mkhybrid man page on Haiku

Man page or keyword search:  
man Server   1409 pages
apropos Keyword Search (all sections)
Output format
Haiku logo
[printable version]

MKISOFS(8)							    MKISOFS(8)

NAME
       mkisofs	-  create  an  hybrid ISO-9660/JOLIET/HFS/UDF filesystem-image
       with optional Rock Ridge attributes.

SYNOPSIS
       mkisofs [ options ] [ -o filename ] pathspec [pathspec ...]
       mkisofs [ options ] [ -o filename ] -find [find expression]

DESCRIPTION
       mkisofs	is  effectively	 a  pre-mastering  program  to	 generate   an
       ISO-9660/JOLIET/HFS/UDF hybrid filesystem.

       ISO-9660/JOLIET/UDF  filesystems are limited to a maximum size of 8 TB.
       The maximum size of a single file is 8 TB (single files in UDF are cur‐
       rently limited to aprox. 200 GB).  If yo like to have files larger than
       2 GB, you need to specify -iso-level 3 or above.	 If a  HFS  hybrid  is
       created,	 the  maximum file size for files in the HFS hybrid is 2 GB in
       any case.

   Hybrid filesystem support
       mkisofs is capable  of  generating  the	System	Use  Sharing  Protocol
       records	(SUSP) specified by the Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol.  This
       is used to further describe the files in the ISO-9660 filesystem	 to  a
       UNIX  host, and provides information such as longer filenames, uid/gid,
       posix permissions, symbolic links,  hard	 links,	 block	and  character
       devices.

       If  Joliet,  HFS	 or  UDF  hybrid  command  line options are specified,
       mkisofs will  create  additional	 separate  filesystem  meta  data  for
       Joliet,	HFS  or UDF.  The file content in this case refers to the same
       data blocks on the media.  It will generate a pure ISO-9660  filesystem
       unless the Joliet, HFS or UDF hybrid command line options are given.

       mkisofs can generate a true (or shared) HFS hybrid filesystem. The same
       files are seen as HFS files when	 accessed  from	 a  Macintosh  and  as
       ISO-9660	 files when accessed from other machines. HFS stands for Hier‐
       archical File System and is the native file system  used	 on  Macintosh
       computers up to Mac OS 9.

       As  an  alternative,  mkisofs  can  generate  the  Apple	 Extensions to
       ISO-9660 or UDF for each file. These extensions provide each file  with
       CREATOR,	 TYPE and certain Finder Flags when accessed from a Macintosh.
       See the HFS MACINTOSH FILE FORMATS section below.

   Functional description
       mkisofs takes a snapshot of a given directory  tree,  and  generates  a
       binary  image  which  will  correspond to an ISO-9660 or Joliet/HFS/UDF
       filesystem when written to a block device.

       Each file written to the ISO-9660 filesystem must have  a  filename  in
       the  8.3	 format	 (8 characters, period, 3 characters, all upper case),
       even if Rock Ridge attributes are in use.  This	filename  is  used  on
       systems	that  are  not	able  to make use of the Rock Ridge extensions
       (such as MS-DOS), and each filename in each directory must be different
       from  the  other	 filenames  in	the same directory.  mkisofs generally
       tries to form correct names by forcing the UNIX filename to upper  case
       and  truncating as required, but often times this yields unsatisfactory
       results when there are cases where the  truncated  names	 are  not  all
       unique.	 mkisofs assigns weightings to each filename, and if two names
       that are otherwise the same are found the name with the lower  priority
       is  renamed  to have a 3 digit number as an extension (where the number
       is guaranteed to be unique).  An example of this	 would	be  the	 files
       foo.bar	and  foo.bar.~1~  -  the  file foo.bar.~1~ would be written as
       FOO000.BAR;1 and the file foo.bar would be written as FOO.BAR;1

       When used with various HFS or UDF  options,  mkisofs  will  attempt  to
       recognise  files stored in a number of Apple/Unix file formats and will
       copy the data and resource forks as well as any relevant finder	infor‐
       mation. See the HFS MACINTOSH FILE FORMATS section below for more about
       formats mkisofs supports.

       Note that mkisofs is not designed to communicate with writers for opti‐
       cal  media  directly.  Most writers have proprietary command sets which
       vary from one manufacturer to another, and you need a specialized  tool
       like cdrecord to actually burn the disk.

       The  cdrecord  utility  is a utility capable of burning an actual disc.
       The    latest	version	   of	 cdrecord    is	    available	  from
       ftp://ftp.berlios.de/pub/cdrecord				    or
       ftp://ftp.berlios.de/pub/cdrecord/alpha

       Also you should know that most CD writers  are  very  particular	 about
       timing.	 Once  you  start  to burn a disc, you cannot let their buffer
       empty before you are done, or you will end  up  with  a	corrupt	 disc.
       Thus  it is critical that you be able to maintain an uninterrupted data
       stream to the writer for the entire time that the disc is  being	 writ‐
       ten.

   Dealing with path names
       pathspec	 is  the  path	of  the	 directory  tree to be copied into the
       ISO-9660 filesystem.  Multiple paths can be specified, and mkisofs will
       merge  the  files found in all of the specified path components to form
       the cdrom image.

       If the option -graft-points has been specified, it is possible to graft
       the  paths  at points other than the root directory, and it is possible
       to graft files or directories onto the cdrom image with names different
       than  what  they	 have  in  the	source filesystem.  This is easiest to
       illustrate with a couple of examples.   Let's start by assuming that  a
       local  file  ../old.lis exists, and you wish to include it in the cdrom
       image.

	    foo/bar/=../old.lis

       will include the file old.lis in the cdrom image	 at  /foo/bar/old.lis,
       while

	    foo/bar/xxx=../old.lis

       will  include the file old.lis in the cdrom image at /foo/bar/xxx.  The
       same sort of syntax can be used with directories as well.  mkisofs will
       create any directories required such that the graft points exist on the
       cdrom image - the directories do not need  to  appear  in  one  of  the
       paths.	By  default,  any directories that are created on the fly like
       this will have permissions 0555 and appear to be owned  by  the	person
       running mkisofs.	 If you wish other permissions or owners of the inter‐
       mediate	directories,  see  -uid,  -gid,	 -dir-mode,   -file-mode   and
       -new-dir-mode.

       mkisofs	will also run on Win9x/NTx machines when compiled with Cygnus'
       cygwin (available from http://sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/). Therefore
       most references in this man page to Unix also apply to Win32 or Win64.

OPTIONS
       -abstract FILE
	      Specifies	 the abstract file name in the primary volume descrip‐
	      tor.  There is space on the disc for 37 characters  of  informa‐
	      tion.   The  related  Joliet  entry is limited to 18 characters.
	      This parameter can also be  set  in  the	file  .mkisofsrc  with
	      ABST=filename.   If  specified  in both places, the command line
	      version is used.

	      It is up to the user of mkisofs to include a file with the apro‐
	      priate name in the created filesystem tree.

       -A application_id

       -appid application_id
	      Specifies	 a  text  string  that will be written into the volume
	      header.  This should describe the application that  will	be  on
	      the  disc.   There  is  space  on the disc for 128 characters of
	      information.  The related Joliet entry is limited to 64  charac‐
	      ters.   This  parameter  can  also be set in the file .mkisofsrc
	      with APPI=id.  If specified in both  places,  the	 command  line
	      version is used.

       -allow-leading-dots

       -ldots Allow  ISO-9660  filenames  to  begin with a period.  Usually, a
	      leading dot is replaced with an underscore in order to  maintain
	      MS-DOS compatibility.
	      This  violates  the ISO-9660 standard, but it happens to work on
	      many systems.  Use with caution.

       -allow-lowercase
	      This options allows lower case characters to appear in  ISO-9660
	      filenames.
	      This  violates  the ISO-9660 standard, but it happens to work on
	      some systems.  Use with caution.

       -allow-multidot
	      This options allows more than one	 dot  to  appear  in  ISO-9660
	      filenames.  A leading dot is not affected by this option, it may
	      be allowed separately using the -allow-leading-dots option.
	      This violates the ISO-9660 standard, but it happens to  work  on
	      many systems.  Use with caution.

       -biblio FILE
	      Specifies	 the  bibliographic  file  name	 in the primary volume
	      descriptor.  There is space on the disc  for  37	characters  of
	      information.   The related Joliet entry is limited to 18 charac‐
	      ters.  This parameter can also be set  in	 the  file  .mkisofsrc
	      with  BIBLO=filename.   If specified in both places, the command
	      line version is used.

	      It is up to the user of mkisofs to include a file with the apro‐
	      priate name in the created filesystem tree.

