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GEQN(1)								       GEQN(1)

NAME
       geqn - format equations for troff

SYNOPSIS
       geqn [ -rvCNR ] [ -dxy ] [ -Tname ] [ -Mdir ] [ -fF ] [ -sn ] [ -pn ]
	    [ -mn ] [ files... ]

       It is possible to have whitespace between a command line option and its
       parameter.

DESCRIPTION
       This manual page describes the GNU version of eqn, which is part of the
       groff document formatting system.  eqn compiles descriptions  of	 equa‐
       tions  embedded	within troff input files into commands that are under‐
       stood by troff.	Normally, it should be invoked using the -e option  of
       groff.	The  syntax  is quite compatible with Unix eqn.	 The output of
       GNU eqn cannot be processed with Unix troff; it must be processed  with
       GNU  troff.   If	 no  files are given on the command line, the standard
       input will be read.  A filename of - will cause the standard  input  to
       be read.

       eqn  searches  for  the file eqnrc in the directories given with the -M
       option first, then in /usr/lib/groff/site-tmac,	/usr/share/groff/site-
       tmac,	 and	finally	   in	 the	standard    macro    directory
       /usr/share/groff/1.19.2/tmac.  If it exists, eqn will process it before
       the other input files.  The -R option prevents this.

       GNU eqn does not provide the functionality of neqn: it does not support
       low-resolution, typewriter-like devices	(although  it  may  work  ade‐
       quately for very simple input).

OPTIONS
       -dxy   Specify  delimiters  x and y for the left and right end, respec‐
	      tively, of in-line  equations.   Any  delim  statements  in  the
	      source file overrides this.

       -C     Recognize	 .EQ  and  .EN even when followed by a character other
	      than space or newline.

       -N     Don't allow newlines within delimiters.  This option allows  eqn
	      to recover better from missing closing delimiters.

       -v     Print the version number.

       -r     Only one size reduction.

       -mn    The  minimum  point-size	is n.  eqn will not reduce the size of
	      subscripts or superscripts to a smaller size than n.

       -Tname The output is for device name.  The only effect of  this	is  to
	      define a macro name with a value of 1.  Typically eqnrc will use
	      this to provide definitions appropriate for the  output  device.
	      The default output device is ps.

       -Mdir  Search dir for eqnrc before the default directories.

       -R     Don't load eqnrc.

       -fF    This is equivalent to a gfont F command.

       -sn    This  is equivalent to a gsize n command.	 This option is depre‐
	      cated.  eqn will normally set equations at whatever the  current
	      point size is when the equation is encountered.

       -pn    This  says  that	subscripts and superscripts should be n points
	      smaller than the surrounding text.  This option  is  deprecated.
	      Normally	eqn  makes  sets subscripts and superscripts at 70% of
	      the size of the surrounding text.

USAGE
       Only the differences between GNU eqn and Unix eqn are described here.

       Most of the new features of GNU eqn are based on TeX.  There  are  some
       references  to the differences between TeX and GNU eqn below; these may
       safely be ignored if you do not know TeX.

   Automatic spacing
       eqn gives each component of an equation a type, and adjusts the spacing
       between components using that type.  Possible types are:

	      ordinary	   an ordinary character such as `1' or `x';

	      operator	   a large operator such as `Σ';

	      binary	   a binary operator such as `+';

	      relation	   a relation such as `=';

	      opening	   a opening bracket such as `(';

	      closing	   a closing bracket such as `)';

	      punctuation  a punctuation character such as `,';

	      inner	   a subformula contained within brackets;

	      suppress	   spacing  that  suppresses automatic spacing adjust‐
			   ment.

       Components of an equation get a type in one of two ways.

       type t e
	      This yields an equation component that contains e but  that  has
	      type  t, where t is one of the types mentioned above.  For exam‐
	      ple, times is defined as

		     type "binary" \(mu

	      The name of the type doesn't have to be quoted, but quoting pro‐
	      tects from macro expansion.

       chartype t text
	      Unquoted groups of characters are split up into individual char‐
	      acters, and the type  of	each  character	 is  looked  up;  this
	      changes the type that is stored for each character; it says that
	      the characters in text from now on have type t.  For example,

		     chartype "punctuation" .,;:

	      would make the characters `.,;:' have type punctuation  whenever
	      they  subsequently appeared in an equation.  The type t can also
	      be letter or digit; in these cases  chartype  changes  the  font
	      type of the characters.  See the Fonts subsection.

