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EQN(1)									EQN(1)

NAME
       eqn - format equations for troff or MathML

SYNOPSIS
       eqn [-rvCNR] [-d xy] [-T name] [-M dir] [-f F] [-s n] [-p n] [-m n]
	   [files...]

DESCRIPTION
       This manual page describes the GNU version of eqn, which is part of the
       groff  document	formatting system.  eqn compiles descriptions of equa‐
       tions embedded within troff input files into commands that  are	under‐
       stood  by troff.	 Normally, it should be invoked using the -e option of
       groff.  The syntax is quite compatible with Unix eqn.   The  output  of
       GNU  eqn cannot be processed with Unix troff; it must be processed with
       GNU troff.  If no files are given on the	 command  line,	 the  standard
       input is read.  A filename of - causes the standard input to be read.

       eqn  searches  for  the file eqnrc in the directories given with the -M
       option first, then in /usr/lib/groff/site-tmac,	/usr/share/groff/site-
       tmac,	 and	finally	   in	 the	standard    macro    directory
       /usr/share/groff/1.22.3/tmac.  If it exists, eqn	 processes  it	before
       the other input files.  The -R option prevents this.

       GNU eqn does not provide the functionality of neqn: it does not support
       low-resolution, typewriter-like devices	(although  it  may  work  ade‐
       quately for very simple input).

OPTIONS
       It is possible to have whitespace between a command line option and its
       parameter.

       -dxy   Specify delimiters x and y for the left and right	 end,  respec‐
	      tively,  of  in-line  equations.	 Any  delim  statements in the
	      source file overrides this.

       -C     Recognize .EQ and .EN even when followed by  a  character	 other
	      than  space  or  newline.	 Also, the statement ‘delim on’ is not
	      handled specially.

       -N     Don't allow newlines within delimiters.  This option allows  eqn
	      to recover better from missing closing delimiters.

       -v     Print the version number.

       -r     Only one size reduction.

       -mn    The  minimum  point-size	is n.  eqn does not reduce the size of
	      subscripts or superscripts to a smaller size than n.

       -Tname The output is for device name.  Normally,	 the  only  effect  of
	      this  is	to  define  a macro name with a value of 1; eqnrc uses
	      this to provide definitions appropriate for the  output  device.
	      However,	if  the	 specified  device  is “MathML”, the output is
	      MathML markup rather than	 troff	commands,  and	eqnrc  is  not
	      loaded at all.  The default output device is ps.

       -Mdir  Search dir for eqnrc before the default directories.

       -R     Don't load eqnrc.

       -fF    This is equivalent to a gfont F command.

       -sn    This  is equivalent to a gsize n command.	 This option is depre‐
	      cated.  eqn normally sets	 equations  at	whatever  the  current
	      point size is when the equation is encountered.

       -pn    This  says  that	subscripts and superscripts should be n points
	      smaller than the surrounding text.  This option  is  deprecated.
	      Normally eqn sets subscripts and superscripts at 70% of the size
	      of the surrounding text.

USAGE
       Only the differences between GNU eqn and Unix eqn are described here.

       GNU  eqn	 emits	Presentation  MathML  output  when  invoked  with  the
       -T MathML option.

       GNU  eqn	 sets  the  input  token  "..."	 as three periods or low dots,
       rather than the three centered dots of classic eqn.  To get three  cen‐
       tered dots, write cdots or cdot cdot cdot.

       Most  of	 the  new  features of the GNU eqn input language are based on
       TeX.  There are some references to the differences between TeX and  GNU
       eqn below; these may safely be ignored if you do not know TeX.

   Controlling delimiters
       If not in compatibility mode, eqn recognizes

	      delim on

       to  restore  the	 delimiters which have been previously disabled with a
       call to ‘delim off’.  If delimiters haven't been	 specified,  the  call
       has no effect.

   Automatic spacing
       eqn gives each component of an equation a type, and adjusts the spacing
       between components using that type.  Possible types are:

	      ordinary an ordinary character such as ‘1’ or ‘
			   x’;

	      operator	   a large operator such as ‘Σ’;

	      binary	   a binary operator such as ‘+’;

	      relation	   a relation such as ‘=’;

	      opening	   a opening bracket such as ‘(’;

	      closing	   a closing bracket such as ‘)’;

	      punctuation  a punctuation character such as ‘,;

	      inner	   a subformula contained within brackets;

	      suppress spacing
			   that suppresses automatic spacing adjustment.

