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wodim(1)							      wodim(1)

NAME
       wodim - write data to optical disk media

SYNOPSIS
       wodim [options] track1...trackn

NOTE
       There  may  be  similarities  and  differences between this program and
       other disk recording application(s). See the CREDITS and	 AUTHORS  sec‐
       tions below to learn about the origin of wodim.

DESCRIPTION
       wodim  is  used to record data or audio Compact Discs on an Orange Book
       CD-Recorder or to write DVD media on a DVD-Recorder.

       The device is the device file or label offered by the operating	system
       to access the recorder with SCSI GENERIC (sg) interface. Note that some
       operating systems may provide separate device nodes for	block-oriented
       and  sg	access. For example, on older Linux systems, the sg access was
       available through /dev/sg...  files while the block oriented access was
       done  through associated (but not identical) /dev/hd...	and /dev/sr...
       (or /dev/scd...	) files.

       In any case, the user running wodim needs read and write access to  the
       particular  device file on a Linux system. It is recommended to be root
       or install the application as suid-root, because	 certain  versions  of
       Linux  (kernel)	limit  the  set	 of SCSI commands allowed for non-root
       users. Even if usage without root identity is possible in  many	cases,
       some  device  drivers  still  may fail, show unexplainable problems and
       generally the problems become harder to debug.  The  risk  for  buffer-
       underruns  is  also increased. See the PROCESS SCHEDULING PRIORITY sec‐
       tion below for more details.

       There is an alternative way of specifying the device, using the	tradi‐
       tional  SCSI descriptions in form of devicetype:bus/target/lun specifi‐
       cation. However, the success of this method is not guaranteed since  it
       requires	 an  adaptation	 scheme for your architecture, and the numbers
       may vary depending on the hardware-internal numbering or on  the	 order
       of hot-plug device detection. If your operating system does not provide
       a sufficient framework for keeping this numbers persistent, don't  rely
       on them. See -scanbus and --devices options below for details.

       There  are emulated SCSI compatible device systems, using the SCSI pro‐
       tocols transported over various hardware/media types.  The  most	 known
       examples is ATAPI ("IDE burners") or USB storage ("external USB case").
       If the pseudo-SCSI b/t/l device address specification is	 used  instead
       of the native one, you need to prepend the "devicetype:" description to
       the emulated "bus/target/lun" device address.

       If a file /etc/wodim.conf exists, the parameter to the dev= option  may
       also be a drive name label in that file (see FILES section).

       As  a  special  exception,  the	device specification can be -1 or just
       omitted, which invokes automatic guessing of an appropriate device  for
       the  selected operation. However, this guessing is not available every‐
       where and is not reliable; it is only available for the	user's	conve‐
       nience in simple environments.

       In  Track  At  Once  mode, each track corresponds to a single file that
       contains the prepared data for that track.  If  the  argument  is  `-',
       standard	 input	is  used  for that track.  Only one track may be taken
       from stdin.  In the other write modes, the direct file to  track	 rela‐
       tion  may  not  be implemented.	In -clone mode, a single file contains
       all data for the whole disk.  To allow DVD writing on platforms that do
       not implement large file support, wodim concatenates all file arguments
       to a single track when writing to DVD media.

PROCESS SCHEDULING PRIORITY
       Wodim tries to get higher process  priority  using  different  methods.
       This  is important because the burn process is usually a realtime task,
       no long delays should  occur  while  transmitting  fresh	 data  to  the
       recorder. This is especially important on systems with insufficient RAM
       where swapping can create delays of many seconds.

       A possible workaround on underpowered systems is the use of  the	 burn‐
       free or similar feature, allowing the recorder to resume.

       Root  permissions are usually required to get higher process scheduling
       priority.

       On SVr4 compliant systems, wodim uses the real time class  to  get  the
       highest	scheduling  priority  that is possible (higher than all kernel
       processes).  On systems with POSIX real time scheduling wodim uses real
       time  scheduling	 too,  but  may not be able to gain a priority that is
       higher than all kernel processes.

       In order to be able to use the SCSI transport subsystem of the OS,  run
       at  highest priority and lock itself into core wodim either needs to be
       run as root, needs to be installed suid root  or	 must  be  called  via
       RBACs pfexec mechanism.

GENERAL OPTIONS
       General options must be before any track file name or track option.

       -version
	      Print version information and exit.

       -v     Increment	 the  level of general verbosity by one.  This is used
	      e.g. to display the progress of the writing process.

       -V     Increment the verbose level in respect of SCSI command transport
	      by  one.	 This  helps  to  debug	 problems  during  the writing
	      process, that occur in the CD/DVD-Recorder.  If you  get	incom‐
	      prehensible  error messages you should use this flag to get more
	      detailed output.	-VV will show data buffer content in addition.
	      Using -V or -VV slows down the process and may be the reason for
	      a buffer underrun.

       debug=#, -d
	      Set the misc debug value to # (with debug=#)  or	increment  the
	      misc  debug  level  by  one  (with -d). If you specify -dd, this
	      equals to debug=2.  This may help to find problems while opening
	      a	 driver	 for  libusal  as well as with sector sizes and sector
	      types.  Using -debug slows down the process and may be the  rea‐
	      son for a buffer underrun.

       kdebug=#, kd=#
	      Tell the usal-driver to modify the kernel debug value while SCSI
	      commands are running.

       -silent, -s
	      Do not print out a status report for failed SCSI commands.

       -force Force to continue on some errors. Be  careful  when  using  this
	      option.	wodim  implements several checks that prevent you from
	      doing unwanted things like  damaging  CD-RW  media  by  improper
	      drives.  Many  of the sanity checks are disabled when the -force
	      option is used.

	      This option also implements some tricks that will allow  you  to
	      blank bad CD-RW disks.

       -immed Tell  wodim  to  set  the	 SCSI  IMMED  flag in certain commands
	      (load/eject/blank/close_track/close_session).  This can be  use‐
	      ful  on  broken systems with ATAPI harddisk and CD/DVD writer on
	      the same bus  or	with  SCSI  systems  that  don't  use  discon‐
	      nect/reconnect.	These  systems	will  freeze while blanking or
	      fixating a CD/DVD or while a DVD writer is filling up a  session
	      to the minimum amount (approx. 800 MB).  Setting the -immed flag
	      will request the command to return immediately while the	opera‐
	      tion proceeds in background, making the bus usable for the other
	      devices and avoiding the system freeze.  This is an experimental
	      feature  which  may  work	 or not, depending on the model of the
	      CD/DVD writer.  A correct solution would be to set up a  correct
	      cabling but there seem to be notebooks around that have been set
	      up the wrong way by the manufacturer.  As it  is	impossible  to
	      fix this problem in notebooks, the -immed option has been added.

	      A	 second	 experimental  feature	of  the -immed flag is to tell
	      wodim to try to wait short times while  writing  to  the	media.
	      This  is	expected  to free the IDE bus if the CD/DVD writer and
	      the data source are connected to the same	 IDE  cable.  In  this
	      case,  the  CD/DVD  writer would otherwise usually block the IDE
	      bus for nearly all the time making it impossible to  fetch  data
	      from the source drive. See also minbuf= and -v option.

	      Use  both	 features  at  your own risk.  If it turns out that it
	      would make sense to have a separate option for the wait feature,
	      write to the author and convince him.

       minbuf=value
	      The  #  minbuf= option allows to define the minimum drive buffer
	      fill ratio for the experimental ATAPI wait mode that is intended
	      to  free	the IDE bus to allow hard disk and CD/DVD writer to be
	      on the same IDE cable.  As the wait mode	currently  only	 works
	      when the verbose option -v has been specified, wodim implies the
	      verbose option in case the -immed or minbuf=  option  have  been
	      specified.   Valid  values for minbuf= are between 25 and 95 for
	      25%...95% minimum drive buffer fill ratio.

       -dummy The CD/DVD-Recorder will go through all steps of	the  recording
	      process,	but the laser is turned off during this procedure.  It
	      is recommended to run several tests before actually writing to a
	      Compact  Disk  or Digital Versatile Disk, if the timing and load
	      response of the system is not known.

       -clone Tells wodim to handle images  created  by	 readom	 -clone.   The
	      -clone  may only be used in conjunction with with the -raw96r or
	      with the -raw16 option.  Using -clone together with  -raw96r  is
	      preferred as it allows to write all subchannel data.  The option
	      -raw16 should only be used with drives that do  not  support  to
	      write in -raw96r mode.

       -dao

       -sao   Set  SAO	(Session At Once) mode which is usually called Disk At
	      Once mode.  This currently only works with MMC drives that  sup‐
	      port  Session  At	 Once mode.  Note that wodim needs to know the
	      size of each track in advance for this mode (see the genisoimage
	      -print-size  option  and	the EXAMPLES section for more informa‐
	      tion).

       -tao   Set TAO (Track At Once) writing mode.  This is the default write
	      mode  in	previous wodim versions.  With most drives, this write
	      mode is required for multi session recording.

       -raw   Set RAW writing mode.  Using this option	defaults  to  -raw96r.
	      Note  that wodim needs to know the size of each track in advance
	      for this mode (see the genisoimage -print-size  option  and  the
	      EXAMPLES section for more information).