       -cache-inodes
	      Cache  inode and device numbers to find hard links to files.  If
	      mkisofs finds a hard link (a file with multiple names), then the
	      file  will  only appear once on the CD. This helps to save space
	      on the CD.  The option -cache-inodes is  default	on  UNIX  like
	      operating	 systems.   Be	careful	 when  using  this option on a
	      filesystem without unique inode numbers  as  it  may  result  in
	      files containing the wrong content on CD.

	      If  inodes  are  not cached, mkisofs will revert to the old Rrip
	      Version-1.10 (see -rrip110) and mkisofs will not be able to cre‐
	      ate correct inode numbers for zero sized files.

       -no-cache-inodes
	      Do  not  cache  inode and device numbers.	 This option is needed
	      whenever a filesystem does not have unique inode numbers. It  is
	      the  default on old Cygwin versions.  As the Microsoft operating
	      system that runs below Cygwin uses  64  bit  inode  numbers  for
	      NTFS, it does not have unique inode numbers in the 32 bit range.
	      Old Cygwin versions create fake 32-bit inode numbers from a hash
	      algorithm	 and thus create non-unique numbers.  If mkisofs would
	      cache inodes on old Cygwin versions, it would believe that  some
	      files  are  identical  although they are not. The result in this
	      case are files that contain the wrong content if	a  significant
	      amount  of  different files (> ~5000) is in inside the tree that
	      is  to  be  archived.    This   does   not   happen   when   the
	      -no-cache-inodes	is  used, but the disadvantage is that mkisofs
	      cannot detect hardlinks anymore and the resulting CD  image  may
	      be larger than expected.

	      If  inodes  are  not cached, mkisofs will revert to the old Rrip
	      Version-1.10 (see -rrip110) and mkisofs will not be able to cre‐
	      ate correct inode numbers for zero sized files.

       -b eltorito_boot_image

       -eltorito-boot eltorito_boot_image
	      Specifies	 the  path  and	 filename of the boot image to be used
	      when making an "El Torito" bootable CD.  The  pathname  must  be
	      relative to the source path and inside the source tree specified
	      to mkisofs.  This option is required  to	make  an  "El  Torito"
	      bootable	CD.  The boot image must be exactly the size of either
	      a 1200, 1440, or a 2880 kB floppy, and  mkisofs  will  use  this
	      size when creating the output ISO-9660 filesystem. It is assumed
	      that the first 512 byte sector should  be	 read  from  the  boot
	      image (it is essentially emulating a normal floppy drive).  This
	      will work, for example, if the boot image is a boot floppy.

	      If the boot image is not an image of a floppy, you need  to  add
	      one  of  the  options: -hard-disk-boot or -no-emul-boot.	If the
	      system should not boot off the emulated disk, use -no-boot.

	      More than one boot entry may be specified,  see  -eltorito-plat‐
	      form and -eltorito-alt-boot on how to specify more boot entries.
	      The first boot entry is the default boot entry.  Additional boot
	      entries are members for a multi boot configuration.

	      If  the -sort option has not been specified, the boot images are
	      sorted with low priority (+2) to the beginning  of  the  medium.
	      If  you  don't like this, you need to specify a sort weight of 0
	      for the boot images.

       -eltorito-alt-boot
	      Start with a new set  of	"El  Torito"  boot  parameters.	  This
	      allows  to  have	more than one El Torito boot entry on a CD.  A
	      maximum of 63 El Torito boot entries may be put on a single CD.

	      The -eltorito-alt-boot option starts a new boot entry  with  the
	      same  platform id but no new boot section except when it appears
	      past the first boot entry which is the default boot entry.

       -eltorito-platform id
	      Set the "El Torito" platform id for a boot record or  a  section
	      of boot records.	The.  id parameter may be either:

	      x86    This  is  the  default  platform  id  value and specifies
		     entries for the PC platform.   If	no  -eltorito-platform
		     option  appears  before  the first -eltorito-boot option,
		     the default boot entry becomes an entry for  the  x86  PC
		     platform.

	      PPC    Boot entries for the Power PC platform.

	      Mac    Boot entries for the Apple Mac platform.

	      efi    Boot entries for EFI based PCs.

	      #	     A numeric value specifying any platform id.

	      If  the  option  -eltorito-platform  appears  before  the	 first
	      -eltorito-boot option, it sets the platform id for  the  default
	      boot entry.

	      If the option -eltorito-platform appears after an -eltorito-boot
	      option and sets the platform id to a value  different  from  the
	      previous value, it starts a new set of boot entries.

	      The second boot entry and any new platform id creates a new sec‐
	      tion header and reduces the number of boot  entries  per	CD  by
	      one.

       errctl= name

       errctl= error control spec
	      Add  the content from file name to the error control definitions
	      or add error control spec	 to  the  error	 control  definitions.
	      More than one error control file and more than one error control
	      spec as well as a mixture of both forms is possible.

	      The reason for using error control  is  to  make	mkisofs	 quiet
	      about  error  conditions	that are known to be irrelevant on the
	      quality of the created filesystem or to tell mkisofs to abort on
	      certain  error conditions instead of trying to continue with the
	      filesystem.

	      A typical reason to use error control is	to  suppress  warnings
	      about growing log files while doing a backup on a live file sys‐
	      tem.  Another typical reason to use error	 control  is  to  tell
	      mkisofs to abort if e.g. a file could not be archived instead of
	      continuing to archive other files from a list.

	      The error control file contains a set of	lines,	each  starting
	      with  a list of error conditions to be ignored followed by white
	      space followed by a file name  pattern  (see  match(1)  or  pat‐
	      match(3) for more information).  The error control spec uses the
	      same syntax as a single line from the error  control  file.   If
	      the  file	 name  pattern	needs to start with white space, use a
	      backslash to escape the start of the file name. It is not possi‐
	      ble to have new line characters in the file name pattern.	 When‐
	      ever an error situation is encountered, mkisofs checks the lines
	      in the error control file starting from the top.	If the current
	      error condition is listed on a line in the error	control	 file,
	      then  mkisofs checks whether the pattern on the rest of the line
	      matches the current file name.  If this  is  the	case,  mkisofs
	      uses the current error control specification to control the cur‐
	      rent error condition.

	      The list of error conditions to be handled may use one  or  more
	      (in this case separated by a '|' character) identifiers from the
	      list below:

	      ABORT	  If this meta condition is included in an error  con‐
			  dition,  mkisofs  aborts (exits) as soon as possible
			  after this error condition has been seen instead  of
			  making  mkisofs  quiet  about	 the  condition.  This
			  error condition flag may only be used together  with
			  at another error condition or a list of error condi‐
			  tions (separated by a '|' character).

	      WARN	  If this meta condition is included in an error  con‐
			  dition,  mkisofs  prints the warning about the error
			  condition but the error condition  does  not	affect
			  the  exit  code  of mkisofs and the error statistics
			  (which is printed to the end) does not  include  the
			  related  errors.  This error condition flag may only
			  be used together with at another error condition  or
			  a list of error conditions (separated by a '|' char‐
			  acter).  The WARN meta condition has a lower	prece‐
			  dence than ABORT.

	      ALL	  This is a shortcut for all error conditions below.

	      STAT	  Suppress  warnings  that mkisofs could not stat(2) a
			  file.

	      GETACL	  Suppress warnings about files on which  mkisofs  had
			  problems to retrieve the ACL information.

	      OPEN	  Suppress  warnings  about  files  that  could not be
			  opened.

	      READ	  Suppress warnings read errors on files.

	      WRITE	  Suppress warnings write errors on files.

	      READLINK	  Suppress warnings  readlink(2)  errors  on  symbolic
			  links.

	      GROW	  Suppress  warnings  about  files that did grow while
			  they have been archived.

	      SHRINK	  Suppress warnings about files that did shrink	 while
			  they have been archived.

	      MISSLINK	  Suppress  warnings about files for which mkisofs was
			  unable to archive all hard links.

	      NAMETOOLONG Suppress warnings about  files  that	could  not  be
			  archived  because  the  name of the file is too long
			  for the archive format.

	      FILETOOBIG  Suppress warnings about  files  that	could  not  be
			  archived because the size of the file is too big for
			  the archive format.

	      SPECIALFILE Suppress warnings about  files  that	could  not  be
			  archived  because  the file type is not supported by
			  the archive format.

	      GETXATTR	  Suppress warnings about files on that mkisofs	 could
			  not  retrieve	 the  extended file attribute informa‐
			  tion.

	      SETTIME	  Suppress warnings about files on that mkisofs	 could
			  not set the time information during extraction.

	      SETMODE	  Suppress  warnings about files on that mkisofs could
			  not set the access modes during extraction.

	      SECURITY	  Suppress warnings about files that have been skipped
			  on  extraction  because they have been considered to
			  be a security risk.  This currently applies  to  all
			  files	 that  have  a '/../' sequence inside when -..
			  has not been specified.

