that index.  If index is the name
		     of a mark, then the search for the next mark begins imme‐
		     diately after that mark.  This can still return a mark at
		     the same position if there are multiple marks at the same
		     index.  These semantics mean that the mark next operation
		     can be used to step through all the marks in a text  wid‐
		     get in the same order as the mark information returned by
		     the dump operation.  If a mark has been set to  the  spe‐
		     cial  end	index,	then  it  appears to be after end with
		     respect to the mark next operation.  An empty  string  is
		     returned if there are no marks after index.

	      pathName mark previous index
		     Returns  the  name	 of  the  mark at or before index.  If
		     index is specified in numerical form, then the search for
		     the  previous  mark begins with the character just before
		     that index.  If index is the name of  a  mark,  then  the
		     search  for  the next mark begins immediately before that
		     mark.  This can still return a mark at the same  position
		     if	 there	are  multiple  marks at the same index.	 These
		     semantics mean that the mark previous  operation  can  be
		     used  to  step  through all the marks in a text widget in
		     the reverse order as the mark information returned by the
		     dump operation.  An empty string is returned if there are
		     no marks before index.

	      pathName mark set markName index
		     Sets the mark named markName to a	position  just	before
		     the  character  at index.	If markName already exists, it
		     is moved from its old position; if it  doesn't  exist,  a
		     new  mark	is  created.   This  command  returns an empty
		     string.

	      pathName mark unset markName ?markName markName ...?
		     Remove the mark corresponding to  each  of	 the  markName
		     arguments.	  The  removed	marks  will  not  be usable in
		     indices and will not  be  returned	 by  future  calls  to
		     ``pathName	 mark  names''.	 This command returns an empty
		     string.

       pathName scan option args
	      This command is used to implement scanning on texts.  It has two
	      forms, depending on option:

	      pathName scan mark x y
		     Records  x and y and the current view in the text window,
		     for use in conjunction with later scan  dragto  commands.
		     Typically	this command is associated with a mouse button
		     press in the widget.  It returns an empty string.

	      pathName scan dragto x y
		     This command computes the difference between its x and  y
		     arguments and the x and y arguments to the last scan mark
		     command for the widget.  It then adjusts the view	by  10
		     times  the	 difference  in	 coordinates.  This command is
		     typically associated with mouse motion events in the wid‐
		     get,  to  produce the effect of dragging the text at high
		     speed through the window.	The return value is  an	 empty
		     string.

       pathName search ?switches? pattern index ?stopIndex?
	      Searches	the  text in pathName starting at index for a range of
	      characters that matches pattern.	If a match is found, the index
	      of the first character in the match is returned as result;  oth‐
	      erwise an empty string is returned.  One or more of the  follow‐
	      ing switches (or abbreviations thereof) may be specified to con‐
	      trol the search:

	      -forwards
		     The search will proceed forward through the text, finding
		     the  first	 matching range starting at or after the posi‐
		     tion given by index.  This is the default.

	      -backwards
		     The search will proceed backward through the text,	 find‐
		     ing the matching range closest to index whose first char‐
		     acter is before index.

	      -exact Use exact matching:  the characters in the matching range
		     must  be  identical  to  those  in	 pattern.  This is the
		     default.

	      -regexp
		     Treat pattern  as	a  regular  expression	and  match  it
		     against  the text using the rules for regular expressions
		     (see the regexp command for details).

	      -nocase
		     Ignore case differences between the pattern and the text.

	      -count varName
		     The argument following -count gives the name of  a	 vari‐
		     able;  if a match is found, the number of index positions
		     between beginning and end of the matching range  will  be
		     stored  in the variable.  If there are no embedded images
		     or windows in the matching range (and there are no elided
		     characters if -elide is not given), this is equivalent to
		     the number of characters matched.	In  either  case,  the
		     range matchIdx to matchIdx + $count chars will return the
		     entire matched text.

	      -elide Find elided (hidden) text as well. By default  only  dis‐
		     played text is searched.

	      --     This switch has no effect except to terminate the list of
		     switches: the next argument will be  treated  as  pattern
		     even if it starts with -.