       -raw96r
	      Select Set RAW writing mode with 2352 byte sectors plus 96 bytes
	      of raw P-W subchannel data resulting in a sector	size  of  2448
	      bytes.   This is the preferred raw writing mode as it gives best
	      control over the CD writing process.  If you find	 any  problems
	      with  the	 layout	 of  a	disk or with sub channel content (e.g.
	      wrong times on the display when playing the CD) and  your	 drive
	      supports	to write in -raw96r or -raw16 mode, you should give it
	      a try. There are several	CD  writers  with  bad	firmware  that
	      result in broken disks when writing in TAO or SAO mode.  Writing
	      data disks in raw mode needs significantly more  CPU  time  than
	      other  write  modes. If your CPU is too slow, this may result in
	      buffer underruns.	 Note that wodim needs to  know	 the  size  of
	      each track in advance for this mode (see the genisoimage -print-
	      size option and the EXAMPLES section for more information).

       -raw96p
	      Select Set RAW writing mode with 2352 byte sectors plus 96 bytes
	      of packed P-W subchannel data resulting in a sector size of 2448
	      bytes.  This is the less preferred raw writing mode  as  only  a
	      few  recorders  support it and some of these recorders have bugs
	      in the firmware implementation.  Don't use  this	mode  if  your
	      recorder	supports -raw96r or -raw16.  Writing data disks in raw
	      mode needs significantly more CPU time than other	 write	modes.
	      If  your	CPU  is too slow, this may result in buffer underruns.
	      Note that wodim needs to know the size of each track in  advance
	      for  this	 mode  (see the genisoimage -print-size option and the
	      EXAMPLES section for more information).

       -raw16 Select Set RAW writing mode with 2352 byte sectors plus 16 bytes
	      of P-Q subchannel data resulting in a sector size of 2368 bytes.
	      If a recorder does not support -raw96r, this  is	the  preferred
	      raw  writing  mode.   It	does  not  allow  to  write CD-Text or
	      CD+Graphics but it is the only raw  writing  mode	 in  cheap  CD
	      writers.	 As  these  cheap writers in most cases do not support
	      -dao mode.  Don't	 use  this  mode  if  your  recorder  supports
	      -raw96r.	 Writing  data	disks  in raw mode needs significantly
	      more CPU time than other write modes. If your CPU is  too	 slow,
	      this  may	 result in buffer underruns.  Note that wodim needs to
	      know the size of each track in advance for this  mode  (see  the
	      genisoimage -print-size option and the EXAMPLES section for more
	      information).

       -multi Allow multi session CDs to  be  made.  This  flag	 needs	to  be
	      present on all sessions of a multi session disk, except you want
	      to create a session that will be the last session on the	media.
	      The  fixation  will  be  done  in	 a way that allows the CD/DVD-
	      Recorder to append additional sessions later. This  is  done  by
	      generation  a  TOC  with a link to the next program area. The so
	      generated media is  not  100%  compatible	 to  manufactured  CDs
	      (except  for  CDplus).   Use only for recording of multi session
	      CDs.  If this option is present, the default track type  is  CD-
	      ROM  XA mode 2 form 1 and the sector size is 2048 bytes.	The XA
	      sector subheaders will be created by the drive.  The Sony drives
	      have  no hardware support for CD-ROM XA mode 2 form 1.  You have
	      to specify the -data option in order  to	create	multi  session
	      disks  on	 these drives.	As long as wodim does not have a coder
	      for converting data sectors to audio sectors, you need to	 force
	      CD-ROM  sectors  by  including  the  -data option if you like to
	      record a multisession disk in SAO mode.  Not  all	 drives	 allow
	      multisession CDs in SAO mode.

       -msinfo
	      Retrieve	multi  session info in a form suitable for genisoimage
	      and print it to standard output. See msifile= option for another
	      version.

	      This  option  makes  only sense with a CD that contains at least
	      one closed session and is appendable (not finally	 closed	 yet).
	      Some  drives  create  error messages if you try to get the multi
	      session info for a disk that is not suitable for this operation.

       msifile=filename
	      Like -msinfo option but also stores the multi session info in  a
	      file.

       -toc   Retrieve	and  print  out	 the  table of content or PMA of a CD.
	      With this option, wodim will work with CD-R drives and with  CD-
	      ROM drives.

       -atip  Retrieve	and  print  out the ATIP (absolute Time in Pre-groove)
	      info of a CD/DVD recordable or CD/DVD re-writable	 media.	  With
	      this  option,  wodim  will try to retrieve the ATIP info. If the
	      actual drive does not support to read the ATIP info, it  may  be
	      that  only  a reduced set of information records or even nothing
	      is displayed. Only a limited number of MMC compliant drives sup‐
	      port to read the ATIP info.

	      If  wodim	 is  able  to  retrieve the lead-in start time for the
	      first session, it will try to decode and print the  manufacturer
	      info  from  the media.  DVD media does not have ATIP information
	      but there is equivalent prerecorded information that is read out
	      and printed.

       -fix   The  disk	 will only be fixated (i.e. a TOC for a CD-Reader will
	      be written).  This may be used, if for some reason the disk  has
	      been  written  but  not  fixated. This option currently does not
	      work with old TEAC drives (CD-R50S and CD-R55S).

       -nofix Do not fixate the disk after writing the	tracks.	 This  may  be
	      used  to	create	an audio disk in steps. An un-fixated disk can
	      usually not be used on a non CD-writer type drive but there  are
	      audio CD players that will be able to play such a disk.

       -waiti Wait for input to become available on standard input before try‐
	      ing to open the SCSI driver. This allows wodim to read its input
	      from  a  pipe  even  when writing additional sessions to a multi
	      session disk.  When writing another session to a	multi  session
	      disk,  genisoimage needs to read the old session from the device
	      before writing output.  This cannot be done if wodim  opens  the
	      SCSI driver at the same time.

       -load  Load  the	 media	and  exit. This only works with a tray loading
	      mechanism but seems to be	 useful	 when  using  the  Kodak  disk
	      transporter.

       -lock  Load  the	 media, lock the door and exit. This only works with a
	      tray loading mechanism but seems to be  useful  when  using  the
	      Kodak disk transporter.

       -eject Eject  disk  after  doing the work.  Some devices (e.g. Philips)
	      need to eject the medium before creating a  new  disk.  Doing  a
	      -dummy  test and immediately creating a real disk would not work
	      on these devices.

       speed=#
	      Set the speed factor of the writing process to #.	 # is an inte‐
	      ger,  representing a multiple of the audio speed.	 This is about
	      150 KB/s for CD-ROM,  about  172 KB/s  for  CD-Audio  and	 about
	      1385 kB/s	 for  DVD media.  If no speed option is present, wodim
	      will try to get a drive  specific	 speed	value  from  the  file
	      /etc/wodim.conf  and  if	it cannot find one, it will try to get
	      the speed value from the CDR_SPEED environment  and  later  from
	      the  CDR_SPEED=  entry  in  /etc/wodim.conf.   If no speed value
	      could be found, wodim uses a drive specific default speed.   The
	      default for all new (MMC compliant) drives is to use the maximum
	      supported by the drive.  If you use speed=0 with a MMC compliant
	      drive,  wodim will switch to the lowest possible speed for drive
	      and medium.  If you are using an old (non MMC)  drive  that  has
	      problems with speed=2 or speed=4, you should try speed=0.

       blank=type
	      Blank  a	CD-RW  and  exit  or blank a CD-RW before writing. The
	      blanking type may be one of:

	      help	  Display a list of possible blanking types.

	      all	  Blank the entire disk. This may take a long time.

	      fast	  Minimally blank the disk. This  results  in  erasing
			  the PMA, the TOC and the pregap.

	      track	  Blank a track.

	      unreserve	  Unreserve a reserved track.

	      trtail	  Blank the tail of a track.

	      unclose	  Unclose last session.

	      session	  Blank the last session.
       Not  all	 drives support all blanking types. It may be necessary to use
       blank=all if a drive reports a specified command as being invalid.   If
       used  together  with  the -force flag, this option may be used to blank
       CD-RW disks that otherwise cannot be blanked. Note that you may need to
       specify	blank=all  because  some drives will not continue with certain
       types of bad CD-RW disks. Note also that wodim does  its	 best  if  the
       -force  flag  is	 used  but  it finally depends on the drive's firmware
       whether the blanking operation will succeed or not.

       -format
	      Format a CD-RW/DVD-RW/DVD+RW disc.  Formatting is currently only
	      implemented  for DVD+RW media.  A 'maiden' DVD+RW media needs to
	      be formatted before you may write	 to  it.   However,  as	 wodim
	      autodetects  the	need for formatting in this case and auto for‐
	      mats the medium before it starts writing, the -format option  is
	      only needed if you like to forcibly reformat a DVD+RW medium.

       fs=#   Set the FIFO (ring buffer) size to #.  You may use the same syn‐
	      tax as in dd(1), sdd(1) or star(1).  The number representing the
	      size  is taken in bytes unless otherwise specified.  If a number
	      is followed directly by the letter `b', `k', `m',	 `s'  or  `f',
	      the  size	 is  multiplied by 512, 1024, 1024*1024, 2048 or 2352.
	      If the size consists of numbers separated by `x' or `*',	multi‐
	      plication	 of the two numbers is performed.  Thus fs=10x63k will
	      specify a FIFO size of 630 kBytes.

