tr(1)tr(1)NAMEtr - translate characters
SYNOPSIS
string1 string2
string1
string1
string1 string1
DESCRIPTION
copies the standard input to the standard output with substitution or
deletion of selected characters. Input characters from string1 are
replaced with the corresponding characters in string2. If necessary,
string1 and string2 can be quoted to avoid pattern matching by the
shell.
recognizes the following command line options:
Translates on a byte-by-byte basis. When this flag is specified
does not support extended characters.
Complements the set of characters in
string1, which is the set of all characters in
the current character set, as defined by the cur‐
rent setting of except for those actually speci‐
fied in the string1 argument. These characters
are placed in the array in ascending collation
sequence, as defined by the current setting of
Deletes all occurrences of input characters or collating ele‐
ments found in
the array specified in string1.
If and are both specified, all characters except
those specified by string1 are deleted. The con‐
tents of string2 are ignored, unless is also
specified. Note, however, that the same string
cannot be used for both the and the flags; when
both flags are specified, both string1 (used for
deletion) and string2 (used for squeezing) are
required.
If is not specified, each input character or col‐
lating element found in the array specified by
string1 is replaced by the character or collating
element in the same relative position specified
by string2.
Replaces any character specified in
string1 that occurs as a string of two or more
repeating characters as a single instance of the
character in string2.
If the string2 contains a character class, the
argument's array contains all of the characters
in that character class. For example:
In a case conversion, however, the string2 array
contains only those characters defined as the
second characters in each of the or character
pairs, as appropriate. For example:
The following abbreviation conventions can be used to introduce ranges
of characters, repeated characters or single-character collating ele‐
ments into the strings:
c1-c2 or
Stands for the range of collating elements
c1 through c2, inclusive, as defined by the cur‐
rent setting of the locale category.
Stands for all the characters belonging to the
defined character class,
as defined by the current setting
of locale category. The following
character class names will be
accepted when specified in string1:
or Character classes are expanded
in collation order.
When the and flags are specified
together, any of the character
class names are accepted in
string2; otherwise, only character
class names or are accepted in
string2 and then only if the corre‐
sponding character class and
respectively) is specified in the
same relative position in string1.
Such a specification is interpreted
as a request for case conversion.
When appears in string1 and appears
in string2, the arrays contain the
characters from the mapping in the
category of the current locale.
When appears in string1 and appears
in string2, the arrays contain the
characters from the mapping in the
category of the current locale.
Stands for all the characters or
collating elements belonging to the
same
equivalence class as
c, as defined by the
current setting of
locale category. An
equivalence class
expression is allowed
only in string1, or
in string2 when it is
being used by the
combined and options.
Stands for n repetitions of a.
If the first digit of
n is n is considered
octal; otherwise, n
is treated as a deci‐
mal value. A zero or
missing n is inter‐
preted as large
enough to extend
string2-based
sequence to the
length of the
string1-based
sequence.
The escape character can be used as in the
shell to remove special meaning from any
character in a string. In addition, fol‐
lowed by 1, 2, or 3 octal digits represents
the character whose ASCII code is given by
those digits.
An ASCII NULL character in string1 or
string2 can be represented only as an
escaped character; i.e. as but is treated
like other characters and translated cor‐
rectly if so specified. NULL characters in
the input are not stripped out unless the
option is given.
EXTERNAL INFLUENCES
Environment Variables
provides a default value for the interna‐
tionalization variables that are unset or
null. If is unset or null, the default
value of "C" (see lang(5)) is used. If any
of the internationalization variables con‐
tains an invalid setting, will behave as if
all internationalization variables are set
to "C". See environ(5).
If set to a non-empty string value, over‐
rides the values of all the other interna‐
tionalization variables.
determines the interpretation of text as
single and/or multi-byte characters, the
classification of characters as printable,
and the characters matched by character
class expressions in regular expressions.
determines the locale that should be used
to affect the format and contents of diag‐
nostic messages written to standard error
and informative messages written to stan‐
dard output.
determines the location of message cata‐
logues for the processing of
RETURN VALUE
exits with one of the following values:
All input was processed success‐
fully.
An error occurred.
EXAMPLES
For the ASCII character set and default
collation sequence, create a list of all
the words in file1, one per line in file2,
where a word is taken to be a maximal
string of alphabetics. Quote the strings
to protect the special characters from
interpretation by the shell (012 is the
ASCII code for a new-line (line feed) char‐
acter):
Same as above, but for all character sets
and collation sequences:
Translate all lower case characters in
file1 to upper case and write the result to
standard output.
Use an equivalence class to identify
accented variants of the base character in
file1, strip them of diacritical marks and
write the result to file2:
Translate each digit in file1 to a (number
sign), and write the result to file2.
The (asterisk) tells to repeat the (number
sign) enough times to make the second
string as long as the first one.
AUTHOR
was developed by OSF and HP.
SEE ALSOed(1), sh(1), ascii(5), environ(5),
lang(5), regexp(5).
STANDARDS CONFORMANCEtr(1)