	      The  matching  range  must  be  entirely within a single line of
	      text.  For regular expression matching the newlines are  removed
	      from  the	 ends of the lines before matching:  use the $ feature
	      in regular expressions to match the end of a  line.   For	 exact
	      matching	the newlines are retained.  If stopIndex is specified,
	      the search stops at that index: for forward searches,  no	 match
	      at   or  after  stopIndex	 will  be  considered;	 for  backward
	      searches, no match earlier in the text than  stopIndex  will  be
	      considered.   If	stopIndex  is omitted, the entire text will be
	      searched: when the beginning or end of the text is reached,  the
	      search continues at the other end until the starting location is
	      reached again;  if stopIndex is specified, no  wrap-around  will
	      occur.

       pathName see index
	      Adjusts  the  view  in the window so that the character given by
	      index is completely visible.  If index is already	 visible  then
	      the  command  does nothing.  If index is a short distance out of
	      view, the command adjusts the view just  enough  to  make	 index
	      visible at the edge of the window.  If index is far out of view,
	      then the command centers index in the window.

       pathName tag option ?arg arg ...?
	      This command is used to manipulate tags.	The exact behavior  of
	      the  command depends on the option argument that follows the tag
	      argument.	 The following forms of the command are currently sup‐
	      ported:

	      pathName tag add tagName index1 ?index2 index1 index2 ...?
		     Associate	the  tag  tagName  with	 all of the characters
		     starting with index1 and ending just before  index2  (the
		     character	at index2 isn't tagged).  A single command may
		     contain any number of index1-index2 pairs.	 If  the  last
		     index2  is omitted then the single character at index1 is
		     tagged.  If there are  no	characters  in	the  specified
		     range  (e.g. index1 is past the end of the file or index2
		     is less than or equal to index1) then the command has  no
		     effect.

	      pathName tag bind tagName ?sequence? ?script?
		     This command associates script with the tag given by tag‐
		     Name.  Whenever the  event	 sequence  given  by  sequence
		     occurs for a character that has been tagged with tagName,
		     the script will be invoked.  This widget command is simi‐
		     lar  to the bind command except that it operates on char‐
		     acters in a text rather than  entire  widgets.   See  the
		     bind  manual  entry for complete details on the syntax of
		     sequence and the substitutions performed on script before
		     invoking  it.   If all arguments are specified then a new
		     binding is created, replacing any	existing  binding  for
		     the  same sequence and tagName (if the first character of
		     script is ``+'' then script augments an existing  binding
		     rather than replacing it).	 In this case the return value
		     is an empty string.  If script is omitted then  the  com‐
		     mand  returns  the	 script	 associated  with  tagName and
		     sequence (an error occurs if there is no  such  binding).
		     If	 both script and sequence are omitted then the command
		     returns a list of all the sequences  for  which  bindings
		     have been defined for tagName.

		     The  only	events for which bindings may be specified are │
		     those related to the mouse and keyboard (such  as	Enter, │
		     Leave,  ButtonPress,  Motion,  and	 KeyPress)  or virtual │
		     events.  Event bindings for a text widget use the current │
		     mark  described  under MARKS above.  An Enter event trig‐ │
		     gers for a tag when the tag first becomes present on  the │
		     current  character,  and a Leave event triggers for a tag │
		     when it ceases to be present on  the  current  character. │
		     Enter and Leave events can happen either because the cur‐ │
		     rent mark moved or because the character at that position │
		     changed.  Note that these events are different than Enter │
		     and Leave events for windows.  Mouse and keyboard	events │
		     are  directed  to	the  current  character.  If a virtual │
		     event is used in a binding, that binding can trigger only │
		     if	 the  virtual event is defined by an underlying mouse- │
		     related or keyboard-related event.