	      The size specified by the fs= argument includes the shared  mem‐
	      ory that is needed for administration. This is at least one page
	      of memory.  If no fs= option is present, wodim will try  to  get
	      the  FIFO	 size  value  from  the CDR_FIFOSIZE environment.  The
	      default FIFO size is currently 4 MB.

	      The FIFO is used to increase buffering for the real time writing
	      process.	It allows to run a pipe from genisoimage directly into
	      wodim.  If the FIFO is active and a pipe from  genisoimage  into
	      wodim  is	 used to create a CD, wodim will abort prior to do any
	      modifications on the disk if genisoimage dies before  it	starts
	      writing.	The recommended FIFO size is between 4 and 128 MBytes.
	      As a rule of thumb, the FIFO size should be at  least  equal  to
	      the  size	 of  the internal buffer of the CD/DVD-Recorder and no
	      more than half of the physical amount of RAM  available  in  the
	      machine.	 If  the  FIFO size is big enough, the FIFO statistics
	      will print a FIFO empty count of zero and the FIFO min  fill  is
	      not  below  20%.	 It  is not wise to use too much space for the
	      FIFO. If you need more than 8 MB to write a CD at a  speed  less
	      than  20x	 from  an  image  on  a	 local	file system on an idle
	      machine, your machine is either underpowered, has hardware prob‐
	      lems  or is mis-configured.  If you like to write DVDs or CDs at
	      higher speed, it makes sense to use at least 16 MB for the FIFO.

	      On old and small machines, you need to be more careful with  the
	      FIFO  size.   If	your  machine has less than 256 MB of physical
	      RAM, you should not set up a FIFO size that is more than	32 MB.
	      The sun4c architecture (e.g. a Sparcstation-2) has only MMU page
	      table  entries  for  16 MBytes  per  process.  Using  more  than
	      14 MBytes	 for  the  FIFO may cause the operating system in this
	      case to spend much time to constantly  reload  the  MMU  tables.
	      Newer machines from Sun do not have this MMU hardware problem. I
	      have no information on PC-hardware reflecting this problem.

	      Old Linux systems for non x86 platforms have broken  definitions
	      for the shared memory size. You need to fix them and rebuild the
	      kernel or manually tell wodim to use a smaller FIFO.

	      If you have buffer underruns or similar problems	(like  a  con‐
	      stantly empty drive buffer) and observe a zero fifo empty count,
	      you have hardware problems that prevents the data	 from  flowing
	      fast  enough  from the kernel memory to the drive. The FIFO size
	      in this case is sufficient, but you should check for  a  working
	      DMA setup.

       ts=#   Set  the	maximum	 transfer size for a single SCSI command to #.
	      The syntax for the ts= option is the same as for wodim  fs=#  or
	      sdd bs=#.

	      If  no ts= option has been specified, wodim defaults to a trans‐
	      fer size of 63 kB. If libusal gets lower values from the operat‐
	      ing  system,  the	 value is reduced to the maximum value that is
	      possible with the current operating system.  Sometimes,  it  may
	      help  to	further reduce the transfer size or to enhance it, but
	      note that it may take a long time to  find  a  better  value  by
	      experimenting with the ts= option.

       dev=target
	      Sets  the	 SCSI target for the CD/DVD-Recorder, see notes above.
	      A typical device specification is dev=6,0 .  A filename or  vir‐
	      tual device name can be passed instead of the symbolic SCSI num‐
	      bers.  The correct device/filename in this case can be found  in
	      the  system specific manuals of the target operating system.  On
	      a FreeBSD system without CAM support, you need to use  the  con‐
	      trol  device (e.g.  /dev/rcd0.ctl).  A correct device specifica‐
	      tion in this case may be dev=/dev/rcd0.ctl:@ .

	      On Linux and Windows 2000/XP, drives are accessible  with	 their
	      device  (or  drive) names or with the symbolic SCSI numbers (not
	      recommended, mapping is  not  stable  and	 could	be  completely
	      removed in the future).

	      If  no  dev  option is present, wodim will try to get the device
	      from the CDR_DEVICE environment.

	      If the argument to the dev= option does not contain the  charac‐
	      ters  ',',  '/',	'@' or ':', it is interpreted as an label name
	      that may be found in the file /etc/wodim.conf  (see  FILES  sec‐
	      tion).

       gracetime=#
	      Set  the grace time before starting to write to # seconds.  Val‐
	      ues below 2 seconds are not recommended to give  the  kernel  or
	      volume management a chance to learn the new state.

       timeout=#
	      Set  the	default	 SCSI command timeout value to # seconds.  The
	      default SCSI command timeout is the  minimum  timeout  used  for
	      sending  SCSI  commands.	If a SCSI command fails due to a time‐
	      out, you may try to raise the default SCSI command timeout above
	      the  timeout  value  of the failed command.  If the command runs
	      correctly with a raised command timeout, please report the  bet‐
	      ter timeout value and the corresponding command to the author of
	      the program.  If no timeout option is present, a default timeout
	      of 40 seconds is used.

       driver=name
	      Allows the user to manually select a driver for the device.  The
	      reason for the existence of the driver=name option is  to	 allow
	      users  to	 use  wodim  with drives that are similar to supported
	      drives but not known directly by wodim.  All drives  made	 after
	      1997  should be MMC standard compliant and thus supported by one
	      of the MMC drivers.  It is most unlikely that wodim is unable to
	      find  the	 right	driver	automatically.	 Use  this option with
	      extreme care. If a wrong driver is used for a device, the possi‐
	      bility of creating corrupted disks is high.  The minimum problem
	      related to a wrong driver is that the speed= or -dummy will  not
	      work.

	      The following driver names are supported:

	      help   To	 get  a list of possible drivers together with a short
		     description.

	      mmc_cd The generic SCSI-3/mmc  CD-ROM  driver  is	 auto-selected
		     whenever  wodim finds a MMC compliant drive that does not
		     identify itself to support writing at all, or  that  only
		     identifies	 to  support  media  or write modes not imple‐
		     mented in wodim.

	      mmc_cd_dvd
		     The generic SCSI-3/mmc  CD/DVD  driver  is	 auto-selected
		     whenever  wodim  finds  a	MMC-2 or MMC-3 compliant drive
		     that seems to support more than one medium type  and  the
		     tray  is  open  or no medium could be found to select the
		     right driver.  This  driver  tries	 to  close  the	 tray,
		     checks  the medium found in the tray and then branches to
		     the driver that matches the current medium.

	      mmc_cdr
		     The generic SCSI-3/mmc CD-R/CD-RW driver is auto-selected
		     whenever  wodim find a MMC compliant drive that only sup‐
		     ports to write CDs or a multi system drive that  contains
		     a CD as the current medium.

	      mmc_cdr_sony
		     The generic SCSI-3/mmc CD-R/CD-RW driver is auto-selected
		     whenever wodim would otherwise select the mmc_cdr	driver
		     but   the	 device	  seems	 to  be	 made  by  Sony.   The
		     mmc_cdr_sony is definitely needed for the Sony CDU 928 as
		     this drive does not completely implement the MMC standard
		     and some of the MMC SCSI commands have to be replaced  by
		     Sony  proprietary commands. It seems that all Sony drives
		     (even newer ones) still implement	the  Sony  proprietary
		     SCSI  commands  so it has not yet become a problem to use
		     this driver for all Sony drives. If you find a newer Sony
		     drive that does not work with this driver, please report.

	      mmc_dvd
		     The  generic  SCSI-3/mmc-2	 DVD-R/DVD-RW  driver is auto-
		     selected whenever wodim finds a MMC-2 or MMC-3  compliant
		     drive  that  supports  to	write  DVDs and an appropriate
		     medium is loaded.	There is no Track At Once mode for DVD
		     writers.

	      mmc_dvdplus
		     The  generic  SCSI-3/mmc-3	 DVD+R/DVD+RW  driver is auto-
		     selected whenever one of the DVD+ media  types  that  are
		     incompatible to each other is found.  It checks media and
		     then branches to the  driver  that	 matches  the  current
		     medium.

	      mmc_dvdplusr
		     The  generic  SCSI-3/mmc-3	 DVD+R driver is auto-selected
		     whenever a	 DVD+R	medium	is  found  in  an  appropriate
		     writer.   Note  that  for	unknown	 reason,  the DVD-Plus
		     alliance does not like that there is  a  simulation  mode
		     for  DVD+R	 media.	 The author of wodim tries to convince
		     manufacturers to implement a simulation  mode  for	 DVD+R
		     and  implement  support.	DVD+R  only supports one write
		     mode that is somewhere between Track At Once  and	Packet
		     writing;  this  mode  is  selected	 in  wodim  via	 a the
		     -dao/-sao option.