       Components of an equation get a type in one of two ways.

       type t e
	      This yields an equation component that contains e but  that  has
	      type  t, where t is one of the types mentioned above.  For exam‐
	      ple, times is defined as

		     type "binary" \(mu

	      The name of the type doesn't have to be quoted, but quoting pro‐
	      tects from macro expansion.

       chartype t text
	      Unquoted groups of characters are split up into individual char‐
	      acters, and the type  of	each  character	 is  looked  up;  this
	      changes the type that is stored for each character; it says that
	      the characters in text from now on have type t.  For example,

		     chartype "punctuation" .,;:

	      would make the characters ‘.,;:’ have type punctuation  whenever
	      they  subsequently appeared in an equation.  The type t can also
	      be letter or digit; in these cases  chartype  changes  the  font
	      type of the characters.  See the Fonts subsection.

   New primitives
       big e  Enlarges	the expression it modifies; intended to have semantics
	      like CSS ‘large’.	 In troff output, the point size is  increased
	      by 5; in MathML output, the expression uses

		     <mstyle mathsize='big'>

       e1 smallover e2
	      This  is	similar	 to over; smallover reduces the size of e1 and
	      e2; it also puts less vertical space between e1 or  e2  and  the
	      fraction	bar.   The over primitive corresponds to the TeX \over
	      primitive in display styles; smallover corresponds to  \over  in
	      non-display styles.

       vcenter e
	      This vertically centers e about the math axis.  The math axis is
	      the vertical position about which characters such	 as  ‘+cq  and
	      ‘−’  are centered; also it is the vertical position used for the
	      bar of fractions.	 For example, sum is defined as

		     { type "operator" vcenter size +5 \(*S }

	      (Note that vcenter is silently ignored when generating MathML.)

       e1 accent e2
	      This sets e2 as an accent over e1.  e2 is assumed to be  at  the
	      correct  height for a lowercase letter; e2 is moved down accord‐
	      ing to whether e1 is taller or shorter than a lowercase  letter.
	      For example, hat is defined as

		     accent { "^" }

	      dotdot,  dot,  tilde,  vec,  and dyad are also defined using the
	      accent primitive.

       e1 uaccent e2
	      This sets e2 as an accent under e1.  e2 is assumed to be at  the
	      correct  height for a character without a descender; e2 is moved
	      down if e1 has a descender.  utilde is pre-defined using uaccent
	      as a tilde accent below the baseline.

       split "text"
	      This has the same effect as simply

		     text

	      but text is not subject to macro expansion because it is quoted;
	      text is split up and the spacing between	individual  characters
	      is adjusted.

       nosplit text
	      This has the same effect as

		     "text"

	      but because text is not quoted it is subject to macro expansion;
	      text is not split up and the spacing between individual  charac‐
	      ters is not adjusted.

       e opprime
	      This  is	a  variant of prime that acts as an operator on e.  It
	      produces a different  result  from  prime	 in  a	case  such  as
	      A opprime sub 1: with opprime the 1 is tucked under the prime as
	      a subscript to the A (as is conventional in  mathematical	 type‐
	      setting),	 whereas  with prime the 1 is a subscript to the prime
	      character.  The precedence of opprime is the same as that of bar
	      and under, which is higher than that of everything except accent
	      and uaccent.  In unquoted text a ' that is not the first charac‐
	      ter is treated like opprime.

       special text e
	      This constructs a new object from e using a troff(1) macro named
	      text.  When the macro is called, the string 0s contains the out‐
	      put  for	e,  and	 the  number registers 0w, 0h, 0d, 0skern, and
	      0skew contain the width, height, depth, subscript kern, and skew
	      of  e.   (The  subscript	kern of an object says how much a sub‐
	      script on that object should be tucked in; the skew of an object
	      says  how far to the right of the center of the object an accent
	      over the object should be placed.)  The macro must modify 0s  so
	      that  it	outputs the desired result with its origin at the cur‐
	      rent point, and increase the current horizontal position by  the
	      width of the object.  The number registers must also be modified
	      so that they correspond to the result.