		     It is possible for the current character to have multiple
		     tags,  and	 for each of them to have a binding for a par‐
		     ticular event sequence.  When this occurs, one binding is
		     invoked  for  each	 tag, in order from lowest-priority to
		     highest priority.	If there are multiple  matching	 bind‐
		     ings  for a single tag, then the most specific binding is
		     chosen (see the manual entry for  the  bind  command  for
		     details).	 continue  and	break  commands within binding
		     scripts are processed in the same	way  as	 for  bindings
		     created with the bind command.

		     If	 bindings  are created for the widget as a whole using
		     the bind command, then those bindings will supplement the
		     tag  bindings.   The  tag bindings will be invoked first,
		     followed by bindings for the window as a whole.

	      pathName tag cget tagName option
		     This command returns the  current	value  of  the	option
		     named  option  associated	with the tag given by tagName.
		     Option may have any of the values	accepted  by  the  tag
		     configure widget command.

	      pathName	tag  configure	tagName ?option? ?value? ?option value
	      ...?
		     This command is similar to the configure  widget  command
		     except  that  it modifies options associated with the tag
		     given by tagName instead of  modifying  options  for  the
		     overall text widget.  If no option is specified, the com‐
		     mand returns a  list  describing  all  of	the  available
		     options for tagName (see Tk_ConfigureInfo for information
		     on the format of this list).  If option is specified with
		     no	 value, then the command returns a list describing the
		     one named option (this list will be identical to the cor‐
		     responding	 sublist of the value returned if no option is
		     specified).  If one or more option-value pairs are speci‐
		     fied,  then  the  command modifies the given option(s) to
		     have the given value(s) in tagName; in this case the com‐
		     mand returns an empty string.  See TAGS above for details
		     on the options available for tags.

	      pathName tag delete tagName ?tagName ...?
		     Deletes all tag information for each of the tagName argu‐
		     ments.   The command removes the tags from all characters
		     in the file and also deletes any other information	 asso‐
		     ciated with the tags, such as bindings and display infor‐
		     mation.  The command returns an empty string.

	      pathName tag lower tagName ?belowThis?
		     Changes the priority of tag tagName so that  it  is  just
		     lower  in	priority than the tag whose name is belowThis.
		     If belowThis  is  omitted,	 then  tagName's  priority  is
		     changed to make it lowest priority of all tags.

	      pathName tag names ?index?
		     Returns  a	 list  whose elements are the names of all the
		     tags that are active at the character position  given  by
		     index.   If  index is omitted, then the return value will
		     describe all of the tags that exist for  the  text	 (this
		     includes  all  tags  that have been named in a ``pathName
		     tag'' widget  command  but	 haven't  been	deleted	 by  a
		     ``pathName	 tag delete'' widget command, even if no char‐
		     acters are currently marked with the tag).	 The list will
		     be sorted in order from lowest priority to highest prior‐
		     ity.

	      pathName tag nextrange tagName index1 ?index2?
		     This command searches the text for a range of  characters
		     tagged  with  tagName  where  the	first character of the
		     range is no earlier than the character at index1  and  no
		     later  than  the  character  just	before index2 (a range
		     starting at index2 will not be considered).   If  several
		     matching ranges exist, the first one is chosen.  The com‐
		     mand's return value is a list  containing	two  elements,
		     which  are	 the index of the first character of the range
		     and the index of the character just after the last one in
		     the range.	 If no matching range is found then the return
		     value is an empty string.	If index2 is not given then it
		     defaults to the end of the text.

	      pathName tag prevrange tagName index1 ?index2?
		     This  command searches the text for a range of characters
		     tagged with tagName where	the  first  character  of  the
		     range  is	before	the character at index1 and no earlier
		     than the character at index2 (a range starting at	index2
		     will  be  considered).  If several matching ranges exist,
		     the one closest  to  index1  is  chosen.	The  command's
		     return value is a list containing two elements, which are
		     the index of the first character of  the  range  and  the
		     index  of	the  character	just after the last one in the
		     range.  If no matching range is  found  then  the	return
		     value is an empty string.	If index2 is not given then it
		     defaults to the beginning of the text.