	      mmc_dvdplusrw
		     The generic SCSI-3/mmc-3 DVD+RW driver  is	 auto-selected
		     whenever  a  DVD+RW  medium  is  found  in an appropriate
		     writer.  As DVD+RW media needs to be formatted before its
		     first  use,  wodim auto-detects this media state and per‐
		     forms a format before it starts to write.	Note that  for
		     unknown  reason, the DVD-Plus alliance does not like that
		     there is a simulation mode nor  a	way  to	 erase	DVD+RW
		     media.  DVD+RW only supports one write mode that is close
		     to Packet writing; this mode is selected in wodim	via  a
		     the -dao/-sao option.

	      cw_7501
		     The  driver  for  Matsushita/Panasonic  CW-7501  is auto-
		     selected when wodim finds this old pre MMC drive.	 wodim
		     supports all write modes for this drive type.

	      kodak_pcd_600
		     The  driver for Kodak PCD-600 is auto-selected when wodim
		     finds this old pre MMC drive which	 has  been  the	 first
		     high  speed  (6x)	CD  writer for a long time. This drive
		     behaves similar to the Philips CDD-521 drive.

	      philips_cdd521
		     The driver for  Philips  CDD-521  is  auto-selected  when
		     wodim  finds  a Philips CDD-521 drive (which is the first
		     CD writer ever made) or one of the other drives that  are
		     known  to	behave	similar	 to  this  drive.  All Philips
		     CDD-521 or similar drives	(see  other  drivers  in  this
		     list) do not support Session At Once recording.

	      philips_cdd521_old
		     The  driver for Philips old CDD-521 is auto-selected when
		     wodim finds a Philips  CDD-521  with  very	 old  firmware
		     which has some known limitations.

	      philips_cdd522
		     The  driver  for  Philips	CDD-522	 is auto-selected when
		     wodim finds a Philips CDD-522 which is the	 successor  of
		     the  521  or one of its variants with Kodak label.	 wodim
		     does not support Session At  Once	recording  with	 these
		     drives.

	      philips_dumb
		     The  driver  for Philips CDD-521 with pessimistic assump‐
		     tions is never auto-selected.  It may  be	used  by  hand
		     with drives that behave similar to the Philips CDD-521.

	      pioneer_dws114x
		     The  driver  for  Pioneer	DW-S114X is auto-selected when
		     wodim finds one of the old non MMC CD writers  from  Pio‐
		     neer.

	      plasmon_rf4100
		     The  driver  for  Plasmon	RF  4100 is auto-selected when
		     wodim finds this specific variant of the Philips CDD-521.

	      ricoh_ro1060c
		     The driver for Ricoh RO-1060C is auto-selected when wodim
		     finds this drive. There is no real support for this drive
		     yet.

	      ricoh_ro1420c
		     The driver for Ricoh RO-1420C is auto-selected when wodim
		     finds  a  drive with this specific variant of the Philips
		     CDD-521 command set.

	      scsi2_cd
		     The generic SCSI-2 CD-ROM driver is  auto-selected	 when‐
		     ever  wodim  finds	 a pre MMC drive that does not support
		     writing or a pre MMC writer  that	is  not	 supported  by
		     wodim.

	      sony_cdu924
		     The  driver  for  Sony CDU-924 / CDU-948 is auto-selected
		     whenever wodim finds one of the old pre  MMC  CD  writers
		     from Sony.

	      teac_cdr50
		     The  driver for Teac CD-R50S, Teac CD-R55S, JVC XR-W2010,
		     Pinnacle RCD-5020 is auto-selected whenever  one  of  the
		     drives  is found that is known to the non MMC command set
		     used by TEAC and JVC.  Note that  many  drives  from  JVC
		     will not work because they do not correctly implement the
		     documented command set and JVC has been unwilling to  fix
		     or	 document  the bugs.  There is no support for the Ses‐
		     sion At Once write mode yet.

	      tyuden_ew50
		     The driver for Taiyo Yuden EW-50  is  auto-selected  when
		     wodim  finds  a  drive  with this specific variant of the
		     Philips CDD-521 command set.

	      yamaha_cdr100
		     The driver for Yamaha CDR-100 / CDR-102 is	 auto-selected
		     when  wodim  finds one of the old pre MMC CD writers from
		     Yamaha.  There is no support  for	the  Session  At  Once
		     write mode yet.

	      cdr_simul
		     The simulation CD-R driver allows to run timing and speed
		     tests with parameters that match the behavior of CD writ‐
		     ers.

	      dvd_simul
		     The  simulation  DVD-R  driver  allows  to run timing and
		     speed tests with parameters that match  the  behavior  of
		     DVD writers.

	      There  are two special driver entries in the list: cdr_simul and
	      dvd_simul.  These driver entries are  designed  to  make	timing
	      tests  at	 any speed or timing tests for drives that do not sup‐
	      port the -dummy option.	The  simulation	 drivers  implement  a
	      drive  with  a  buffer  size of 1 MB that can be changed via the
	      CDR_SIMUL_BUFSIZE environment variable.  The  simulation	driver
	      correctly	 simulates  even  a buffer underrun condition.	If the
	      -dummy option is present, the simulation is not aborted in  case
	      of a buffer underrun.

       driveropts=option list
	      Set  driver  specific options. The options are specified a comma
	      separated	 list.	 To  get  a  list   of	 valid	 options   use
	      driveropts=help  together	 with  the -checkdrive option.	If you
	      like to set driver options without running a typical wodim task,
	      you need to use the -setdropts option in addition, otherwise the
	      command line parser in wodim will	 complain.   Currently	imple‐
	      mented driver options are:

	      burnfree
		     Turn  the	support	 for  Buffer Underrun Free writing on.
		     This only works for drives that support  Buffer  Underrun
		     Free  technology, which is available on most drives manu‐
		     factured in this millennium.  This may be	called:	 Sanyo
		     BURN-Proof, Ricoh Just-Link, Yamaha Lossless-Link or sim‐
		     ilar.

		     This option is deprecated and is mentioned here for docu‐
		     mentation purposes only. The BURN-Free feature is enabled
		     by default if the drive supports  it.   However,  use  of
		     BURN-Free	may cause decreased burning quality. Therefore
		     it can be useful to disable it for certain purposes,  eg.
		     when creating a master copy for mass CD production.

	      noburnfree
		     Turn the support for Buffer Underrun Free writing off.

	      varirec=value
		     Turn  on  the Plextor VariRec writing mode. The mandatory
		     parameter value is the laser power offset	and  currently
		     may  be  selected from -2, -1, 0, 1, 2.  In addition, you
		     need to set the write  speed  to  4  in  order  to	 allow
		     VariRec to work.

	      gigarec=value
		     Manage  the  Plextor  GigaRec writing mode. The mandatory
		     parameter value is the disk capacity  ratio  compared  to
		     normal  recording and currently may be selected from 0.6,
		     0.7, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4.  If values < 1.0 are	 used,
		     then  the effect is similar to the Yamaha Audio Master Q.
		     R.	 feature. If values > 1.0  are	used,  then  the  disk
		     capacity is increased.

		     Not  all drives support all GigaRec values.  When a drive
		     uses the GigaRec feature, the write speed is  limited  to
		     8x.

	      audiomaster
		     Turn on the Yamaha Audio Master Q. R.  feature which usu‐
		     ally should result in high quality	 CDs  that  have  less
		     reading  problems	in  Hi-Fi  players.  As this is imple‐
		     mented as a variant of the Session at Once write mode, it
		     will  only work if you select SAO write mode and there is
		     no need to turn it off.  The Audio Master mode will  work
		     with  a limited speed but may also be used with data CDs.
		     In Audio Master mode, the pits on the CD will be  written
		     larger  then  usual  so  the  capacity  of	 the medium is
		     reduced when turning this feature on.   A	74  minute  CD
		     will  only	 have a capacity of 63 minutes if Audio Master
		     is active and the capacity of a  80  minute  CD  will  be
		     reduced to 68 minutes.

	      forcespeed
		     Normally,	modern	drives know the highest possible speed
		     for different media and may reduce the speed in order  to
		     grant best write quality.	This technology may be called:
		     Plextor PowerRec, Ricoh Just-Speed, Yamaha Optimum	 Write
		     Speed  Control  or	 similar.   Some drives (e.g. Plextor,
		     Ricoh and Yamaha) allow to force the  drive  to  use  the
		     selected  speed  even  if	the  medium is so bad that the
		     write quality would be poor. This	option	tells  such  a
		     drive  to	force  to use the selected speed regardless of
		     the medium quality.