	      For example, suppose you wanted a construct  that	 ‘cancels’  an
	      expression by drawing a diagonal line through it.

		     .EQ
		     define cancel 'special Ca'
		     .EN
		     .de Ca
		     .	ds 0s \
		     \Z'\\*(0s'\
		     \v'\\n(0du'\
		     \D'l \\n(0wu -\\n(0hu-\\n(0du'\
		     \v'\\n(0hu'
		     ..

	      Then you could cancel an expression e with cancel { e }

	      Here's  a	 more  complicated construct that draws a box round an
	      expression:

		     .EQ
		     define box 'special Bx'
		     .EN
		     .de Bx
		     .	ds 0s \
		     \Z'\h'1n'\\*(0s'\
		     \Z'\
		     \v'\\n(0du+1n'\
		     \D'l \\n(0wu+2n 0'\
		     \D'l 0 -\\n(0hu-\\n(0du-2n'\
		     \D'l -\\n(0wu-2n 0'\
		     \D'l 0 \\n(0hu+\\n(0du+2n'\
		     '\
		     \h'\\n(0wu+2n'
		     .	nr 0w +2n
		     .	nr 0d +1n
		     .	nr 0h +1n
		     ..

       space n
	      A positive value of the integer n (in hundredths of an em)  sets
	      the  vertical spacing before the equation, a negative value sets
	      the spacing after the equation, replacing	 the  default  values.
	      This  primitive  provides an interface to groff's \x escape (but
	      with opposite sign).

	      This keyword has no effect if the equation is part of a pic pic‐
	      ture.

   Extended primitives
       col n { ... }
       ccol n { ... }
       lcol n { ... }
       rcol n { ... }
       pile n { ... }
       cpile n { ... }
       lpile n { ... }
       rpile n { ... }
	      The  integer value n (in hundredths of an em) increases the ver‐
	      tical spacing between rows, using groff's \x escape  (the	 value
	      has no effect in MathML mode).  Negative values are possible but
	      have no effect.  If there is more than a single value given in a
	      matrix, the biggest one is used.

   Customization
       When  eqn  is  generating  troff markup, the appearance of equations is
       controlled by a large number of parameters.  They have no  effect  when
       generating MathML mode, which pushes typesetting and fine motions down‐
       stream to a MathML rendering engine.  These parameters can be set using
       the set command.

       set p n
	      This sets parameter p to value n; n is an integer.  For example,

		     set x_height 45

	      says that eqn should assume an x height of 0.45 ems.

	      Possible parameters are as follows.  Values are in units of hun‐
	      dredths of an em unless otherwise	 stated.   These  descriptions
	      are intended to be expository rather than definitive.

	      minimum_size
		     eqn  doesn't  set	anything  at a smaller point-size than
		     this.  The value is in points.

	      fat_offset
		     The fat primitive emboldens an equation  by  overprinting
		     two  copies  of  the equation horizontally offset by this
		     amount.  This parameter  is  not  used  in	 MathML	 mode;
		     instead, fat text uses

			    <mstyle mathvariant='double-struck'>

	      over_hang
		     A	fraction  bar  is longer by twice this amount than the
		     maximum of the widths of the numerator  and  denominator;
		     in	 other words, it overhangs the numerator and denomina‐
		     tor by at least this amount.

	      accent_width
		     When bar or under is applied to a single  character,  the
		     line  is  this  long.   Normally, bar or under produces a
		     line whose length is the width of the object to which  it
		     applies; in the case of a single character, this tends to
		     produce a line that looks too long.

	      delimiter_factor
		     Extensible delimiters produced with the  left  and	 right
		     primitives	 have  a combined height and depth of at least
		     this many thousandths of  twice  the  maximum  amount  by
		     which   the  sub-equation	that  the  delimiters  enclose
		     extends away from the axis.

	      delimiter_shortfall
		     Extensible delimiters produced with the  left  and	 right
		     primitives have a combined height and depth not less than
		     the difference of twice the maximum amount by  which  the
		     sub-equation  that	 the  delimiters  enclose extends away
		     from the axis and this amount.

	      null_delimiter_space
		     This much horizontal space is inserted on each side of  a
		     fraction.