	      LSECURITY	  Suppress warnings about links that have been skipped
			  on  extraction  because they have been considered to
			  be a security risk.  This currently applies  to  all
			  link	names  that  start  with  '/' or have a '/../'
			  sequence inside when -secure-links has  been	speci‐
			  fied.	 In this case, mkisofs tries to match the link
			  name against the pattern in the error control file.

	      SAMEFILE	  Suppress warnings about links that have been skipped
			  on  extraction because source and target of the link
			  are pointing to the same file.  If mkisofs would not
			  skip	these files, it would end up with removing the
			  file completely.  In this  case,  mkisofs  tries  to
			  match the link name against the pattern in the error
			  control file.

	      BADACL	  Suppress warnings  access  control  list  conversion
			  problems.

	      SETACL	  Suppress  warnings about files on that mkisofs could
			  not set the ACL information during extraction.

	      SETXATTR	  Suppress warnings about files on that mkisofs	 could
			  not set the extended file attribute information dur‐
			  ing extraction.

       If a specific error condition is ignored, then the error	 condition  is
       not  only handled in a silent way but also excluded from the error sta‐
       tistics that are printed at the end of the mkisofs run.

       Be very careful when using error control as you may  ignore  any	 error
       condition.   If	you  ignore the wrong error conditions, you may not be
       able to see real problems anymore.

       Note that currently only the tags OPEN, READ, GROW, SHRINK, are checked
       from mkisofs.

       -B img_sun4,img_sun4c,img_sun4m,img_sun4d,img_sun4e

       -sparc-boot img_sun4,img_sun4c,img_sun4m,img_sun4d,img_sun4e
	      Specifies	 a comma separated list of boot images that are needed
	      to make a bootable CD for sparc systems.	Partition  0  is  used
	      for the ISO-9660 image, the first image file is mapped to parti‐
	      tion 1.  There may be empty fields in the comma separated	 list.
	      The maximum number of possible partitions is 8 so it is impossi‐
	      ble to specify more than 7 partition  images.   This  option  is
	      required to make a bootable CD for Sun sparc systems.  If the -B
	      or -sparc-boot option has been specified, the  first  sector  of
	      the  resulting  image  will  contain a Sun disk label. This disk
	      label specifies slice 0 for the ISO-9660 image and slice	1  ...
	      slice  7	for the boot images that have been specified with this
	      option. Byte offset 512 ... 8191 within each of  the  additional
	      boot  images  must  contain  a  primary  boot that works for the
	      appropriate sparc architecture. The rest of each of  the	images
	      usually  contains	 an ufs filesystem that is used primary kernel
	      boot stage.

	      The implemented boot method is the boot method found with	 SunOS
	      4.x  and SunOS 5.x.  However, it does not depend on SunOS inter‐
	      nals but only on properties of the Open Boot prom. For this rea‐
	      son,  it should be usable for any OS that boots off a sparc sys‐
	      tem.

	      For more information also see the NOTES section below.

	      If the special filename ...  is used, the actual and all follow‐
	      ing  boot	 partitions  are  mapped to the previous partition. If
	      mkisofs is called with -G image -B ...  all boot partitions  are
	      mapped  to  the  partition that contains the ISO-9660 filesystem
	      image and the generic boot image that is located in the first 16
	      sectors of the disk is used for all architectures.

       -G generic_boot_image
	      Specifies	 the path and filename of the generic boot image to be
	      used when making a generic bootable CD.  The  generic_boot_image
	      will  be	placed on the first 16 sectors of the CD. The first 16
	      sectors are the sectors that are	located	 before	 the  ISO-9660
	      primary volume descriptor.  If this option is used together with
	      the -sparc-boot option, the Sun  disk  label  will  overlay  the
	      first 512 bytes of the generic boot image.

       -hard-disk-boot
	      Specifies	 that  the  boot  image	 used  to  create  "El Torito"
	      bootable CDs is a hard disk image.  The  hard  disk  image  must
	      begin  with  a  master boot record that contains a single parti‐
	      tion.

       -no-emul-boot
	      Specifies that  the  boot	 image	used  to  create  "El  Torito"
	      bootable CDs is a 'no emulation' image. The system will load and
	      execute this image without performing any disk emulation.

       -no-boot
	      Specifies that the created "El Torito" CD should	be  marked  as
	      not  bootable. The system will provide an emulated drive for the
	      image, but will boot off a standard boot device.

       -boot-load-seg segment_address
	      Specifies the load segment address of the boot image for no-emu‐
	      lation "El Torito" CDs.

       -boot-load-size load_sectors
	      Specifies	 the number of "virtual" (512-byte) sectors to load in
	      no-emulation mode.  The default is to load the entire boot file.
	      Some BIOSes may have problems if this is not a multiple of 4.

       -boot-info-table
	      Specifies	 that  a  56-byte table with information of the CD-ROM
	      layout will be patched in at offset 8 in the boot file.  If this
	      option  is  given,  the  boot  file  is  modified	 in the source
	      filesystem, so make sure to make a copy if this file  cannot  be
	      easily  regenerated!   See the EL TORITO BOOT INFO TABLE section
	      for a description of this table.

       -C last_sess_start,next_sess_start

       -cdrecord-params last_sess_start,next_sess_start
	      This option is needed when mkisofs is used to create  a  CDextra
	      or the image of a second session or a higher level session for a
	      multi session disk.  The option -C takes a pair of  two  numbers
	      separated	 by  a comma. The first number is the sector number of
	      the first sector in the last session of the disk that should  be
	      appended to.  The second number is the starting sector number of
	      the new session.	The expected pair of numbers may be  retrieved
	      by  calling  cdrecord  -msinfo  ...  If the -C option is used in
	      conjunction with the -M option, mkisofs will create a filesystem
	      image that is intended to be a continuation of the previous ses‐
	      sion.  If the -C option is used without the -M  option,  mkisofs
	      will create a filesystem image that is intended to be used for a
	      second session on a CDextra. This is a  multi  session  CD  that
	      holds  audio data in the first session and a ISO-9660 filesystem
	      in the second session.

       -c boot_catalog

       -eltorito-catalog boot_catalog
	      Specifies the path and filename of the boot catalog to  be  used
	      when  making  an	"El  Torito" bootable CD. The pathname must be
	      relative to the source path specified to mkisofs.	  This	option
	      is  required  to make a bootable CD.  This file will be inserted
	      into the output tree and not created in the  source  filesystem,
	      so  be  sure  the	 specified  filename does not conflict with an
	      existing file, as it will	 be  excluded.	Usually	 a  name  like
	      "boot.catalog" is chosen.

	      If  the  -sort  option  has not been specified, the boot catalog
	      sorted with low priority (+1) to the beginning  of  the  medium.
	      If  you  don't like this, you need to specify a sort weight of 0
	      for the boot catalog.

       -check-oldnames
	      Check all filenames imported from	 old  session  for  compliance
	      with  actual  mkisofs ISO-9660 file naming rules.	 It his option
	      is not present, only names with a length >  31  are  checked  as
	      these files are a hard violation of the ISO-9660 standard.

       -check-session FILE
	      Check  all  old  sessions	 for  compliance  with	actual mkisofs
	      ISO-9660 file naming rules.  This is a high level option that is
	      a combination of the options: -M FILE -C 0,0 -check-oldnames For
	      the parameter FILE see description of -M option.

       -copyright FILE
	      Specifies the Copyright file name in the primary volume descrip‐
	      tor.   There  is space on the disc for 37 characters of informa‐
	      tion.  The related Joliet entry is  limited  to  18  characters.
	      This  parameter  can  also  be  set  in the file .mkisofsrc with
	      COPY=filename.  If specified in both places,  the	 command  line
	      version is used.

	      It is up to the user of mkisofs to include a file with the apro‐
	      priate name in the created filesystem tree.

       -d

       -omit-period
	      Omit trailing period from files that do not have a period.
	      This violates the ISO-9660 standard, but it happens to  work  on
	      many systems.  Use with caution.

       -D

       -disable-deep-relocation
	      Do not use deep directory relocation, and instead just pack them
	      in the way we see them.
	      If ISO-9660:1999	has  not  been	selected,  this	 violates  the
	      ISO-9660	standard, but it happens to work on many systems.  Use
	      with caution.

       -data-change-warn
	      If the size of a file changes while the file is being  archived,
	      treat  this  condition  as  a  warning  only that does not cause
	      mkisofs to abort.	 A warning message is  still  written  if  the
	      condition	 is  not  otherwise  ignored  by  another rule from an
	      errctl= option.  The -data-change-warn option works  as  if  the
	      last error control option was

		   errctl="WARN|GROW|SHRINK *"

       -debug Increment debug value by one.