		     Use this option with extreme care and note that the drive
		     should  know better which medium will work at full speed.
		     The default is to turn forcespeed off, regardless of  the
		     defaults of the drive.

	      noforcespeed
		     Turn off the force speed feature.

	      speedread
		     Some  ultra  high	speed  drives  such  as 48x and faster
		     drives from Plextor limit	the  read  speed  for  unknown
		     media  to	e.g.  40x  in order to avoid damaged disks and
		     drives.  Using this option tells the drive	 to  read  any
		     media  as	fast as possible.  Be very careful as this may
		     cause the media to break  in  the	drive  while  reading,
		     resulting in a damaged media and drive!

	      nospeedread
		     Turn off unlimited read speed.

	      singlesession
		     Turn  the	drive  into a single session only drive.  This
		     allows to read defective or non-compliant (illegal) media
		     with  extremely  non-standard additional (broken/illegal)
		     TOC entries in the TOC from the second or higher session.
		     Some of these disks become usable if only the information
		     from the first session is used.  You need to enable  Sin‐
		     gle Session mode before you insert the defective disk!

	      nosinglesession
		     Turn off single session mode. The drive will again behave
		     as usual.

	      hidecdr
		     Hide the fact that a medium might be a recordable medium.
		     This  allows to make CD-Rs look like CD-ROMs and applica‐
		     tions believe that the media in the drive is not a CD-R.

	      nohidecdr
		     Turn off hiding CD-R media.

	      tattooinfo
		     Use this option together with -checkdrive to retrieve the
		     image  size  information  for the Yamaha DiskT@2 feature.
		     The images always have a line length of 3744 pixel.  Line
		     number  0 (radius 0) is mapped to the center of the disk.
		     If you know the inner and outer radius you will  be  able
		     to	 create	 a  pre	 distorted image that later may appear
		     undistorted on the disk.

	      tattoofile=name
		     Use this option together with  -checkdrive	 to  write  an
		     image  prepared  for  the	Yamaha	DiskT@2 feature to the
		     medium.  The file must be a file with raw image B&W  data
		     (one byte per pixel) in a size as retrieved by a previous
		     call to tattoofile=name .	 If  the  size	of  the	 image
		     equals  the  maximum  possible  size  (3744 x 320 pixel),
		     wodim will use the first part of  the  file.  This	 first
		     part  then	 will  be written to the leftover space on the
		     CD.

		     Note that the image must be mirrored to be readable  from
		     the pick up side of the CD.

       -setdropts
	      Set  the	driveropts  specified  by  driveropts=option list, the
	      speed of the drive and the dummy flag  and  exit.	  This	allows
	      wodim  to	 set  drive  specific parameters that are not directly
	      used by wodim like e.g.  single session mode, hide cdr and simi‐
	      lar.  It is needed in case that driveropts=option list should be
	      called without planning to run a typical wodim task.

       -checkdrive
	      Checks if a driver for the current drive is  present  and	 exit.
	      If the drive is a known drive, wodim uses exit code 0.

       -prcap Print  the drive capabilities for SCSI-3/mmc compliant drives as
	      obtained from mode page 0x2A. Values marked  with	 kB  use  1000
	      bytes  as	 kilo-byte,  values  marked  with KB use 1024 bytes as
	      Kilo-byte.

       -inq   Do an inquiry for the drive, print the inquiry info and exit.

       -scanbus
	      Scan all SCSI devices on all SCSI busses and print  the  inquiry
	      strings.	This  option  may  be used to find SCSI address of the
	      CD/DVD-Recorder on a system. If some device types are invisible,
	      try  using  dev=ATA:  or similar option to give a hint about the
	      device type you are looking for.	The  numbers  printed  out  as
	      labels  are  computed  by: bus * 100 + target.  On platforms and
	      device systems without persistent	 SCSI  number  management  the
	      results are not reliable. Use the .B --devices option instead.

       --devices
	      Look  for	 useable  devices using the system specific functions,
	      eg. probing with usual device nodes in /dev/*, and  display  the
	      detections using symbolic device names in OS specific syntax.

       -reset Try to reset the SCSI bus where the CD recorder is located. This
	      works not on all operating systems.

       -abort Try to send an abort sequence to the drive.  If  you  use	 wodim
	      only,  this should never be needed; but other software may leave
	      a drive in an unusable condition.	 Calling wodim -reset  may  be
	      needed if a previous write has been interrupted and the software
	      did not tell the drive that it will not continue to write.

       -overburn
	      Allow wodim to write more than the official size	of  a  medium.
	      This  feature  is	 usually called overburning and depends on the
	      fact that most blank media may hold more space than the official
	      size.  As	 the official size of the lead-out area on the disk is
	      90 seconds (6750 sectors) and a disk usually works if there  are
	      at least 150 sectors of lead out, all media may be overburned by
	      at least 88 seconds (6600 sectors).  Most CD recorders  only  do
	      overburning  in  SAO  or RAW mode. Known exceptions are TEAC CD-
	      R50S, TEAC CD-R55S and the Panasonic CW-7502.   Some  drives  do
	      not  allow  to  overburn as much as you might like and limit the
	      size of a CD to e.g. 76 minutes. This  problem  may  be  circum‐
	      vented  by writing the CD in RAW mode because this way the drive
	      has no chance to find the size before starting to	 burn.	 There
	      is  no  guarantee	 that  your drive supports overburning at all.
	      Make a test to check if your drive implements the feature.

       -ignsize
	      Ignore the known size of the medium. This option should be  used
	      with  extreme  care, it exists only for debugging purposes don't
	      use it for other reasons.	 It is not needed to write disks  with
	      more than the nominal capacity.  This option implies -overburn.

       -useinfo
	      Use  *.inf  files to overwrite audio options.  If this option is
	      used, the pregap size information is read from  the  *.inf  file
	      that  is	associated  with the file that contains the audio data
	      for a track.

	      If used together with the -audio option, wodim may  be  used  to
	      write  audio  CDs from a pipe from icedax if you call wodim with
	      the *.inf files as track parameter list instead of  using	 audio
	      files.   The  audio  data	 is read from stdin in this case.  See
	      EXAMPLES section below.  wodim first verifies that stdin is  not
	      connected	 to  a	terminal  and  runs some heuristic consistency
	      checks on the *.inf files and then sets the track	 lengths  from
	      the information in the *.inf files.

	      If  you like to write from stdin, make sure that wodim is called
	      with a large enough FIFO size, reduce the write speed to a value
	      below  the  read	speed of the source drive and switch the burn-
	      free option for the recording drive on.

       defpregap=#
	      Set the default pre-gap size for all tracks except track	number
	      1.   This	 option currently only makes sense with the TEAC drive
	      when creating track-at-once disks without the 2  second  silence
	      before each track.
	      This option may go away in future.

       -packet
	      Set Packet writing mode.	This is an experimental interface.

       pktsize=#
	      Set  the packet size to #, forces fixed packet mode.  This is an
	      experimental interface.

       -noclose
	      Do not close the current track, useful only when in packet writ‐
	      ing mode.	 This is an experimental interface.

       mcn=med_cat_nr
	      Set the Media Catalog Number of the CD to med_cat_nr.

       -text  Write CD-Text information based on information taken from a file
	      that contains ascii information for  the	text  strings.	 wodim
	      supports	CD-Text	 information based on the content of the *.inf
	      files created by icedax and CD-Text  information	based  on  the
	      content  from  a	CUE  sheet file.  If a CUE sheet file contains
	      both (binary CDTEXTFILE and text based SONGWRITER) entries, then
	      the information based on the CDTEXTFILE entry will win.

	      You need to use the -useinfo option in addition in order to tell
	      wodim to read the *.inf files or cuefile=filename	 in  order  to
	      tell wodim to read a CUE sheet file in addition.	If you like to
	      write your own CD-Text information, edit the *.inf files or  the
	      CUE sheet file with a text editor and change the fields that are
	      relevant for CD-Text.

       textfile=filename
	      Write CD-Text based on information  found	 in  the  binary  file
	      filename.	  This	file must contain information in a data format
	      defined in the SCSI-3 MMC-2 standard and in the  Red  Book.  The
	      four  byte  size	header that is defined in the SCSI standard is
	      optional and allows to make the recognition of correct data less
	      ambiguous.   This	 is the best option to be used to copy CD-Text
	      data from existing CDs that already carry	 CD-Text  information.
	      To  get  data in a format suitable for this option use wodim -vv
	      -toc  to	extract	 the  information   from   disk.    If	 both,
	      textfile=filename	 and  CD-Text  information from *.inf or *.cue
	      files are present, textfile=filename will	 overwrite  the	 other
	      information.

       cuefile=filename
	      Take  all	 recording related information from a CDRWIN compliant
	      CUE sheet file.  No track files are allowed when this option  is
	      present and the option -dao is currently needed in addition.

TRACK OPTIONS
       Track options may be mixed with track file names.

       isrc=ISRC_number
	      Set  the	International  Standard	 Recording Number for the next
	      track to ISRC_number.

       index=list
	      Sets an index list for the next track.  In index list is a comma
	      separated	 list  of  numbers that are counting from index 1. The
	      first entry in this list must contain a 0, the following numbers
	      must  be an ascending list of numbers (counting in 1/75 seconds)
	      that represent the start of the indices. An index	 list  in  the
	      form: 0,7500,15000 sets index 1 to the start of the track, index
	      2 100 seconds from the start of the track and index 3  200  sec‐
	      onds from the start of the track.

       -audio If  this	flag  is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
	      CD-DA (similar to Red Book) audio format.	 The  file  with  data
	      for this tracks should contain stereo, 16-bit digital audio with
	      44100 samples/s.	The byte order should be  the  following:  MSB
	      left,  LSB  left,	 MSB right, LSB right, MSB left and so on. The
	      track should be a multiple of 2352 bytes. It is not possible  to
	      put  the	master	image  of an audio track on a raw disk because
	      data will be read in multiple of 2352 bytes during the recording
	      process.