	      pathName tag raise tagName ?aboveThis?
		     Changes the priority of tag tagName so that  it  is  just
		     higher  in priority than the tag whose name is aboveThis.
		     If aboveThis  is  omitted,	 then  tagName's  priority  is
		     changed to make it highest priority of all tags.

	      pathName tag ranges tagName
		     Returns  a list describing all of the ranges of text that
		     have been tagged with tagName.  The first two elements of
		     the list describe the first tagged range in the text, the
		     next two elements describe the second range, and  so  on.
		     The  first element of each pair contains the index of the
		     first character of the range, and the second  element  of
		     the  pair	contains the index of the character just after
		     the last one in the range.	 If there  are	no  characters
		     tagged with tag then an empty string is returned.

	      pathName tag remove tagName index1 ?index2 index1 index2 ...?
		     Remove  the tag tagName from all of the characters start‐
		     ing at index1 and ending just before index2 (the  charac‐
		     ter at index2 isn't affected).  A single command may con‐
		     tain any number of	 index1-index2	pairs.	 If  the  last
		     index2  is omitted then the single character at index1 is
		     tagged.  If there are  no	characters  in	the  specified
		     range  (e.g. index1 is past the end of the file or index2
		     is less than or equal to index1) then the command has  no
		     effect.  This command returns an empty string.

       pathName window option ?arg arg ...?
	      This command is used to manipulate embedded windows.  The behav‐
	      ior of the command depends on the option argument	 that  follows
	      the  tag	argument.  The following forms of the command are cur‐
	      rently supported:

	      pathName window cget index option
		     Returns the value of a configuration option for an embed‐
		     ded  window.   Index  identifies the embedded window, and
		     option specifies a particular configuration option, which
		     must  be  one  of the ones listed in the section EMBEDDED
		     WINDOWS.

	      pathName window configure index ?option value ...?
		     Query or modify the configuration options for an embedded
		     window.   If  no  option  is  specified,  returns	a list
		     describing all of the available options for the  embedded
		     window  at index (see Tk_ConfigureInfo for information on
		     the format of this list).	If option is specified with no
		     value, then the command returns a list describing the one
		     named option (this list will be identical to  the	corre‐
		     sponding  sublist	of  the value returned if no option is
		     specified).  If one or more option-value pairs are speci‐
		     fied,  then  the  command modifies the given option(s) to
		     have the  given  value(s);	  in  this  case  the  command
		     returns an empty string.  See EMBEDDED WINDOWS for infor‐
		     mation on the options that are supported.

	      pathName window create index ?option value ...?
		     This command creates a new window annotation, which  will
		     appear  in	 the text at the position given by index.  Any
		     number of option-value pairs may be specified to  config‐
		     ure the annotation.  See EMBEDDED WINDOWS for information
		     on the options that  are  supported.   Returns  an	 empty
		     string.

	      pathName window names
		     Returns  a	 list whose elements are the names of all win‐
		     dows currently embedded in window.

       pathName xview option args
	      This command is used to query and change the horizontal position
	      of the text in the widget's window.  It can take any of the fol‐
	      lowing forms:

	      pathName xview
		     Returns a list containing two elements.  Each element  is
		     a	real fraction between 0 and 1;	together they describe
		     the portion of the document's  horizontal	span  that  is
		     visible in the window.  For example, if the first element
		     is .2 and the second element is .6, 20% of	 the  text  is
		     off-screen	 to the left, the middle 40% is visible in the
		     window, and 40% of the text is off-screen to  the	right.
		     The  fractions  refer only to the lines that are actually
		     visible in the window:  if the lines in  the  window  are
		     all  very	short,	so that they are entirely visible, the
		     returned fractions will be 0 and 1,  even	if  there  are
		     other lines in the text that are much wider than the win‐
		     dow.  These are the same values passed to scrollbars  via
		     the -xscrollcommand option.

	      pathName xview moveto fraction
		     Adjusts  the  view	 in the window so that fraction of the
		     horizontal span of the text is off-screen	to  the	 left.
		     Fraction is a fraction between 0 and 1.