       -dir-mode mode
	      Overrides	 the  mode  of directories used to create the image to
	      mode.  Specifying this option automatically enables  Rock	 Ridge
	      extensions.

       -dvd-video
	      Generate	DVD-Video  compliant  UDF file system. This is done by
	      sorting the order of the content of the appropriate files and by
	      adding padding between the files if needed.  Note that the sort‐
	      ing only works if the DVD-Video  filenames  include  upper  case
	      characters only.
	      Note  that  in  order  to	 get  a DVD-Video compliant filesystem
	      image, you need to prepare a DVD-Video compliant directory tree.
	      This  means  you need to have a directory VIDEO_TS (all caps) in
	      the root directory of the resulting DVD and you  should  have  a
	      directory	 AUDIO_TS. The directory VIDEO_TS needs to include all
	      needed files (file names must be all caps) for a compliant  DVD-
	      Video filesystem.

       -f

       -follow-links
	      Follow  all symbolic links when generating the filesystem.  When
	      this option is not in use, symbolic links will be entered	 using
	      Rock Ridge if enabled, otherwise the file will be ignored.

	      See also -posix-L option.

       -file-mode mode
	      Overrides	 the mode of regular files used to create the image to
	      mode.  Specifying this option automatically enables  Rock	 Ridge
	      extensions.

       -find  This  option  acts  a  separator.	  If  it  is used, all mkisofs
	      options must be to the left of the -find option. To the right of
	      the  -find  option, mkisofs accepts the find command line syntax
	      only.

	      The find expression acts as a filter between the source of  file
	      names  and the consumer, which is archiving engine.  If the find
	      expression evaluated as TRUE, then the related file is  selected
	      for processing, otherwise it is omited.

	      In order to make the evaluation of the find expression more con‐
	      venient, mkisofs implements additional find primaries that  have
	      side effects on the file meta data.  Mkisofs implements the fol‐
	      lowing additional find primaries:

	      -help  Lists the available find(1) syntax.

	      -chgrp gname
		     The primary always evaluates as true; it sets  the	 group
		     of the file to gname.

	      -chmod mode
		     The primary always evaluates as true; it sets the permis‐
		     sions of the file to mode.	 Octal	and  symbolic  permis‐
		     sions are accepted for mode as with chmod(1).

	      -chown uname
		     The  primary  always evaluates as true; it sets the owner
		     of the file to uname.

	      -false The primary always evaluates as false; it allows to  make
		     the  result  of  the  full	 expression different from the
		     result of a part of the expression.

	      -true  The primary always evaluates as true; it allows  to  make
		     the  result  of  the  full	 expression different from the
		     result of a part of the expression.

	      The command line:

	      mkisofs -o o.iso -find . ( -type d -ls -o false ) -o ! -type d

	      lists all directories and puts all non-directories to the	 image
	      o.iso.

	      The command line:

	      mkisofs -o o.iso -find . ( -type d -chown root -o true )

	      archives	all  directories so they appear to be owned by root in
	      the archive, all non-directories are archived as they are in the
	      file system.

	      Note  that  the -ls, -exec and the -ok primary cannot be used if
	      stdin or stdout has not been redirected.

       -gid gid
	      Overrides the gid read from the source files  to	the  value  of
	      gid.   Specifying	 this  option automatically enables Rock Ridge
	      extensions.

       -gui   Switch the behaviour for a GUI. This currently makes the	output
	      more verbose but may have other effects in future.

       -graft-points
	      Allow to use graft points for filenames. If this option is used,
	      all filenames are checked for  graft  points.  The  filename  is
	      divided  at  the	first unescaped equal sign. All occurrences of
	      '\\'  and	 '='  characters  must	be  escaped   with   '\\'   if
	      -graft-points has been specified.

       -hide glob
	      Hide  glob  from being seen on the ISO-9660 or Rock Ridge direc‐
	      tory.  glob is a shell wild-card-style pattern that  must	 match
	      any part of the filename or path.	 Multiple globs may be hidden.
	      If glob matches a directory, then the contents of that directory
	      will  be	hidden.	 In order to match a directory name, make sure
	      the pathname does not include a trailing '/' character.  All the
	      hidden  files will still be written to the output CD image file.
	      Should be used with the -hide-joliet option. See README.hide for
	      more details.

       -hide-list file
	      A file containing a list of globs to be hidden as above.

       -hidden glob
	      Add  the	hidden	(existence)  ISO-9660  directory attribute for
	      glob.  This attribute will prevent glob from being listed on DOS
	      based  systems if the /A flag is not used for the listing.  glob
	      is a shell wild-card-style pattern that must match any  part  of
	      the  filename or path.  In order to match a directory name, make
	      sure the pathname does not include  a  trailing  '/'  character.
	      Multiple globs may be hidden.

       -hidden-list file
	      A file containing a list of globs to get the hidden attribute as
	      above.

       -hide-joliet glob
	      Hide glob from being seen on the Joliet directory.   glob	 is  a
	      shell  wild-card-style  pattern  that must match any part of the
	      filename or path.	  Multiple  globs  may	be  hidden.   If  glob
	      matches a directory, then the contents of that directory will be
	      hidden.  In order to match a directory name, make sure the path‐
	      name  does not include a trailing '/' character.	All the hidden
	      files will still be written to the output CD image file.	Should
	      be used with the -hide option. See README.hide for more details.

       -hide-joliet-list file
	      A file containing a list of globs to be hidden as above.

       -hide-joliet-trans-tbl
	      Hide the TRANS.TBL files from the Joliet tree.  These files usu‐
	      ally don't make sense in the Joliet World as they list the  real
	      name  and the ISO-9660 name which may both be different from the
	      Joliet name.

       -hide-rr-moved
	      Rename the directory RR_MOVED to .rr_moved  in  the  Rock	 Ridge
	      tree.  This option has been introduced when mkisofs was not able
	      to hide the directory in the Rock Ridge tree.  This  version  of
	      mkisofs always automatically hides the RR_MOVED directory in the
	      Rock Ridge tree.	If you need to have no RR_MOVED	 directory  at
	      all  (even  in the ISO-9660 tree), you should use the -D option.
	      Note that in case that the -D option  has	 been  specified,  the
	      resulting	 filesystem is not ISO-9660 level-1 compliant and will
	      not be readable on MS-DOS.  See  also  NOTES  section  for  more
	      information on the RR_MOVED directory.

       -hide-udf glob
	      Hide glob from being seen on the UDF directory.  glob is a shell
	      wild-card-style pattern that must match any part of the filename
	      or  path.	  Multiple  globs  may	be  hidden.  If glob matches a
	      directory, then the contents of that directory will  be  hidden.
	      In  order to match a directory name, make sure the pathname does
	      not include a trailing '/' character.  All the hidden files will
	      still  be	 written  to the output CD image file.	Should be used
	      with the -hide option. See README.hide for more details.

       -hide-udf-list file
	      A file containing a list of globs to be hidden as above.

       -input-charset charset
	      Set up the input charset that defines  the  characters  used  in
	      local  file  names.   To get a list of valid charset names, call
	      mkisofs -input-charset help.  To get a 1:1 mapping, you may  use
	      default  as  charset name. If the input charset has not been set
	      up from the locale in the environment, the default initial  val‐
	      ues  are	cp437  on DOS based systems and iso8859-1 on all other
	      systems.	See CHARACTER SETS section below for more details.

	      If -input-charset has not been specified, it will be set up from
	      the locale in the environment. If you like to disable this auto‐
	      matic setup, use the empty string as locale name.

       -output-charset charset
	      Set up the output charset that defines the characters that  will
	      be used in Rock Ridge file names. Defaults to the input charset.
	      See CHARACTER SETS section below for more details.

       -iso-level level
	      Set the ISO-9660 conformance level. Valid numbers are  1..3  and
	      4.

	      With  level  1,  files may only consist of one section and file‐
	      names are restricted to 8.3 characters.

	      With level 2, files may only consist of one section.

	      With level 3, no	restrictions  (other  than  ISO-9660:1988)  do
	      apply.   Starting	 with this level, mkisofs also allows files to
	      be larger than 4 GB by implementing ISO-9660 multi-extent files.

	      With all ISO-9660 levels from 1..3, all filenames are restricted
	      to upper case letters, numbers and the underscore (_). The maxi‐
	      mum filename length is restricted to 31 characters,  the	direc‐
	      tory  nesting  level  is	restricted  to	8 and the maximum path
	      length is limited to 255 characters.

	      Level 4 officially does  not  exists  but	 mkisofs  maps	it  to
	      ISO-9660:1999 which is ISO-9660 version 2.

	      With  level 4, an enhanced volume descriptor with version number
	      and file structure version number set to 2  is  emitted.	 There
	      may be more than 8 levels of directory nesting, there is no need
	      for a file to contain a dot and the  dot	has  no	 more  special
	      meaning,	file  names  do	 not have version numbers, the maximum
	      length for files and directory is raised to 207.	If Rock	 Ridge
	      is used, the maximum ISO-9660 name length is reduced to 197.