	      If a filename ends in .au or .wav the file is considered to be a
	      structured audio data file.  wodim assumes that the file in this
	      case  is	a Sun audio file or a Microsoft .WAV file and extracts
	      the audio data from the files by	skipping  over	the  non-audio
	      header  information.   In	 all other cases, wodim will only work
	      correctly if the audio data stream does  not  have  any  header.
	      Because many structured audio files do not have an integral num‐
	      ber of blocks (1/75th second) in length, it is  often  necessary
	      to specify the -pad option as well.  wodim recognizes that audio
	      data in a .WAV file is  stored  in  Intel	 (little-endian)  byte
	      order,  and  will	 automatically	byte-swap  the	data if the CD
	      recorder requires big-endian data.  wodim will reject any	 audio
	      file  that  does	not  match the Red Book requirements of 16-bit
	      stereo samples in PCM coding at 44100 samples/second.

	      Using other structured audio data formats as input to wodim will
	      usually  work  if	 the  structure	 of  the data is the structure
	      described above (raw pcm data in big-endian byte	order).	  How‐
	      ever,  if	 the  data  format  includes a header, you will hear a
	      click at the start of a track.

	      If neither -data nor -audio have been specified, wodim  defaults
	      to -audio for all filenames that end in .au or .wav and to -data
	      for all other files.

       -swab  If this flag is present, audio data is assumed to	 be  in	 byte-
	      swapped  (little-endian)	order.	 Some types of CD-Writers e.g.
	      Yamaha, Sony and the new SCSI-3/mmc drives require audio data to
	      be presented in little-endian order, while other writers require
	      audio data to be presented  in  the  big-endian  (network)  byte
	      order  normally used by the SCSI protocol.  wodim knows if a CD-
	      Recorder needs audio data in big- or  little-endian  order,  and
	      corrects the byte order of the data stream to match the needs of
	      the recorder.  You only need the -swab flag if your data	stream
	      is in Intel (little-endian) byte order.

	      Note  that the verbose output of wodim will show you if swapping
	      is necessary to make the byte order of the input	data  fit  the
	      required byte order of the recorder.  wodim will not show you if
	      the -swab flag was actually present for a track.

       -data  If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks  are  written  in
	      CD-ROM  mode 1 (Yellow Book) format. The data size is a multiple
	      of 2048 bytes.  The file	with  track  data  should  contain  an
	      ISO-9660	or  Rock  Ridge	 filesystem image (see genisoimage for
	      more details). If the track data is  an  ufs  filesystem	image,
	      fragment	size  should be set to 2 KB or more to allow CD-drives
	      with 2 KB sector size to be used for reading.

	      -data is the default, if no other flag is present and  the  file
	      does not appear to be of one of the well known audio file types.

	      If  neither -data nor -audio have been specified, wodim defaults
	      to -audio for all filenames that end in .au or .wav and to -data
	      for all other files.

       -mode2 If  this	flag  is present, all subsequent tracks are written in
	      CD-ROM mode 2 format. The data size is a multiple of 2336 bytes.

       -xa    If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks  are  written  in
	      CD-ROM  XA  mode 2 form 1 format. The data size is a multiple of
	      2048 bytes.  The XA sector sub headers will be  created  by  the
	      drive.  With this option, the write mode is the same as with the
	      -multi option.

       -xa1   If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks  are  written  in
	      CD-ROM  XA  mode 2 form 1 format. The data size is a multiple of
	      2056 bytes.  The XA sector sub headers are part of the user data
	      and  have	 to  be	 supplied by the application that prepares the
	      data to be written.

       -xa2   If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks  are  written  in
	      CD-ROM  XA  mode 2 form 2 format. The data is a multiple of 2324
	      bytes.  The XA sector sub headers will be created by the drive.

       -xamix If this flag is present, all subsequent tracks are written in  a
	      way  that	 allows a mix of CD-ROM XA mode 2 form 1/2 format. The
	      data size is a multiple of 2332 bytes.  The XA sector sub	 head‐
	      ers  are	part  of  the user data and have to be supplied by the
	      application that prepares the data to be written.	 The  CRC  and
	      the  P/Q	parity	ECC/EDC	 information  (depending on the sector
	      type) have to be supplied by the application that	 prepares  the
	      data to be written.

       -cdi   If  this	flag  is  present, the TOC type for the disk is set to
	      CDI.  This only makes sense with XA disks.

       -isosize
	      Use the ISO-9660 file system size as the size of the next track.
	      This  option  is	needed	if you want wodim to directly read the
	      image of a track from a raw disk partition or from a TAO	master
	      CD. In the first case the option -isosize is needed to limit the
	      size of the CD to the size of the ISO filesystem.	 In the second
	      case the option -isosize is needed to prevent wodim from reading
	      the two run out blocks that are appended by each CD-recorder  in
	      track  at once mode. These two run out blocks cannot be read and
	      would cause a buffer underrun that would cause a defective copy.
	      Do  not  use  this option on files created by genisoimage and in
	      case wodim reads the track data from stdin.  In the first	 case,
	      you  would prevent wodim from writing the amount of padding that
	      has been appended by genisoimage and in the latter case, it will
	      not work because stdin is not seekable.

	      If  -isosize  is	used for a track, wodim will automatically add
	      padding for this track as if the -pad option has been  used  but
	      the  amount  of  padding may be less than the padding written by
	      genisoimage.  Note that if you use -isosize on a track that con‐
	      tains Sparc boot information, the boot information will be lost.

	      Note  also that this option cannot be used to determine the size
	      of a file system if the multi session option is present.

       -pad   If the track is a data track, 15 sectors of zeroed data will  be
	      added  to	 the  end  of this and each subsequent data track.  In
	      this case, the -pad option is superseded by the padsize= option.
	      It  will	remain however as a shorthand for padsize=15s.	If the
	      -pad option refers to an audio track, wodim will pad  the	 audio
	      data  to be a multiple of 2352 bytes.  The audio data padding is
	      done with binary zeroes which is equal to absolute silence.

	      -pad remains valid until disabled by -nopad.

       padsize=#
	      Set the amount of data to be appended as	padding	 to  the  next
	      track  to	 #.   Opposed  to the behavior of the -pad option, the
	      value for padsize= is reset to zero for each new	track.	 wodim
	      assumes  a  sector  size	of 2048 bytes for the padsize= option,
	      independent from the real sector size and independent  from  the
	      write  mode.  The megabytes mentioned in the verbose mode output
	      however are counting the output sector size which is  e.g.  2448
	      bytes when writing in RAW/RAW96 mode.  See fs= option for possi‐
	      ble arguments.  To pad the equivalent of 20 minutes on a CD, you
	      may  write  padsize=20x60x75s.  Use this option if your CD-drive
	      is not able to read the last sectors of a track or if  you  want
	      to  be  able  to read the CD on a Linux system with the ISO-9660
	      filesystem read ahead bug.  If an empty file is used  for	 track
	      data,  this option may be used to create a disk that is entirely
	      made of padding.	This may e.g. be used to  find	out  how  much
	      overburning is possible with a specific media.

       -nopad Do not pad the following tracks - the default.

       -shorttrack
	      Allow all subsequent tracks to violate the Red Book track length
	      standard which requires a minimum track  length  of  4  seconds.
	      This  option  is	only useful when used in SAO or RAW mode.  Not
	      all drives support this  feature.	 The  drive  must  accept  the
	      resulting CUE sheet or support RAW writing.

       -noshorttrack
	      Re-enforce the Red Book track length standard. Tracks must be at
	      least 4 seconds.

       pregap=#
	      Set the  pre-gap size for the next track.	 This option currently
	      only makes sense with the TEAC drive when creating track-at-once
	      disks without the 2 second silence before each track.
	      This option may go away in future.

       -preemp
	      If this flag is present, all TOC entries	for  subsequent	 audio
	      tracks  will  indicate that the audio data has been sampled with
	      50/15 microsec pre-emphasis.  The data, however is not  modified
	      during  the  process  of	transferring  from file to disk.  This
	      option has no effect on data tracks.

       -nopreemp
	      If this flag is present, all TOC entries	for  subsequent	 audio
	      tracks  will indicate that the audio data has been mastered with
	      linear data - this is the default.

       -copy  If this flag is present, all TOC entries	for  subsequent	 audio
	      tracks of the resulting CD will indicate that the audio data has
	      permission to be copied  without	limit.	 This  option  has  no
	      effect on data tracks.

       -nocopy
	      If  this	flag  is present, all TOC entries for subsequent audio
	      tracks of the resulting CD will indicate that the audio data has
	      permission to be copied only once for personal use - this is the
	      default.

       -scms  If this flag is present, all TOC entries	for  subsequent	 audio
	      tracks of the resulting CD will indicate that the audio data has
	      no permission to be copied anymore.

       tsize=#
	      If the master image for the next track has been stored on a  raw
	      disk,  use  this	option	to specify the valid amount of data on
	      this disk. If the image of the next track is stored in a regular
	      file,  the size of that file is taken to determine the length of
	      this track.  If the track contains an ISO 9660 filesystem	 image
	      use the -isosize option to determine the length of that filesys‐
	      tem image.
	      In Disk at Once mode and with some drives that use the TEAC pro‐
	      gramming	interface,  even in Track at Once mode, wodim needs to
	      know the size of each track before starting to write  the	 disk.
	      wodim  now  checks this and aborts before starting to write.  If
	      this happens you will need to run genisoimage -print-size before
	      and  use	the  output  (with `s' appended) as an argument to the
	      tsize= option of wodim (e.g. tsize=250000s).
	      See fs= option for possible arguments.