   New primitives
       e1 smallover e2
	      This  is	similar	 to over; smallover reduces the size of e1 and
	      e2; it also puts less vertical space between e1 or  e2  and  the
	      fraction	bar.   The over primitive corresponds to the TeX \over
	      primitive in display styles; smallover corresponds to  \over  in
	      non-display styles.

       vcenter e
	      This vertically centers e about the math axis.  The math axis is
	      the vertical position about which characters such as `+' and `−'
	      are  centered; also it is the vertical position used for the bar
	      of fractions.  For example, sum is defined as

		     { type "operator" vcenter size +5 \(*S }

       e1 accent e2
	      This sets e2 as an accent over e1.  e2 is assumed to be  at  the
	      correct  height  for  a  lowercase letter; e2 will be moved down
	      according if e1 is taller or shorter than	 a  lowercase  letter.
	      For example, hat is defined as

		     accent { "^" }

	      dotdot,  dot,  tilde,  vec,  and dyad are also defined using the
	      accent primitive.

       e1 uaccent e2
	      This sets e2 as an accent under e1.  e2 is assumed to be at  the
	      correct  height  for a character without a descender; e2 will be
	      moved down if e1 has a descender.	 utilde is  pre-defined	 using
	      uaccent as a tilde accent below the baseline.

       split "text"
	      This has the same effect as simply

		     text

	      but text is not subject to macro expansion because it is quoted;
	      text will be split up and the spacing between individual charac‐
	      ters will be adjusted.

       nosplit text
	      This has the same effect as

		     "text"

	      but  because  text  is  not  quoted  it will be subject to macro
	      expansion; text will not be split up  and	 the  spacing  between
	      individual characters will not be adjusted.

       e opprime
	      This  is	a  variant of prime that acts as an operator on e.  It
	      produces a different  result  from  prime	 in  a	case  such  as
	      A opprime sub 1:	with  opprime  the  1 will be tucked under the
	      prime as a subscript to the A (as is conventional in  mathemati‐
	      cal  typesetting),  whereas with prime the 1 will be a subscript
	      to the prime character.  The precedence of opprime is  the  same
	      as  that	of  bar and under, which is higher than that of every‐
	      thing except accent and uaccent.	In unquoted text a '  that  is
	      not the first character will be treated like opprime.

       special text e
	      This  constructs	a  new	object	from e using a gtroff(1) macro
	      named text.  When the macro is called, the string 0s  will  con‐
	      tain  the	 output	 for  e,  and the number registers 0w, 0h, 0d,
	      0skern, and 0skew will contain the width,	 height,  depth,  sub‐
	      script  kern,  and  skew of e.  (The subscript kern of an object
	      says how much a subscript on that object should  be  tucked  in;
	      the skew of an object says how far to the right of the center of
	      the object an accent over the object  should  be	placed.)   The
	      macro  must  modify 0s so that it will output the desired result
	      with its origin at the current point, and increase  the  current
	      horizontal position by the width of the object.  The number reg‐
	      isters must also be modified so  that  they  correspond  to  the
	      result.

	      For  example,  suppose  you wanted a construct that `cancels' an
	      expression by drawing a diagonal line through it.

		     .EQ
		     define cancel 'special Ca'
		     .EN
		     .de Ca
		     .	ds 0s \
		     \Z'\\*(0s'\
		     \v'\\n(0du'\
		     \D'l \\n(0wu -\\n(0hu-\\n(0du'\
		     \v'\\n(0hu'
		     ..

	      Then you could cancel an expression e with cancel { e }

	      Here's a more complicated construct that draws a	box  round  an
	      expression:

		     .EQ
		     define box 'special Bx'
		     .EN
		     .de Bx
		     .	ds 0s \
		     \Z'\h'1n'\\*(0s'\
		     \Z'\
		     \v'\\n(0du+1n'\
		     \D'l \\n(0wu+2n 0'\
		     \D'l 0 -\\n(0hu-\\n(0du-2n'\
		     \D'l -\\n(0wu-2n 0'\
		     \D'l 0 \\n(0hu+\\n(0du+2n'\
		     '\
		     \h'\\n(0wu+2n'
		     .	nr 0w +2n
		     .	nr 0d +1n
		     .	nr 0h +1n
		     ..

       space n
	      A	 positive value of the integer n (in hundredths of an em) sets
	      the vertical spacing before the equation, a negative value  sets
	      the  spacing  after  the equation, replacing the default values.
	      This primitive provides an interface to groff's \x  escape  (but
	      with opposite sign).

	      This keyword has no effect if the equation is part of a pic pic‐
	      ture.