	      When creating Version 2 images, mkisofs emits an enhanced volume
	      descriptor which looks similar to a  primary  volume  descriptor
	      but is slightly different. Be careful not to use broken software
	      to make ISO-9660 images bootable by assuming a second  PVD  copy
	      and patching this putative PVD copy into an El Torito VD.

       -J     Generate	 Joliet	 directory  records  in	 addition  to  regular
	      ISO-9660 file names.  This is primarily useful  when  the	 discs
	      are to be used on Windows-NT or Windows-95 machines.  The Joliet
	      filenames are specified in Unicode and each path	component  can
	      be  up  to  64  Unicode characters long.	Note that Joliet is no
	      standard - CD's that use only Joliet extensions but no  standard
	      Rock  Ridge  extensions  may  usually  only be used on Microsoft
	      Win32 systems. Furthermore, the fact that the filenames are lim‐
	      ited  to	64 characters and the fact that Joliet uses the UTF-16
	      coding for Unicode characters causes interoperability problems.

       -joliet-long
	      Allow Joliet filenames to be up to 103 Unicode characters.  This
	      breaks  the Joliet specification - but appears to work. Use with
	      caution. The number 103 is derived from: the  maximum  Directory
	      Record  Length (254), minus the length of Directory Record (33),
	      minus CD-ROM XA System Use Extension Information	(14),  divided
	      by the UTF-16 character size (2).

       -jcharset charset
	      Same as using -input-charset charset and -J options. See CHARAC‐
	      TER SETS section below for more details.

       -l

       -full-iso9660-filenames
	      Allow full 31 character filenames.  Normally the ISO-9660	 file‐
	      name  will  be in an 8.3 format which is compatible with MS-DOS,
	      even though the ISO-9660 standard allows filenames of up	to  31
	      characters.   If	you use this option, the disc may be difficult
	      to use on a MS-DOS system, but this comes in handy on some other
	      systems (such as the Amiga).  Use with caution.

       -L     Outdated	option	reserved  by  POSIX.1-2001,  use  -allow-lead‐
	      ing-dots instead.	 This option will get  POSIX.1-2001  semantics
	      with mkisofs-3.02.

       -log-file log_file
	      Redirect	all  error,  warning  and  informational  messages  to
	      log_file instead of the standard error.

       -long-rr-time
	      Use the long ISO-9660 time format for the file time stamps  used
	      in  Rock	Ridge.	This time format allows to represent year 0 ..
	      year 9999 with a granularity of 10ms.

	      The short ISO-9660 time format only  allows  to  represent  year
	      1900 .. year 2155 with a granularity of 1s.

       -m glob
	      Exclude glob from being written to CDROM.	 glob is a shell wild-
	      card-style pattern that must match part of the filename (not the
	      path  as	with  option -x).  Technically glob is matched against
	      the d->d_name part of the directory entry.  Multiple  globs  may
	      be excluded.  Example:

	      mkisofs -o rom -m '*.o' -m core -m foobar

	      would  exclude  all files ending in ".o", called "core" or "foo‐
	      bar" to be copied to CDROM. Note that if	you  had  a  directory
	      called "foobar" it too (and of course all its descendants) would
	      be excluded.

	      NOTE: The -m and -x option description should both  be  updated,
	      they  are wrong.	Both now work identical and use filename glob‐
	      bing. A file is excluded if either the last component matches or
	      the whole path matches.

       -exclude-list file
	      A file containing a list of globs to be excluded as above.

       -max-ISO-9660-filenames
	      Allow 37 chars in ISO-9660 filenames.  This option forces the -N
	      option as the extra name space is taken from the space  reserved
	      for ISO-9660 version numbers.
	      This  violates  the ISO-9660 standard, but it happens to work on
	      many systems.  Although a conforming application needs  to  pro‐
	      vide  a  buffer  space  of at least 37 characters, disks created
	      with this option may cause a  buffer  overflow  in  the  reading
	      operating system. Use with extreme care.

       -M path
	      or

       -M device
	      or

       -dev device
	      Specifies	 path  to  existing  ISO-9660  image to be merged. The
	      alternate form takes a SCSI device specifier that uses the  same
	      syntax as the dev= parameter of cdrecord.	 The output of mkisofs
	      will be a new session which should get written to the end of the
	      image  specified	in  -M.	 Typically this requires multi-session
	      capability for  the  recorder  and  cdrom	 drive	that  you  are
	      attempting to write this image to.  This option may only be used
	      in conjunction with the -C option.

       -modification-date date-spec
	      Set the modification date in the primary volume descriptor (PVD)
	      to a value different from the current time.  This allows e.g. to
	      set up an intentional UUID for grub.

	      The format of date-spec is:

		   yyyy[mm[dd[hh[mm[ss]]]]][.hh][+-ghgm]

	      The fields are year, month, day of month, hour, minute,  second,
	      hundreds of a second, GMT offset in hours and minutes.  The time
	      is interpreted as local time.

	      Year and the GMT offset are four digit fields, all other	fields
	      take  two	 digits.   The	GMT  offset may be between -12 and +13
	      hours in 15 minute steps. Locations east to Greenwich have posi‐
	      tive  values.  The  value is the sum of the time zone offset and
	      the effects  from	 daylight  saving  time.   Omited  values  are
	      replaced	by  the minimal possible values.  If the GMT offset is
	      omited, it is computed from the local time value that  has  been
	      supplied.

	      Between  year  and  month	 as  well  as between month and day of
	      month, a separator chosen from '/' and '-' may appear.  In  this
	      case, the year may be a two digit number with values 69..99 rep‐
	      resenting 1969..1999 and values 00..68 representing  2000..2068.
	      Between  date  and  time	spec,  an optional space is permitted.
	      Between hours and minutes as well as between  minutes  and  sec‐
	      onds,  an	 optional  ':'	separator  is  permitted.  This allows
	      mkisofs to parse the popular POSIX date format created by:

		   date "+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %z"

	      Note that the possible range for date-spec for 32	 bit  programs
	      is limited to values up to 2038 Jan 19 04:14:07 GMT.

       -N

       -omit-version-number
	      Omit version numbers from ISO-9660 file names.
	      This  violates the ISO-9660 standard, but no one really uses the
	      version numbers anyway.  Use with caution.

       -new-dir-mode mode
	      Mode to use when creating new directories in the iso  fs	image.
	      The default mode is 0555.

       -nobak

       -no-bak
	      Do  not  include	backup files files on the ISO-9660 filesystem.
	      If the -no-bak option is specified, files that contain the char‐
	      acters  '~'  or '#' or end in '.bak' will not be included (these
	      are typically backup files for editors under UNIX).

       -no-limit-pathtables
	      A ISO-9660 filesystem contains path tables that contain  a  list
	      of directories.  This list may contain many directories but only
	      65535 of them may be parent directories.	When -no-limit-pathta‐
	      bles is in use, further parent directories will be folded to the
	      root directory and the resulting filesystem will	no  longer  be
	      usable on DOS.

       -no-long-rr-time
	      Use the short ISO-9660 time format for the file time stamps used
	      in Rock Ridge.  This time format allows to represent  year  1990
	      .. year 2155 with a granularity of one second.

       -force-rr
	      Do  not  use the automatic Rock Ridge attributes recognition for
	      previous sessions.  This helps to show rotten ISO-9660 extension
	      records as e.g. created by NERO burning ROM.

       -no-rr Do  not  use  the	 Rock Ridge attributes from previous sessions.
	      This may help to avoid getting into trouble when	mkisofs	 finds
	      illegal Rock Ridge signatures on an old session.

       -no-split-symlink-components
	      Don't split the SL components, but begin a new Continuation Area
	      (CE) instead. This may waste some space,	but  the  SunOS	 4.1.4
	      cdrom driver has a bug in reading split SL components (link_size
	      = component_size instead of link_size += component_size).

	      Note that this option has been introduced by Eric	 Youngdale  in
	      1997.   It  is questionable whether it makes sense at all.  When
	      it has been introduced, mkisofs did have a serious bug that  did
	      create  defective	 CE  signatures if a symlink contained `/../'.
	      This CE signature bug in mkisofs has been fixed in May 2003.

       -no-split-symlink-fields
	      Don't split the SL fields, but begin  a  new  Continuation  Area
	      (CE) instead. This may waste some space, but the SunOS 4.1.4 and
	      Solaris 2.5.1 cdrom driver have a bug in reading split SL fields
	      (a `/' can be dropped).