EXAMPLES
       For all examples below, it will be assumed that the CD/DVD-Recorder  is
       connected to the primary SCSI bus of the machine. The SCSI target id is
       set to 2.

       To record a pure CD-ROM at double speed, using data from the file cdim‐
       age.raw:

	   wodim -v speed=2 dev=2,0 cdimage.raw

       To  create  an  image  for a ISO 9660 filesystem with Rock Ridge exten‐
       sions:

	   genisoimage -R -o cdimage.raw /home/joerg/master/tree

       To check the resulting file before writing to CD on Solaris:

	   mount -r -F fbk -o type=hsfs /dev/fbk0:cdimage.raw /mnt

       On Linux:

	   mount cdimage.raw -r -t iso9660 -o loop /mnt

       Go on with:
	   ls -lR /mnt
	   umount /mnt

       If the overall speed of the system is sufficient and the	 structure  of
       the  filesystem	is not too complex, wodim will run without creating an
       image of the ISO 9660 filesystem. Simply run the pipeline:

	   genisoimage -R /master/tree | wodim -v fs=6m speed=2 dev=2,0 -

       The recommended minimum FIFO  size  for	running	 this  pipeline	 is  4
       MBytes.	As the default FIFO size is 4 MB, the fs= option needs only be
       present if you want to use a different FIFO size.  If  your  system  is
       loaded,	you  should  run  genisoimage  in the real time class too.  To
       raise the priority of genisoimage replace the command

	   genisoimage -R /master/tree
       by
	   priocntl -e -c RT -p 59 genisoimage -R /master/tree

       on Solaris and by

	   nice --18 genisoimage -R /master/tree

       on systems that	don't  have  UNIX  International  compliant  real-time
       scheduling.

       wodim  runs at priority 59 on Solaris, you should run genisoimage at no
       more than priority 58. On other systems, you should run genisoimage  at
       no less than nice --18.

       Creating	 a CD-ROM without file system image on disk has been tested on
       a Sparcstation-2 with a Yamaha CDR-400. It did work up  to  quad	 speed
       when  the machine was not loaded.  A faster machine may be able to han‐
       dle quad speed also in the loaded case.

       To record a pure CD-DA (audio) at single speed, with  each  track  con‐
       tained in a file named track01.cdaudio, track02.cdaudio, etc:

	   wodim -v speed=1 dev=/dev/cdrw -audio track*.cdaudio

       To  check  if  it will be ok to use double speed for the example above.
       Use the dummy write option:

	   wodim -v -dummy speed=2 dev=/dev/cdrw -audio track*.cdaudio

       To record a mixed-mode CD with an ISO 9660 filesystem from  cdimage.raw
       on  the first track, the other tracks being audio tracks from the files
       track01.cdaudio, track02.cdaudio, etc:

	   wodim -v dev=2,0 cdimage.raw -audio track*.cdaudio

       To handle drives that need to know the size of a track before  starting
       to write, first run

	   genisoimage -R -q -print-size /master/tree

       and then run

	   genisoimage -R /master/tree | wodim speed=2 dev=2,0 tsize=XXXs -

       where XXX is replaced by the output of the previous run of genisoimage.

       To copy an audio CD in the most accurate way, first run

	   icedax dev=/dev/cdrom -vall cddb=0 -B -Owav

       and then run

	   wodim dev=/dev/cdrw -v -dao -useinfo -text  *.wav

       This  will  try	to  copy track indices and to read CD-Text information
       from disk.  If there is no CD-Text information, icedax will try to  get
       the information from freedb.org instead.

       To copy an audio CD from a pipe (without intermediate files), first run

	   icedax dev=1,0 -vall cddb=0 -info-only

       and then run

	   icedax dev=1,0 -no-infofile -B -Oraw - | \
	   wodim dev=2,0 -v -dao -audio -useinfo -text *.inf

       This  will  get	all  information  (including track size info) from the
       *.inf files and then read the audio data from stdin.

       If you like to write from stdin, make sure that wodim is called with  a
       large  enough  FIFO  size  (e.g.	 fs=128m), reduce the write speed to a
       value below the read speed of the source drive  (e.g.   speed=12),  and
       get a CD/DVD drive with BURN-Free feature if it is not available yet.

       To  set	drive  options without writing a CD (e.g. to switch a drive to
       single session mode), run

	   wodim dev=1,0 -setdropts driveropts=singlesession

       If you like to do this when no CD is in the drive, call

	   wodim dev=1,0 -force -setdropts driveropts=singlesession

       To copy a CD in clone mode, first read the master CD using:

	   readom dev=b,t,l -clone f=somefile

       or (in case the CD contains many sectors that are unreadable by	inten‐
       tion) by calling:

	   readom dev=1,0 -clone -nocorr f=somefile

       will  create  the  files	 somefile and somefile.toc.  Then write the CD
       using:

	   wodim dev=1,0 -raw96r -clone -v somefile

ENVIRONMENT
       CDR_DEVICE
	      This may either hold a device identifier that is suitable to the
	      open  call  of the SCSI transport library or a label in the file
	      /etc/wodim.conf.

       CDR_SPEED
	      Sets the default	speed  value  for  writing  (see  also	speed=
	      option).

       CDR_FIFOSIZE
	      Sets the default size of the FIFO (see also fs=# option).

       CDR_FORCERAWSPEED
	      If  this	environment  variable  is set, wodim will allow you to
	      write at the full RAW encoding  speed  a	single	CPU  supports.
	      This  will  create  high potential of buffer underruns. Use with
	      care.

       CDR_FORCESPEED
	      If this environment variable is set, wodim  will	allow  you  to
	      write  at	 the  full DMA speed the system supports.  There is no
	      DMA reserve for reading the data that  is	 to  be	 written  from
	      disk.   This will create high potential of buffer underruns. Use
	      with care.

       RSH    If the RSH environment is present, the  remote  connection  will
	      not be created via rcmd(3) but by calling the program pointed to
	      by RSH.  Use e.g.	 RSH=/usr/bin/ssh to  create  a	 secure	 shell
	      connection.

	      Note  that this forces wodim to create a pipe to the rsh(1) pro‐
	      gram and disallows wodim to directly access the  network	socket
	      to  the  remote server.  This makes it impossible to set up per‐
	      formance parameters and slows down the connection compared to  a
	      root initiated rcmd(3) connection.

       RSCSI  If the RSCSI environment is present, the remote SCSI server will
	      not  be  the  program  /opt/schily/sbin/rscsi  but  the  program
	      pointed  to  by RSCSI.  Note that the remote SCSI server program
	      name will be ignored if you log in using	an  account  that  has
	      been created with a remote SCSI server program as login shell.

FILES
       /etc/wodim.conf
	      Default	values	can  be	 set  for  the	following  options  in
	      /etc/wodim.conf.	For example: CDR_FIFOSIZE=8m or CDR_SPEED=2

	      CDR_DEVICE
		     This may either hold a device identifier that is suitable
		     to the open call of the SCSI transport library or a label
		     in the file /etc/wodim.conf that  allows  to  identify  a
		     specific drive on the system.

	      CDR_SPEED
		     Sets the default speed value for writing (see also speed=
		     option).

	      CDR_FIFOSIZE
		     Sets the default size of the FIFO (see also fs=# option).

	      CDR_MAXFIFOSIZE
		     Sets the maximum size of the FIFO (see also fs=# option).

	      Any other keyword (label) is an identifier (symbolic name) for a
	      specific drive
		     on	 the  system.	Such an identifier may not contain the
		     characters ',', '/', '@' or ':'.

		     Each line that follows a label contains a whitespace sep‐
		     arated  list  of items.  Currently, four items are recog‐
		     nized: the	 drive's  target  specification,  the  default
		     speed  that  should  be  used for this drive, the default
		     FIFO size that should be used for this  drive  and	 drive
		     specific  options.	 The values for speed and fifosize may
		     be set to -1 to tell wodim to use	the  global  defaults.
		     target  can  be  -1 to use the auto-guessing of the drive
		     (see above).

		     The value for driveropts may be omitted or set to	""  if
		     no	 driveropts  are  used.	  A typical line may look this
		     way:

		     plex760= 0,5,0 12	 50m  varirec=1

		     pioneer= /dev/hdd	 -1   -1

		     This tells wodim that a drive named plex760 is at scsibus
		     0, target 5, lun 0 and should be used with speed 12 and a
		     FIFO size of 50 MB. It also  uses	some  device  specific
		     parameter.	  A  second  drive  may	 is accessible via the
		     device file /dev/hdd and uses the default speed  and  the
		     default FIFO size.

SEE ALSO
       icedax(1), readom(1), genisoimage(1), ssh(1).

NOTES
       On  Solaris  you	 need to stop the volume management if you like to use
       the USCSI fallback SCSI transport code. Even things like wodim -scanbus
       will not work if the volume management is running.