   Extended primitives
       col n { ... }
       ccol n { ... }
       lcol n { ... }
       rcol n { ... }
       pile n { ... }
       cpile n { ... }
       lpile n { ... }
       rpile n { ... }
	      The integer value n (in hundredths of an em) increases the  ver‐
	      tical  spacing  between rows, using groff's \x escape.  Negative
	      values are possible but have no effect.  If there is more than a
	      single value given in a matrix, the biggest one is used.

   Customization
       The  appearance of equations is controlled by a large number of parame‐
       ters.  These can be set using the set command.

       set p n
	      This sets parameter p to value n; n is an integer.  For example,

		     set x_height 45

	      says that eqn should assume an x height of 0.45 ems.

	      Possible parameters are as follows.  Values are in units of hun‐
	      dredths  of  an  em unless otherwise stated.  These descriptions
	      are intended to be expository rather than definitive.

	      minimum_size
		     eqn will not set anything at a  smaller  point-size  than
		     this.  The value is in points.

	      fat_offset
		     The  fat  primitive emboldens an equation by overprinting
		     two copies of the equation horizontally  offset  by  this
		     amount.

	      over_hang
		     A	fraction  bar will be longer by twice this amount than
		     the maximum of the widths of the numerator and  denomina‐
		     tor;  in  other words, it will overhang the numerator and
		     denominator by at least this amount.

	      accent_width
		     When bar or under is applied to a single  character,  the
		     line  will be this long.  Normally, bar or under produces
		     a line whose length is the width of the object  to	 which
		     it applies; in the case of a single character, this tends
		     to produce a line that looks too long.

	      delimiter_factor
		     Extensible delimiters produced with the  left  and	 right
		     primitives	 will  have  a combined height and depth of at
		     least this many thousandths of twice the  maximum	amount
		     by	 which	the  sub-equation  that the delimiters enclose
		     extends away from the axis.

	      delimiter_shortfall
		     Extensible delimiters produced with the  left  and	 right
		     primitives will have a combined height and depth not less
		     than the difference of twice the maximum amount by	 which
		     the sub-equation that the delimiters enclose extends away
		     from the axis and this amount.

	      null_delimiter_space
		     This much horizontal space is inserted on each side of  a
		     fraction.

	      script_space
		     The  width of subscripts and superscripts is increased by
		     this amount.

	      thin_space
		     This amount of  space  is	automatically  inserted	 after
		     punctuation characters.

	      medium_space
		     This  amount of space is automatically inserted on either
		     side of binary operators.

	      thick_space
		     This amount of space is automatically inserted on	either
		     side of relations.

	      x_height
		     The height of lowercase letters without ascenders such as
		     `x'.

	      axis_height
		     The height above the baseline of the center of characters
		     such  as `+' and `−'.  It is important that this value is
		     correct for the font you are using.

	      default_rule_thickness
		     This should set to the thickness of the  \(ru  character,
		     or the thickness of horizontal lines produced with the \D
		     escape sequence.

	      num1   The over command will shift up the numerator by at	 least
		     this amount.

	      num2   The  smallover  command will shift up the numerator by at
		     least this amount.

	      denom1 The over command will shift down the  denominator	by  at
		     least this amount.

	      denom2 The  smallover command will shift down the denominator by
		     at least this amount.

	      sup1   Normally superscripts will be shifted up by at least this
		     amount.

	      sup2   Superscripts  within  superscripts	 or  upper  limits  or
		     numerators of smallover fractions will be shifted	up  by
		     at least this amount.  This is usually less than sup1.

	      sup3   Superscripts  within denominators or square roots or sub‐
		     scripts or lower limits will be shifted up	 by  at	 least
		     this amount.  This is usually less than sup2.

	      sub1   Subscripts will normally be shifted down by at least this
		     amount.

	      sub2   When there is both a subscript  and  a  superscript,  the
		     subscript will be shifted down by at least this amount.

	      sup_drop
		     The  baseline  of a superscript will be no more than this
		     much amount below the top of  the	object	on  which  the
		     superscript is set.

	      sub_drop
		     The  baseline  of	a subscript will be at least this much
		     below the bottom of the object on which the subscript  is
		     set.

	      big_op_spacing1
		     The baseline of an upper limit will be at least this much
		     above the top of the object on which the limit is set.

	      big_op_spacing2
		     The baseline of a lower limit will be at least this  much
		     below the bottom of the object on which the limit is set.

	      big_op_spacing3
		     The  bottom  of an upper limit will be at least this much
		     above the top of the object on which the limit is set.

	      big_op_spacing4
		     The top of a lower limit will be at least this much below
		     the bottom of the object on which the limit is set.