	      Note  that  this option has been introduced by Eric Youngdale in
	      1997.  It is questionable whether it makes sense at  all.	  When
	      it  has been introduced, mkisofs did have a serious bug that did
	      create defective CE signatures if a  symlink  contained  `/../'.
	      This CE signature bug in mkisofs has been fixed in May 2003.

       -o filename
	      is  the  name of the file to which the ISO-9660 filesystem image
	      should be written.  This can be a disk file, a tape drive, or it
	      can  correspond  directly to the device name of the optical disc
	      writer.  If not specified, stdout is used.  Note that the output
	      can  also be a block special device for a regular disk drive, in
	      which case the disk partition can be  mounted  and  examined  to
	      ensure that the premastering was done correctly.

       -pad   Pad  the end of the whole image by 150 sectors (300 kB).	If the
	      option -B is used, then there is a padding at  the  end  of  the
	      ISO-9660	partition  and before the beginning of the boot parti‐
	      tions.  The size of this padding is chosen  to  make  the	 first
	      boot  partition  start  on a sector number that is a multiple of
	      16.

	      The padding is needed as many  operating	systems	 (e.g.	Linux)
	      implement	 read  ahead  bugs in their filesystem I/O. These bugs
	      result in read errors on one or more files that are  located  at
	      the  end	of  a  track.  They are usually present when the CD is
	      written in Track at Once mode or when the	 disk  is  written  as
	      mixed mode CD where an audio track follows the data track.

	      To  avoid	 problems  with	 I/O  error  on	 the  last file on the
	      filesystem, the -pad option has been made the default.

       -no-pad
	      Do not Pad the end by 150 sectors (300 kB) and do not  make  the
	      the boot partitions start on a multiple of 16 sectors.

       -path-list file
	      A	 file  containing a list of pathspec directories and filenames
	      to be added to the ISO-9660 filesystem. This list	 of  pathspecs
	      are  processed after any that appear on the command line. If the
	      argument is -, then the list is read from the standard input.

       -P     Outdated	option	reserved  by  POSIX.1-2001,   use   -publisher
	      instead.	 This  option  will  get  POSIX.1-2001	semantics with
	      mkisofs-3.02.

       -publisher publisher_id
	      Specifies a text string that will be  written  into  the	volume
	      header.	This  should describe the publisher of the CDROM, usu‐
	      ally with a mailing address and phone number.  There is space on
	      the  disc for 128 characters of information.  The related Joliet
	      entry is limited to 64 characters.  This parameter can  also  be
	      set  in  the  file  .mkisofsrc with PUBL=.  If specified in both
	      places, the command line version is used.

       -p preparer_id

       -preparer preparer_id
	      Specifies a text string that will be  written  into  the	volume
	      header.  This should describe the preparer of the CDROM, usually
	      with a mailing address and phone number.	There is space on  the
	      disc  for	 128  characters  of  information.  The related Joliet
	      entry is limited to 64 characters.  This parameter can  also  be
	      set  in  the  file  .mkisofsrc with PREP=.  If specified in both
	      places, the command line version is used.

       -posix-H
	      Follow all symbolic links encountered on command line when  gen‐
	      erating the filesystem.

       -posix-L
	      Follow  all symbolic links when generating the filesystem.  When
	      this option is not in use, symbolic links will be entered	 using
	      Rock Ridge if enabled, otherwise the file will be ignored.

       -posix-P
	      Do  not  follow  symbolic	 links	when generating the filesystem
	      (this is the default).  If -posix-P is specified after  -posix-H
	      or -posix-L, the effect of these options will be reset.

       -print-size
	      Print  estimated filesystem size in multiples of the sector size
	      (2048 bytes) and exit. This option is needed for	Disk  At  Once
	      mode  and	 with  some  CD-R  drives  when	 piping	 directly into
	      cdrecord.	 In this case it is needed to know  the	 size  of  the
	      filesystem  before  the  actual CD-creation is done.  The option
	      -print-size allows to get this size from a "dry-run" before  the
	      CD  is actually written.	Old versions of mkisofs did write this
	      information (among other information) to stderr.	As this	 turns
	      out  to  be hard to parse, the number without any other informa‐
	      tion is now printed on stdout too.  If you like to write a  sim‐
	      ple shell script, redirect stderr and catch the number from std‐
	      out.  This may be done with:

	      cdblocks=` mkisofs -print-size -quiet ... `

	      mkisofs ... | cdrecord ... tsize=${cdblocks}s -

       -quiet This makes mkisofs even less verbose.  No progress  output  will
	      be provided.

       -R

       -rock  Generate	SUSP  and  RR records using the Rock Ridge protocol to
	      further describe the files on the ISO-9660 filesystem.  The Rock
	      Ridge  protocol  is  needed in order to add POSIX like file meta
	      data like permissions, extended time  stamps,  user/group	 is'd,
	      link  counts,  inode  numbers and symbolic links. The Rock Ridge
	      protocol allows to archive hierarchy trees with unlimited depth.

       -r

       -rational-rock
	      This is like the -R option, but file ownership and modes are set
	      to more useful values.  The uid and gid are set to zero, because
	      they are usually only useful on the  author's  system,  and  not
	      useful  to  the client.  All the file read bits are set true, so
	      that files and directories are globally readable on the  client.
	      If  any  execute	bit  is set for a file, set all of the execute
	      bits, so that executables are globally executable on the client.
	      If  any search bit is set for a directory, set all of the search
	      bits, so that directories are globally searchable on the client.
	      All  write  bits are cleared, because the CD-Rom will be mounted
	      read-only in any case.  If any of the special mode bits are set,
	      clear  them,  because  file  locks are not useful on a read-only
	      file system, and set-id bits are not desirable for uid 0 or  gid
	      0.   When	 used  on  Win32, the execute bit is set on all files.
	      This is a result of the lack of file permissions	on  Win32  and
	      the   Cygwin   POSIX  emulation  layer.	See  also  -uid	 -gid,
	      -dir-mode, -file-mode and -new-dir-mode.

       -relaxed-filenames
	      The  option  -relaxed-filenames  allows  ISO-9660	 filenames  to
	      include  digits, upper case characters and all other 7 bit ASCII
	      characters (resp. anything except lowercase characters).
	      This violates the ISO-9660 standard, but it happens to  work  on
	      many systems.  Use with caution.

       -root dir
	      Moves  all  files and directories into dir in the image. This is
	      essentially the same as using -graft-points and  adding  dir  in
	      front of every pathspec, but is easier to use.

	      dir  may actually be several levels deep. It is created with the
	      same permissions as other graft points.

       -rrip110
	      Create ISO-9660 file system images that follow the old Rrip Ver‐
	      sion-1.10	 standard  from 1993. This option may be needed if you
	      know of systems that do not implement  the  Rrip	protocol  cor‐
	      rectly  and  like	 the  file system to be read by such a system.
	      Currently no such system is known.

	      If a file system has been created with -rrip110, the Rock	 Ridge
	      attributes do not include inode number information.

       -rrip112
	      Create ISO-9660 file system images that follow the new Rrip Ver‐
	      sion-1.12 standard from 1994, this is the default.

       -old-root dir
	      This option is necessary when writing a multisession  image  and
	      the previous (or even older) session was written with -root dir.
	      Using a directory name not found in the previous session	causes
	      mkisofs to abort with an error.

	      Without  this  option, mkisofs would not be able to find unmodi‐
	      fied files and would be forced to	 write	their  data  into  the
	      image once more.

	      -root  and  -old-root are meant to be used together to do incre‐
	      mental backups.  The initial session  would  e.g.	 use:  mkisofs
	      -root  backup_1  dirs.  The next incremental backup with mkisofs
	      -root backup_2 -old-root	backup_1  dirs.	  would	 take  another
	      snapshot of these directories. The first snapshot would be found
	      in backup_1, the second one in backup_2, but  only  modified  or
	      new files need to be written into the second session.

	      Without  these  options,	new  files would be added and old ones
	      would be preserved. But old ones would  be  overwritten  if  the
	      file  was	 modified.  Recovering	the files by copying the whole
	      directory back from  CD  would  also  restore  files  that  were
	      deleted  intentionally.  Accessing  several  older versions of a
	      file requires support by the operating system  to	 choose	 which
	      sessions are to be mounted.

       -short-rr-time
	      Use the short ISO-9660 time format for the file time stamps used
	      in Rock Ridge.  This time format allows to represent  year  1990
	      .. year 2155 with a granularity of one second.