	      script_space
		     The  width of subscripts and superscripts is increased by
		     this amount.

	      thin_space
		     This amount of  space  is	automatically  inserted	 after
		     punctuation characters.

	      medium_space
		     This  amount of space is automatically inserted on either
		     side of binary operators.

	      thick_space
		     This amount of space is automatically inserted on	either
		     side of relations.

	      x_height
		     The height of lowercase letters without ascenders such as
		     ‘x’.

	      axis_height
		     The height above the baseline of the center of characters
		     such  as ‘+’ and ‘−’.  It is important that this value is
		     correct for the font you are using.

	      default_rule_thickness
		     This should set to the thickness of the  \(ru  character,
		     or the thickness of horizontal lines produced with the \D
		     escape sequence.

	      num1   The over command shifts up the numerator by at least this
		     amount.

	      num2   The smallover command shifts up the numerator by at least
		     this amount.

	      denom1 The over command shifts down the denominator by at	 least
		     this amount.

	      denom2 The  smallover  command shifts down the denominator by at
		     least this amount.

	      sup1   Normally superscripts are shifted up  by  at  least  this
		     amount.

	      sup2   Superscripts  within  superscripts	 or  upper  limits  or
		     numerators of smallover fractions are shifted  up	by  at
		     least this amount.	 This is usually less than sup1.

	      sup3   Superscripts  within denominators or square roots or sub‐
		     scripts or lower limits are shifted up by at  least  this
		     amount.  This is usually less than sup2.

	      sub1   Subscripts	 are  normally	shifted	 down by at least this
		     amount.

	      sub2   When there is both a subscript  and  a  superscript,  the
		     subscript is shifted down by at least this amount.

	      sup_drop
		     The  baseline  of a superscript is no more than this much
		     amount below the top of the object on  which  the	super‐
		     script is set.

	      sub_drop
		     The  baseline  of a subscript is at least this much below
		     the bottom of the object on which the subscript is set.

	      big_op_spacing1
		     The baseline of an upper limit  is	 at  least  this  much
		     above the top of the object on which the limit is set.

	      big_op_spacing2
		     The baseline of a lower limit is at least this much below
		     the bottom of the object on which the limit is set.

	      big_op_spacing3
		     The bottom of an upper limit is at least this much	 above
		     the top of the object on which the limit is set.

	      big_op_spacing4
		     The  top of a lower limit is at least this much below the
		     bottom of the object on which the limit is set.

	      big_op_spacing5
		     This much vertical space is added above and below limits.

	      baseline_sep
		     The baselines of the rows in a pile or  matrix  are  nor‐
		     mally this far apart.  In most cases this should be equal
		     to the sum of num1 and denom1.

	      shift_down
		     The midpoint between the  top  baseline  and  the	bottom
		     baseline in a matrix or pile is shifted down by this much
		     from the axis.  In most cases this	 should	 be  equal  to
		     axis_height.

	      column_sep
		     This much space is added between columns in a matrix.

	      matrix_side_sep
		     This much space is added at each side of a matrix.

	      draw_lines
		     If	 this is non-zero, lines are drawn using the \D escape
		     sequence, rather than with the \l escape sequence and the
		     \(ru character.

	      body_height
		     The  amount  by  which the height of the equation exceeds
		     this is added as extra space before the  line  containing
		     the equation (using \x).  The default value is 85.

	      body_depth
		     The  amount  by  which  the depth of the equation exceeds
		     this is added as extra space after	 the  line  containing
		     the equation (using \x).  The default value is 35.

	      nroff  If this is non-zero, then ndefine behaves like define and
		     tdefine is ignored, otherwise tdefine behaves like define
		     and  ndefine is ignored.  The default value is 0 (This is
		     typically changed to 1 by the eqnrc file for  the	ascii,
		     latin1, utf8, and cp1047 devices.)

	      A	 more precise description of the role of many of these parame‐
	      ters can be found in Appendix H of The TeXbook.