	      pathName xview scroll number what
		     This  command shifts the view in the window left or right
		     according to number and what.  Number must be an integer.
		     What  must be either units or pages or an abbreviation of
		     one of these.  If what is units, the view adjusts left or
		     right  by number average-width characters on the display;
		     if it is pages then the view adjusts  by  number  screen‐
		     fuls.   If	 number is negative then characters farther to
		     the left become visible;  if it is positive then  charac‐
		     ters farther to the right become visible.

       pathName yview ?args?
	      This  command  is used to query and change the vertical position
	      of the text in the widget's window.  It can take any of the fol‐
	      lowing forms:

	      pathName yview
		     Returns a list containing two elements, both of which are
		     real fractions between 0 and 1.  The first element	 gives
		     the  position  of	the first character in the top line in
		     the window, relative to the text as a whole (0.5 means it
		     is	 halfway  through  the text, for example).  The second
		     element gives the position of the	character  just	 after
		     the  last	one in the bottom line of the window, relative
		     to the text as a whole.  These are the same values passed
		     to scrollbars via the -yscrollcommand option.

	      pathName yview moveto fraction
		     Adjusts  the  view	 in  the  window so that the character
		     given by fraction appears on the top line of the  window.
		     Fraction  is a fraction between 0 and 1;  0 indicates the
		     first character in the text, 0.33 indicates the character
		     one-third the way through the text, and so on.

	      pathName yview scroll number what
		     This  command  adjust  the	 view in the window up or down
		     according to number and what.  Number must be an integer.
		     What  must	 be  either units or pages.  If what is units,
		     the view adjusts up or down by number lines on  the  dis‐
		     play;   if	 it  is	 pages then the view adjusts by number
		     screenfuls.  If number is negative then earlier positions
		     in the text become visible;  if it is positive then later
		     positions in the text become visible.

	      pathName yview ?-pickplace? index
		     Changes the view in the widget's  window  to  make	 index
		     visible.	If  the -pickplace option isn't specified then
		     index will appear at the top of the  window.   If	-pick‐
		     place  is	specified  then the widget chooses where index
		     appears in the window:

		     [1]    If index is already visible somewhere in the  win‐
			    dow then the command does nothing.

		     [2]    If	index is only a few lines off-screen above the
			    window then it will be positioned at  the  top  of
			    the window.

		     [3]    If	index is only a few lines off-screen below the
			    window then it will be positioned at the bottom of
			    the window.

		     [4]    Otherwise, index will be centered in the window.

		     The  -pickplace option has been obsoleted by the see wid‐
		     get command (see handles both x- and y-motion to  make  a
		     location  visible, whereas -pickplace only handles motion
		     in y).

	      pathName yview number
		     This command makes the first character on the line	 after
		     the one given by number visible at the top of the window.
		     Number must be an integer.	 This command used to be  used
		     for scrolling, but now it is obsolete.

BINDINGS
       Tk  automatically  creates  class bindings for texts that give them the
       following default behavior.  In the  descriptions  below,  ``word''  is
       dependent on the value of the tcl_wordchars variable.  See tclvars(n).

       [1]    Clicking	mouse  button  1  positions  the insertion cursor just
	      before the character underneath the mouse cursor, sets the input
	      focus  to	 this  widget, and clears any selection in the widget.
	      Dragging with mouse button 1 strokes out a selection between the
	      insertion cursor and the character under the mouse.

       [2]    Double-clicking  with  mouse button 1 selects the word under the
	      mouse and positions the insertion cursor at the end of the word.
	      Dragging	after  a double click will stroke out a selection con‐
	      sisting of whole words.

       [3]    Triple-clicking with mouse button 1 selects the line  under  the
	      mouse and positions the insertion cursor at the end of the line.
	      Dragging after a triple click will stroke out a  selection  con‐
	      sisting of whole lines.

       [4]    The ends of the selection can be adjusted by dragging with mouse
	      button 1 while the Shift key is down;  this will adjust the  end
	      of  the selection that was nearest to the mouse cursor when but‐
	      ton 1 was pressed.  If the button is double-clicked before drag‐
	      ging  then  the  selection  will	be  adjusted in units of whole
	      words;  if it is	triple-clicked	then  the  selection  will  be
	      adjusted in units of whole lines.