       -s sector type

       -sectype sector type
	      Set  the	sector	type  to  be used for the output file with the
	      ISO-9660 filesystem.  The sector type may be one of:

	      data   This is the default. It results in standard  CD-ROM  data
		     sectors with 2048 bytes per sector.

	      xa1    This  sets	 the sector type to CD-ROM XA mode 1 with 2056
		     bytes per sector.	This sector type is the official  sec‐
		     tor  type	for  multi-session  CDs,  it  should  be  used
		     together with the -XA option of mkisofs.  It is  required
		     to	 write Kodak Photo CDs and Kodak Picture CDs.  Use the
		     -xa1 option from cdrecord to tell cdrecord to  write  CD-
		     ROM  XA  mode  1  sectors.	  Do not use for DVD or BluRay
		     media.

	      raw    This sets the sector type to raw audio sectors with  2352
		     bytes  per	 sector.  This is reserved for future enhance‐
		     ments.  Do not use for DVD or BluRay media.

       -sort sort file
	      Sort file locations on the media. Sorting	 is  controlled	 by  a
	      file that contains pairs of filenames and sorting offset weight‐
	      ing.  If the weighting is	 higher,  the  file  will  be  located
	      closer to the beginning of the media, if the weighting is lower,
	      the file will be located closer to the end of the	 media.	 There
	      must  be	only  one space or tabs character between the filename
	      and the weight and the weight must be the last characters	 on  a
	      line. The filename is taken to include all the characters up to,
	      but not including the last space or tab  character  on  a	 line.
	      This is to allow for space characters to be in, or at the end of
	      a filename.  This option does not sort the  order	 of  the  file
	      names  that appear in the ISO-9660 directory. It sorts the order
	      in which the file data is written to the CD image - which may be
	      useful  in  order	 to  optimize  the  data  layout  on a CD. See
	      README.sort for more details.

       -sparc-boot img_sun4,img_sun4c,img_sun4m,img_sun4d,img_sun4e
	      See -B option above.

       -sparc-label label
	      Set the Sun disk label name for the Sun disk label that is  cre‐
	      ated with the -sparc-boot option.

       -split-output
	      Split the output image into several files of approximately 1 GB.
	      This helps to create DVD sized ISO-9660 images on operating sys‐
	      tems without large file support.	Cdrecord will concatenate more
	      than one file into a single track if writing to a DVD.  To  make
	      -split-output  work,  the	 -o filename option must be specified.
	      The resulting output images  will	 be  named:  filename_00,file‐
	      name_01,filename_02...

       -stream-media-size #
	      Select  streaming operation and set the media size to # sectors.
	      This allows you to pipe the  output  of  the  tar	 program  into
	      mkisofs  and to create a ISO-9660 filesystem without the need of
	      an intermediate tar archive file.	 If this option has been spec‐
	      ified, mkisofs reads from stdin and creates a file with the name
	      STREAM.IMG.  The maximum size of the file (with padding) is  200
	      sectors  less than the specified media size. If -no-pad has been
	      specified, the file size is 50 sectors less than	the  specified
	      media  size.   If	 the  file is smaller, then mkisofs will write
	      padding. This may take a while.

	      The option -stream-media-size creates simple  ISO-9660  filesys‐
	      tems only and may not used together with multi-session or hybrid
	      filesystem options.

       -stream-file-name name
	      Set the file name used with -stream-media-size # to a value dif‐
	      ferent  from STREAM.IMG.	If this option is used, the filesystem
	      is created as if -iso-level 4 has been specified.

       -sunx86-boot UFS-img,,,AUX1-img
	      Specifies a comma separated list of filesystem images  that  are
	      needed to make a bootable CD for Solaris x86 systems.

	      Note  that  partition  1 is used for the ISO-9660 image and that
	      partition 2 is the whole disk, so partition 1 and 2 may  not  be
	      used by external partition data.	The first image file is mapped
	      to partition 0.  There may be empty fields in  the  comma	 sepa‐
	      rated  list,  and	 list  entries	for  partition 1 and 2 must be
	      empty.   The  maximum  number  of	 supported  partitions	is   8
	      (although the Solaris x86 partition table could support up to 16
	      partitions), so it is impossible to specify more than  6	parti‐
	      tion  images.  This option is required to make a bootable CD for
	      Solaris x86 systems.

	      If the -sunx86-boot option has been specified, the first	sector
	      of  the  resulting  image	 will  contain a PC fdisk label with a
	      Solaris type 0x82 fdisk partition that starts at offset 512  and
	      spans  the  whole	 CD.   In  addition, for the Solaris type 0x82
	      fdisk partition, there is a SVr4 disk label at  offset  1024  in
	      the  first  sector of the CD.  This disk label specifies slice 0
	      for the first (usually UFS type) filesystem image that  is  used
	      to  boot	the  PC	 and  slice 1 for the ISO-9660 image.  Slice 2
	      spans the whole CD slice 3 ... slice 7 may  be  used  for	 addi‐
	      tional  filesystem  images  that	have  been specified with this
	      option.

	      A Solaris x86 boot CD uses a 1024 byte sized primary  boot  that
	      uses  the	 El-Torito  no-emulation  boot	mode  and  a secondary
	      generic boot that is in CD sectors 1..15.	 For this reason, both
	      -b bootimage -no-emul-boot and -G genboot must be specified.

       -sunx86-label label
	      Set  the	SVr4  disk  label name for the SVr4 disk label that is
	      created with the -sunx86-boot option.

       -sysid ID
	      Specifies the system ID.	There is space	on  the	 disc  for  32
	      characters  of  information.   This parameter can also be set in
	      the file .mkisofsrc with SYSI=system_id.	If specified  in  both
	      places, the command line version is used.

       -T

       -translation-table
	      Generate	a file TRANS.TBL in each directory on the CDROM, which
	      can be used on non-Rock Ridge capable systems to help  establish
	      the  correct  file  names.  There is also information present in
	      the file that indicates the major and minor  numbers  for	 block
	      and character devices, and each symlink has the name of the link
	      file given.

       -table-name TABLE_NAME
	      Alternative translation table file name (see above). Implies the
	      -T  option.   If you are creating a multi-session image you must
	      use the same name as in the previous session.

       -ucs-level level
	      Set Unicode conformance level in the  Joliet  SVD.  The  default
	      level is 3.  It may be set to 1..3 using this option.

       -UDF   Include  a  UDF  hybrid  in  the generated filesystem image.  As
	      mkisofs always creates a ISO-9660 filesystem, it is not possible
	      to  create UDF only images.  Note that UDF wastes the space from
	      sector ~20 to sector 256 at the beginning of the disk  in	 addi‐
	      tion to the space needed for real UDF data structures.

       -udf   Rationalized  UDF	 with user and group set to 0 and with simpli‐
	      fied permissions.	 See -r option for more information.

       -udf-symlinks
	      Support symlinks in UDF filesystems. This is the default.

       -no-udf-symlinks
	      Do not support symlinks in UDF filesystems.

       -uid uid
	      Overrides the uid read from the source files  to	the  value  of
	      uid.   Specifying	 this  option automatically enables Rock Ridge
	      extensions.

       -use-fileversion
	      The option -use-fileversion allows mkisofs to use	 file  version
	      numbers  from  the  filesystem.  If the option is not specified,
	      mkisofs creates a version number of 1 for all files.  File  ver‐
	      sions  are  strings in the range ;1 to ;32767 This option is the
	      default on VMS.

       -U

       -untranslated-filenames
	      Allows  "Untranslated"  filenames,  completely   violating   the
	      ISO-9660	standards  described  above. Forces on the -d, -l, -N,
	      -allow-leading-dots,    -relaxed-filenames,    -allow-lowercase,
	      -allow-multidot and -no-iso-translate flags. It allows more than
	      one '.' character in the filename, as well as mixed  case	 file‐
	      names.   This is useful on HP-UX system, where the built-in CDFS
	      filesystem does not recognize ANY extensions. Use	 with  extreme
	      caution.

       -no-iso-translate
	      Do  not  translate  the characters '#' and '~' which are invalid
	      for ISO-9660 filenames.  These  characters  are  though  invalid
	      often used by Microsoft systems.
	      This  violates  the ISO-9660 standard, but it happens to work on
	      many systems.  Use with caution.

       -V volid
	      Specifies the volume ID (volume name or  label)  to  be  written
	      into  the master block.  There is space on the disc for 32 char‐
	      acters of information.  This parameter can also be  set  in  the
	      file  .mkisofsrc with VOLI=id.  If specified in both places, the
	      command line version is used.  Note that if you assign a	volume
	      ID,  this	 is the name that will be used as the mount point used
	      by the Solaris volume management system and  the	name  that  is
	      assigned to the disc on a Microsoft Win32 or Apple Mac platform.

       -volset ID
	      Specifies	 the  volset  ID.   There is space on the disc for 128
	      characters of information.  The related Joliet entry is  limited
	      to  64  characters.   This parameter can also be set in the file
	      .mkisofsrc with VOLS=volset_id.  If specified  in	 both  places,
	      the command line version is used.