   Macros
       Macros can take arguments.  In a macro body, $n where n	is  between  1
       and  9,	is  replaced  by the n-th argument if the macro is called with
       arguments; if there are fewer than n arguments, it is replaced by noth‐
       ing.   A	 word containing a left parenthesis where the part of the word
       before the left parenthesis has been defined using the  define  command
       is  recognized as a macro call with arguments; characters following the
       left parenthesis up to a matching  right	 parenthesis  are  treated  as
       comma-separated arguments; commas inside nested parentheses do not ter‐
       minate an argument.

       sdefine name X anything X
	      This is like the define command, but name is not	recognized  if
	      called with arguments.

       include "file"
       copy "file"
	      Include  the  contents  of file (include and copy are synonyms).
	      Lines of file beginning with .EQ or .EN are ignored.

       ifdef name X anything X
	      If name has been defined by define (or  has  been	 automatically
	      defined  because	name  is  the output device) process anything;
	      otherwise ignore anything.  X can be any character not appearing
	      in anything.

       undef name
	      Remove definition of name, making it undefined.

       Besides	the  macros  mentioned	above,	the  following definitions are
       available: Alpha, Beta, ..., Omega (this is the same  as	 ALPHA,	 BETA,
       ..., OMEGA), ldots (three dots on the base line), and dollar.

   Fonts
       eqn normally uses at least two fonts to set an equation: an italic font
       for letters, and a roman font for everything else.  The existing	 gfont
       command	changes	 the font that is used as the italic font.  By default
       this is I.  The font that is used as the	 roman	font  can  be  changed
       using the new grfont command.

       grfont f
	      Set the roman font to f.

       The  italic  primitive  uses  the current italic font set by gfont; the
       roman primitive uses the current roman font set by  grfont.   There  is
       also  a	new  gbfont  command,  which changes the font used by the bold
       primitive.  If you only use the roman, italic and  bold	primitives  to
       changes	fonts within an equation, you can change all the fonts used by
       your equations just by using gfont, grfont and gbfont commands.

       You can control which characters are treated as letters (and  therefore
       set  in italics) by using the chartype command described above.	A type
       of letter causes a character to be set in italic type.  A type of digit
       causes a character to be set in roman type.

FILES
       /usr/share/groff/1.22.3/tmac/eqnrc
	      Initialization file.

MATHML MODE LIMITATIONS
       MathML  is  designed  on	 the  assumption that it cannot know the exact
       physical characteristics of the media and devices on which it  will  be
       rendered.  It does not support fine control of motions and sizes to the
       same degree troff does.	Thus:

       *      eqn parameters have no effect on the generated MathML.

       *      The special, up, down, fwd, and back operations cannot be imple‐
	      mented, and yield a MathML ‘<merror>’ message instead.

       *      The  vcenter  keyword  is	 silently ignored, as centering on the
	      math axis is the MathML default.

       *      Characters that eqn over troff sets extra large  –  notably  the
	      integral	sign  –	 may  appear  too small and need to have their
	      ‘<mstyle>’ wrappers adjusted by hand.

       As in its troff mode, eqn in MathML mode leaves the .EQ and .EN	delim‐
       iters  in  place	 for displayed equations, but emits no explicit delim‐
       iters around inline equations.  They can,  however,  be	recognized  as
       strings	that  begin  with  ‘<math>’  and end with ‘</math>’ and do not
       cross line boundaries.

       See the BUGS section for translation limits specific to eqn.

BUGS
       Inline equations are set at the point  size  that  is  current  at  the
       beginning of the input line.

       In  MathML mode, the mark and lineup features don't work.  These could,
       in theory, be implemented with ‘<maligngroup>’ elements.

       In MathML mode, each digit of a numeric literal gets a  separate	 ‘<mn>
       </mn>’  pair,  and decimal points are tagged with ‘<mo></mo>’.  This is
       allowed by the specification, but inefficient.

SEE ALSO
       groff(1), troff(1), pic(1), groff_font(5), The TeXbook

COPYING
       Copyright © 1989-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

       Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim  copies  of  this
       manual  provided	 the  copyright	 notice and this permission notice are
       preserved on all copies.

       Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of  this
       manual  under  the  conditions  for verbatim copying, provided that the
       entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a  per‐
       mission notice identical to this one.

       Permission  is granted to copy and distribute translations of this man‐
       ual into another language, under the above conditions for modified ver‐
       sions,  except  that this permission notice may be included in transla‐
       tions approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the origi‐
       nal English.

Groff Version 1.22.3	       13 December 2016				EQN(1)
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