	      big_op_spacing5
		     This  much	 vertical  space will be added above and below
		     limits.

	      baseline_sep
		     The baselines of the rows in a pile or matrix  will  nor‐
		     mally  be	this  far apart.  In most cases this should be
		     equal to the sum of num1 and denom1.

	      shift_down
		     The midpoint between the  top  baseline  and  the	bottom
		     baseline in a matrix or pile will be shifted down by this
		     much from the axis.  In most cases this should  be	 equal
		     to axis_height.

	      column_sep
		     This  much	 space	will  be  added	 between  columns in a
		     matrix.

	      matrix_side_sep
		     This much space will be added at each side of a matrix.

	      draw_lines
		     If this is non-zero, lines will be	 drawn	using  the  \D
		     escape  sequence, rather than with the \l escape sequence
		     and the \(ru character.

	      body_height
		     The amount by which the height of	the  equation  exceeds
		     this  will	 be  added as extra space before the line con‐
		     taining the equation (using \x).  The  default  value  is
		     85.

	      body_depth
		     The  amount  by  which  the depth of the equation exceeds
		     this will be added as extra space after the line contain‐
		     ing the equation (using \x).  The default value is 35.

	      nroff  If this is non-zero, then ndefine will behave like define
		     and tdefine  will	be  ignored,  otherwise	 tdefine  will
		     behave  like  define  and	ndefine	 will be ignored.  The
		     default value is 0 (This is typically changed to 1 by the
		     eqnrc  file  for  the  ascii,  latin1,  utf8,  and cp1047
		     devices.)

	      A more precise description of the role of many of these  parame‐
	      ters can be found in Appendix H of The TeXbook.

   Macros
       Macros  can  take  arguments.  In a macro body, $n where n is between 1
       and 9, will be replaced by the n-th argument if	the  macro  is	called
       with  arguments;	 if  there  are	 fewer	than  n	 arguments, it will be
       replaced by nothing.  A word containing a left  parenthesis  where  the
       part of the word before the left parenthesis has been defined using the
       define command will be recognized as a macro call with arguments; char‐
       acters  following the left parenthesis up to a matching right parenthe‐
       sis will be treated as comma-separated arguments; commas inside	nested
       parentheses do not terminate an argument.

       sdefine name X anything X
	      This is like the define command, but name will not be recognized
	      if called with arguments.

       include "file"
       copy "file"
	      Include the contents of file (include and	 copy  are  synonyms).
	      Lines of file beginning with .EQ or .EN will be ignored.

       ifdef name X anything X
	      If  name	has  been defined by define (or has been automatically
	      defined because name is the  output  device)  process  anything;
	      otherwise ignore anything.  X can be any character not appearing
	      in anything.

       undef name
	      Remove definition of name, making it undefined.

       Besides the macros  mentioned  above,  the  following  definitions  are
       available:  Alpha,  Beta,  ..., Omega (this is the same as ALPHA, BETA,
       ..., OMEGA), ldots (three dots on the base line), and dollar.

   Fonts
       eqn normally uses at least two fonts to set an equation: an italic font
       for  letters, and a roman font for everything else.  The existing gfont
       command changes the font that is used as the italic font.   By  default
       this  is	 I.   The  font	 that is used as the roman font can be changed
       using the new grfont command.

       grfont f
	      Set the roman font to f.

       The italic primitive uses the current italic font  set  by  gfont;  the
       roman  primitive	 uses  the current roman font set by grfont.  There is
       also a new gbfont command, which changes the  font  used	 by  the  bold
       primitive.   If	you  only use the roman, italic and bold primitives to
       changes fonts within an equation, you can change all the fonts used  by
       your equations just by using gfont, grfont and gbfont commands.

       You  can control which characters are treated as letters (and therefore
       set in italics) by using the chartype command described above.  A  type
       of  letter  will cause a character to be set in italic type.  A type of
       digit will cause a character to be set in roman type.

FILES
       /usr/share/groff/1.19.2/tmac/eqnrc
	      Initialization file.

BUGS
       Inline equations will be set at the point size that is current  at  the
       beginning of the input line.

ATTRIBUTES
       See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

       ┌────────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────┐
       │ATTRIBUTE TYPE^ATTRIBUTE VALUE	│			      │
       ├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │Availability^SUNWgroff		│			      │
       ├────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────┤
       │Interface stability^Uncommitted │			      │
       └────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┘

SEE ALSO
       groff(1), gtroff(1), gpic(1), groff_font(5), The TeXbook

Groff Version 1.19.2		31 October 2010			       GEQN(1)
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