       [5]    Clicking	mouse  button 1 with the Control key down will reposi‐
	      tion the insertion cursor without affecting the selection.

       [6]    If any normal printing characters are typed, they	 are  inserted
	      at the point of the insertion cursor.

       [7]    The  view	 in  the widget can be adjusted by dragging with mouse
	      button 2.	 If mouse button  2  is	 clicked  without  moving  the
	      mouse,  the selection is copied into the text at the position of
	      the mouse cursor.	 The Insert key also  inserts  the  selection,
	      but at the position of the insertion cursor.

       [8]    If  the  mouse  is  dragged  out of the widget while button 1 is
	      pressed, the entry will automatically scroll to make  more  text
	      visible  (if there is more text off-screen on the side where the
	      mouse left the window).

       [9]    The Left and Right keys move the insertion cursor one  character
	      to  the  left  or	 right;	  they also clear any selection in the
	      text.  If Left or Right is typed with the Shift key  down,  then
	      the  insertion  cursor  moves  and  the selection is extended to
	      include the new character.  Control-Left and Control-Right  move
	      the  insertion  cursor by words, and Control-Shift-Left and Con‐
	      trol-Shift-Right move the insertion cursor  by  words  and  also
	      extend  the  selection.  Control-b and Control-f behave the same
	      as Left and Right, respectively.	Meta-b and Meta-f  behave  the
	      same as Control-Left and Control-Right, respectively.

       [10]   The  Up  and  Down keys move the insertion cursor one line up or
	      down and clear any selection in the text.	 If  Up	 or  Right  is
	      typed  with  the Shift key down, then the insertion cursor moves
	      and the selection is extended  to	 include  the  new  character.
	      Control-Up  and  Control-Down move the insertion cursor by para‐
	      graphs (groups of lines separated by blank lines), and  Control-
	      Shift-Up	and  Control-Shift-Down	 move  the insertion cursor by
	      paragraphs and also extend the selection.	  Control-p  and  Con‐
	      trol-n behave the same as Up and Down, respectively.

       [11]   The  Next	 and  Prior  keys move the insertion cursor forward or
	      backwards by one screenful and clear any selection in the	 text.
	      If the Shift key is held down while Next or Prior is typed, then
	      the selection is extended to include the	new  character.	  Con‐
	      trol-v  moves  the  view	down  one screenful without moving the
	      insertion cursor or adjusting the selection.

       [12]   Control-Next and Control-Prior scroll the view right or left  by
	      one  page	 without  moving the insertion cursor or affecting the
	      selection.

       [13]   Home and Control-a move the insertion cursor to the beginning of
	      its  line	 and  clear  any  selection in the widget.  Shift-Home
	      moves the insertion cursor to the beginning of the line and also
	      extends the selection to that point.

       [14]   End  and	Control-e  move the insertion cursor to the end of the
	      line and clear any selection in the widget.  Shift-End moves the
	      cursor  to the end of the line and extends the selection to that
	      point.

       [15]   Control-Home and Meta-< move the insertion cursor to the	begin‐
	      ning  of	the  text and clear any selection in the widget.  Con‐
	      trol-Shift-Home moves the insertion cursor to the	 beginning  of
	      the text and also extends the selection to that point.

       [16]   Control-End  and	Meta-> move the insertion cursor to the end of
	      the text and clear any selection in the widget.	Control-Shift-
	      End  moves  the  cursor  to  the end of the text and extends the
	      selection to that point.

       [17]   The Select key and Control-Space set the selection anchor to the
	      position of the insertion cursor.	 They don't affect the current
	      selection.   Shift-Select	 and  Control-Shift-Space  adjust  the
	      selection	 to  the  current  position  of	 the insertion cursor,
	      selecting from the anchor to the insertion cursor if  there  was
	      not any selection previously.

       [18]   Control-/ selects the entire contents of the widget.

       [19]   Control-\ clears any selection in the widget.