       Disks  made  in	Track  At  Once	 mode are not suitable as a master for
       direct mass production by CD manufacturers.  You will need the disk  at
       once option to record such disks.  Nevertheless the disks made in Track
       At Once will normally be read in all CD	players.  Some	old  audio  CD
       players	however	 may  produce  a  two  second  click between two audio
       tracks.

       The minimal size of a track is 4 seconds or 300 sectors. If  you	 write
       smaller	tracks,	 the CD-Recorder will add dummy blocks. This is not an
       error, even though the SCSI-error message looks this way.

       The Yamaha CDR-400 and all new SCSI-3/mmc conforming  drives  are  sup‐
       ported in single and multi-session.

       You should run several tests in all supported speeds of your drive with
       the -dummy option turned on if you are using wodim on an	 unknown  sys‐
       tem.  Writing a CD is a real-time process.  NFS, CIFS and other network
       file systems won't always deliver constantly the needed data rates.  If
       you  want to use wodim with CD-images that are located on a NFS mounted
       filesystem, be sure that the FIFO size is big enough.  If you  want  to
       make sure that buffer underruns are not caused by your source disk, you
       may use the command

	   wodim -dummy dev=2,0 padsize=600m /dev/null

       to create a disk that is entirely made of dummy data.

       There are also cases where you either need to be root or install	 wodim
       executable with suid-root permissions. First, if you are using a device
       manufactured before 1999 which requires a non-MMC  driver,  you	should
       run  wodim  in  dummy  mode  before writing data. If you find a problem
       doing this, please report it to the cdrkit maintainers (see below).

       Second, certain functionality may be unusable because of	 Linux's  SCSI
       command	filtering.  When  using wodim for anything except of pure data
       writing, you should also test the process  in  dummy  mode  and	report
       trouble to the contact address below.

       If  you	still want to run wodim with root permissions, you can set the
       permissions of the executable to suid-root. See the additional notes of
       your  system/program  distribution  or README.suidroot which is part of
       the cdrkit source.

       You should not connect old drives that do not support disconnect/recon‐
       nect to either the SCSI bus that is connected to the CD-Recorder or the
       source disk.

       A Compact Disc can have no more than 99 tracks.

       When creating a disc with both audio and data tracks, the  data	should
       be  on  track  1	 otherwise  you should create a CDplus disk which is a
       multi session disk with the first session containing the	 audio	tracks
       and the following session containing the data track.

       Many  operating	systems	 are  not able to read more than a single data
       track, or need special software to do so.

       If you have more information or	SCSI  command  manuals	for  currently
       unsupported CD/DVD/BR/HD-DVD-Recorders, please contact the cdrkit main‐
       tainers (see below).

       Many CD recorders have bugs and often require a firmware update to work
       correctly.  If  you  experience	problems  which	 cannot	 be  solved or
       explained by the notes above, please look for instructions on the home‐
       page of the particular manufacturer.

       Some  bugs  will	 force	you to power cycle the device or to reboot the
       machine.

       The FIFO percent output is computed just after a block of data has been
       written	to  the	 CD/DVD-Recorder. For this reason, there will never be
       100% FIFO fill ratio while the FIFO is in streaming mode.

DIAGNOSTICS
       You have 4 seconds to abort wodim start after you see the message:

       Starting to write CD at speed %d in %s mode for %s  session.   In  most
       shells you can do that by pressing Ctrl-C.

       A typical error message for a SCSI command looks like:

	      wodim: I/O error. test unit ready: scsi sendcmd: no error
	      CDB:  00 20 00 00 00 00
	      status: 0x2 (CHECK CONDITION)
	      Sense Bytes: 70 00 05 00 00 00 00 0A 00 00 00 00 25 00 00 00 00 00
	      Sense Key: 0x5 Illegal Request, Segment 0
	      Sense Code: 0x25 Qual 0x00 (logical unit not supported) Fru 0x0
	      Sense flags: Blk 0 (not valid)
	      cmd finished after 0.002s timeout 40s

       The  first  line	 gives information about the transport of the command.
       The text after the first colon gives the error text for the system call
       from  the  view	of  the	 kernel. It usually is: I/O error unless other
       problems happen. The next words contain a  short	 description  for  the
       SCSI  command  that fails. The rest of the line tells you if there were
       any problems for the transport of the command over the SCSI bus.	 fatal
       error  means that it was not possible to transport the command (i.e. no
       device present at the requested SCSI address).

       The second line prints the SCSI command descriptor block for the failed
       command.

       The  third  line	 gives information on the SCSI status code returned by
       the command, if the transport of the command succeeds.  This  is	 error
       information from the SCSI device.

       The fourth line is a hex dump of the auto request sense information for
       the command.

       The fifth line is the error text for the sense key if  available,  fol‐
       lowed  by  the  segment	number that is only valid if the command was a
       copy command. If the error message is not directly related to the  cur‐
       rent command, the text deferred error is appended.

       The sixth line is the error text for the sense code and the sense qual‐
       ifier if available.  If the type of the device is known, the sense data
       is  decoded  from  tables  in scsierrs.c .  The text is followed by the
       error value for a field replaceable unit.

       The seventh line prints the block number that is related to the	failed
       command	and  text for several error flags. The block number may not be
       valid.

       The eight line reports the timeout set up for this command and the time
       that the command really needed to complete.

       The following message is not an error:

	      Track 01: Total bytes read/written: 2048/2048 (1 sectors).
	      wodim: I/O error. flush cache: scsi sendcmd: no error
	      CDB:  35 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
	      status: 0x2 (CHECK CONDITION)
	      Sense Bytes: F0 00 05 80 00 00 27 0A 00 00 00 00 B5 00 00 00 00 00
	      Sense Key: 0x5 Illegal Request, Segment 0
	      Sense Code: 0xB5 Qual 0x00 (dummy data blocks added) Fru 0x0
	      Sense flags: Blk -2147483609 (valid)
	      cmd finished after 0.002s timeout 40s

       It  simply notifies, that a track that is smaller than the minimum size
       has been expanded to 300 sectors.

BUGS
       netscsid does not work properly and is generally	 unmaintained.	It  is
       probably	 not compatible with rscsi from cdrtools either. Good bugfixes
       are welcome, talk to Cdrkit maintainers.

       cuefile support is very limited, only one file is allowed.  For	volun‐
       teers, see TODO file in the source.

       Specifying an audio file multiple times causes corruption of the second
       track (effectively no data plus minimum padding).

       Some of the bugs may be fixed in Joerg Schilling's cdrtools. See	 there
       for details, URL attached below.

CREDITS
       Joerg Schilling (schilling@fokus.fhg.de)
		      For writing cdrecord and libscg which represent the most
		      parts of wodim's code.

       Bill Swartz    (Bill_Swartz@twolf.com)
		      For helping me with the TEAC driver support

       Aaron Newsome  (aaron.d.newsome@wdc.com)
		      For letting me develop Sony support on his drive

       Eric Youngdale (eric@andante.jic.com)
		      For supplying mkisofs

       Gadi Oxman     (gadio@netvision.net.il)
		      For tips on the ATAPI standard

       Finn Arne Gangstad  (finnag@guardian.no)
		      For the first FIFO implementation.

       Dave Platt     (dplatt@feghoot.ml.org)
		      For creating the experimental  packet  writing  support,
		      the  first implementation of CD-RW blanking support, the
		      first .wav file decoder and  many	 nice  discussions  on
		      cdrecord.

       Chris P. Ross (cross@eng.us.uu.net)
		      For the first implementation of a BSDI SCSI transport.

       Grant R. Guenther   (grant@torque.net)
		      For creating the first parallel port transport implemen‐
		      tation for Linux.

       Kenneth D. Merry (ken@kdm.org)
		      for providing the CAM port  for  FreeBSD	together  with
		      Michael Smith (msmith@freebsd.org)

       Heiko Eiszfeldt (heiko@hexco.de)
		      for  making  libedc_ecc  available  (needed to write RAW
		      data sectors).

MAILING LISTS
       If you want to actively take part on the development of wodim, you  may
       join the developer mailing list via this URL:

       https://alioth.debian.org/mail/?group_id=31006

       The mail address of the list is: debburn-devel@lists.alioth.debian.org

AUTHORS
       wodim  is  currently  maintained	 as  part of the cdrkit project by its
       developers. Most of the code and this manual page was originally	 writ‐
       ten by:

       Joerg Schilling
       Seestr. 110
       D-13353 Berlin
       Germany

       This application is derived from "cdrecord" as included in the cdrtools
       package [1] created by Joerg Schilling, who deserves most of the credit
       for  its	 success.  However, he is not involved into the development of
       this spinoff and therefore he shall not be  held	 responsible  for  any
       problems	 caused by it. Do not refer to this application as "cdrecord",
       do not try to get support for wodim by contacting the original authors.

       Additional information can be found on:
       https://alioth.debian.org/projects/debburn/

       If you have support questions, send them to

       debburn-devel@lists.alioth.debian.org

       If you have definitely found a bug, send a mail to this list or to

       submit@bugs.debian.org

       writing at least a short description into  the  Subject	and  "Package:
       cdrkit" in the first line of the mail body.

SOURCES
       [1] Cdrtools 2.01.01a08 from May 2006, http://cdrecord.berlios.de

				  Version 2.0			      wodim(1)
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