       [20]   The  F16	key (labelled Copy on many Sun workstations) or Meta-w
	      copies the selection in the widget to the clipboard, if there is
	      a	 selection.   This  action  is	carried	 out  by  the  command │
	      tk_textCopy.

       [21]   The F20 key (labelled Cut on many Sun workstations) or Control-w
	      copies  the selection in the widget to the clipboard and deletes
	      the selection.  This  action  is	carried	 out  by  the  command │
	      tk_textCut.   If	there is no selection in the widget then these
	      keys have no effect.

       [22]   The F18 key (labelled Paste on many Sun  workstations)  or  Con‐
	      trol-y  inserts the contents of the clipboard at the position of
	      the insertion cursor.  This action is carried out by the command │
	      tk_textPaste.

       [23]   The  Delete  key	deletes	 the selection, if there is one in the
	      widget.  If there is no selection, it deletes the	 character  to
	      the right of the insertion cursor.

       [24]   Backspace and Control-h delete the selection, if there is one in
	      the widget.  If there is no selection, they delete the character
	      to the left of the insertion cursor.

       [25]   Control-d	 deletes  the  character to the right of the insertion
	      cursor.

       [26]   Meta-d deletes the word to the right of the insertion cursor.

       [27]   Control-k deletes from the insertion cursor to the  end  of  its
	      line;  if	 the insertion cursor is already at the end of a line,
	      then Control-k deletes the newline character.

       [28]   Control-o opens a new line by inserting a newline	 character  in
	      front  of the insertion cursor without moving the insertion cur‐
	      sor.

       [29]   Meta-backspace and Meta-Delete delete the word to	 the  left  of
	      the insertion cursor.

       [30]   Control-x	 deletes whatever is selected in the text widget after
	      copying it to the clipboard.

       [31]   Control-t reverses the order of the two characters to the	 right
	      of the insertion cursor.

       [32]   Control-z (and Control-underscore on UNIX when tk_strictMotif is │
	      true) undoes the last edit action if the -undo option  is	 true. │
	      Does nothing otherwise.					       │

       [33]								       │
	      Control-Z	 (or  Control-y	 on Windows) reapplies the last undone │
	      edit action if the -undo option is true. Does nothing otherwise.

       If the widget is disabled using the -state option, then	its  view  can
       still be adjusted and text can still be selected, but no insertion cur‐
       sor will be displayed and no text modifications will take place.

       The behavior of texts can be changed by defining new bindings for indi‐
       vidual widgets or by redefining the class bindings.

PERFORMANCE ISSUES
       Text widgets should run efficiently under a variety of conditions.  The
       text widget uses about 2-3 bytes of main memory for each byte of	 text,
       so  texts  containing  a	 megabyte  or more should be practical on most
       workstations.  Text is represented internally with  a  modified	B-tree
       structure  that	makes  operations relatively efficient even with large
       texts.  Tags are included in the B-tree structure in a way that	allows
       tags  to span large ranges or have many disjoint smaller ranges without
       loss of efficiency.  Marks are also implemented in a  way  that	allows
       large numbers of marks.	In most cases it is fine to have large numbers
       of unique tags, or a tag that has many distinct ranges.

       One performance problem can arise if you have hundreds or thousands  of
       different  tags	that all have the following characteristics: the first
       and last ranges of each tag are near the beginning and end of the text,
       respectively,  or  a  single  tag range covers most of the text widget.
       The cost of adding and deleting tags like this is proportional  to  the
       number  of  other tags with the same properties.	 In contrast, there is
       no problem with having thousands of  distinct  tags  if	their  overall
       ranges are localized and spread uniformly throughout the text.

       Very  long  text	 lines	can be expensive, especially if they have many
       marks and tags within them.

       The display line with the insert cursor is redrawn each time the cursor
       blinks,	which  causes  a  steady  stream of graphics traffic.  Set the
       insertOffTime attribute to 0 avoid this.

SEE ALSO
       entry(n), scrollbar(n)

KEYWORDS
       text, widget, tkvars

Tk				      8.4			       text(n)
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