       -volset-size #
	      Sets  the volume set size to #.  The volume set size is the num‐
	      ber of CD's that are in a CD volume set.	A volume set is a col‐
	      lection  of  one	or  more  volumes,  on which a set of files is
	      recorded.

	      Volume Sets are not intended to be used to create a set numbered
	      CD's  that  are part of e.g. a Operation System installation set
	      of CD's.	Volume Sets are rather used to record a big  directory
	      tree  that  would	 not fit on a single volume.  Each volume of a
	      Volume Set contains a description of  all	 the  directories  and
	      files  that  are recorded on the volumes where the sequence num‐
	      bers are less than, or equal to, the assigned Volume Set Size of
	      the current volume.

	      Mkisofs currently does not support a -volset-size that is larger
	      than 1.

	      The option -volset-size must be specified	 before	 -volset-seqno
	      on each command line.

       -volset-seqno #
	      Sets  the	 volume	 set  sequence	number	to  #.	The volume set
	      sequence number is the index number of the current CD  in	 a  CD
	      set.    The   option   -volset-size  must	 be  specified	before
	      -volset-seqno on each command line.

       -v

       -verbose
	      Verbose execution. If given twice on  the	 command  line,	 extra
	      debug information will be printed.

       -x path
	      Exclude path from being written to CDROM.	 path must be the com‐
	      plete pathname that  results  from  concatenating	 the  pathname
	      given  as	 command  line	argument and the path relative to this
	      directory.  Multiple paths may be excluded.  Example:

	      mkisofs -o cd -x /local/dir1 -x /local/dir2 /local

	      NOTE: The -m and -x option description should both  be  updated,
	      they  are wrong.	Both now work identical and use filename glob‐
	      bing. A file is excluded if either the last component matches or
	      the whole path matches.

       -XA    Generate	XA  iso-directory  attributes  with original owner and
	      mode information.	 This option is required to create  conforming
	      multi  session  CDs  as used by the Kodak Photo CD and the Kodak
	      Picture CD.  A conforming XA CD uses CD-ROM XA mode  1  sectors,
	      see the -sector xa2 option for more information.

       -xa    Generate XA iso-directory attributes with rationalized owner and
	      mode information.	 User ID and group ID are set to 0.   See  -XA
	      for more information.

       -z     Generate	special	 RRIP  records	for  transparently  compressed
	      files.  This is only of use and interest for hosts that  support
	      transparent  decompression,  such as Linux 2.4.14 or later.  You
	      must specify the -R or -r options to enable RockRidge, and  gen‐
	      erate compressed files using the mkzftree utility before running
	      mkisofs.	Note that transparent  compression  is	a  nonstandard
	      Rock  Ridge  extension.	The resulting disks are only transpar‐
	      ently readable if used on Linux.	On other operating systems you
	      will need to call mkzftree by hand to decompress the files.

HFS OPTIONS
       -hfs   Create  an ISO-9660/HFS hybrid CD. This option should be used in
	      conjunction with the -map, -magic and/or the various double dash
	      options given below.

       -no-hfs
	      Do  not  create  an  ISO-9660/HFS	 hybrid	 CD  even though other
	      options may imply to do so.

       -apple Create an ISO-9660 CD with Apple's extensions.  Similar  to  the
	      -hfs  option,  except  that the Apple Extensions to ISO-9660 are
	      added instead of creating an HFS hybrid volume.  Former  mkisofs
	      versions	did include Rock Ridge attributes by default if -apple
	      was specified. This versions of mkisofs does not	do  this  any‐
	      more.  If	 you  like  to have Rock Ridge attributes, you need to
	      specify this separately.

       -map mapping_file
	      Use the mapping_file to set the CREATOR and TYPE information for
	      a	 file  based on the filename's extension. A filename is mapped
	      only if it is not one of the know Apple/Unix file	 formats.  See
	      the HFS CREATOR/TYPE section below.

       -magic magic_file
	      The  CREATOR and TYPE information is set by using a file's magic
	      number (usually the first few bytes of a file).  The  magic_file
	      is  only	used if a file is not one of the known Apple/Unix file
	      formats, or the filename extension has not been mapped using the
	      -map  option.  See  the  HFS CREATOR/TYPE section below for more
	      details.

       -hfs-creator CREATOR
	      Set the default CREATOR for all files. Must be exactly 4 charac‐
	      ters. See the HFS CREATOR/TYPE section below for more details.

       -hfs-type TYPE
	      Set  the	default	 TYPE for all files. Must be exactly 4 charac‐
	      ters. See the HFS CREATOR/TYPE section below for more details.

       -probe Search the contents of files for all the known  Apple/Unix  file
	      formats.	 See  the HFS MACINTOSH FILE FORMATS section below for
	      more about these formats.	 However, the only way	to  check  for
	      MacBinary and AppleSingle files is to open and read them. There‐
	      fore this option may increase processing time. It is  better  to
	      use  one	or  more  double  dash	options	 given	below  if  the
	      Apple/Unix formats in use are known.

       -no-desktop
	      Do not create (empty) Desktop files. New HFS Desktop files  will
	      be created when the CD is used on a Macintosh (and stored in the
	      System Folder).  By default, empty Desktop files	are  added  to
	      the HFS volume.

       -mac-name
	      Use  the	HFS  filename  as the starting point for the ISO-9660,
	      Joliet and Rock Ridge file names. See  the  HFS  MACINTOSH  FILE
	      NAMES section below for more information.

       -boot-hfs-file driver_file
	      Installs the driver_file that may make the CD bootable on a Mac‐
	      intosh. See the HFS BOOT DRIVER section below. (Alpha).

       -part  Generate an HFS partition table. By default, no partition	 table
	      is generated, but some older Macintosh CDROM drivers need an HFS
	      partition table on the CDROM to be able to  recognize  a	hybrid
	      CDROM.

       -auto AutoStart_file
	      Make  the	 HFS  CD  use  the  QuickTime 2.0 Autostart feature to
	      launch an application or document. The given  filename  must  be
	      the  name	 of a document or application located at the top level
	      of the CD.  The  filename	 must  be  less	 than  12  characters.
	      (Alpha).

       -cluster-size size
	      Set  the	size in bytes of the cluster or allocation units of PC
	      Exchange files. Implies the --exchange option. See the HFS  MAC‐
	      INTOSH FILE FORMATS section below.

       -hide-hfs glob
	      Hide  glob from the HFS volume. The file or directory will still
	      exist in the ISO-9660 and/or Joliet directory.  glob is a	 shell
	      wild-card-style pattern that must match any part of the filename
	      Multiple globs may be excluded.  Example:

	      mkisofs -o rom -hfs -hide-hfs '*.o' -hide-hfs foobar

	      would exclude all files ending in ".o" or called	"foobar"  from
	      the HFS volume. Note that if you had a directory called "foobar"
	      it too (and of course all its descendants)  would	 be  excluded.
	      The glob can also be a path name relative to the source directo‐
	      ries given on the command line. Example:

	      mkisofs -o rom -hfs -hide-hfs src/html src

	      would exclude just the file or directory called "html" from  the
	      "src"  directory.	 Any  other file or directory called "html" in
	      the tree will not be excluded.  Should be used  with  the	 -hide
	      and/or  -hide-joliet  options.   In  order  to match a directory
	      name, make sure the pathname does not  include  a	 trailing  '/'
	      character. See README.hide for more details.

       -hide-hfs-list file
	      A file containing a list of globs to be hidden as above.

       -hfs-volid hfs_volid
	      Volume  name  for	 the  HFS  partition. This is the name that is
	      assigned to the disc on a Macintosh and replaces the volid  used
	      with the -V option

       -icon-position
	      Use  the	icon  position	information,  if  it  exists, from the
	      Apple/Unix file.	The icons will appear in the same position  as
	      they  would  on a Macintosh desktop. Folder location and size on
	      screen, its scroll positions, folder View (view as Icons,	 Small
	      Icons,  etc.) are also preserved.	 This option may become set by
	      default in the future.  (Alpha).

       -root-info file
	      Set the location, size on screen, scroll positions, folder  View
	      etc.  for	 the root folder of an HFS volume. See README.rootinfo
	      for more information.  (Alpha)

       -prep-boot FILE
	      PReP boot image file. Up to 4 are allowed. See  README.prep_boot
	      (Alpha)

       -chrp-t
	      Create a CHRP boot in boot partition 1.  See -prep-boot for fur‐
	      ther information.

       -input-hfs-charset charset
	      Input charset that defines the characters used in HFS file names
	      when  used  with	the  -mac-name option.	The default charset is
	      cp10000 (Mac Roman) cp10000 (Mac Roman) See CHARACTER  SETS  and
	      HFS MACINTOSH FILE NAMES sections below for more details.

       -output-hfs-charset charset
	      Output  charset that defines the characters that will be used in
	      the HFS file names. Defaults to the input charset. See CHARACTER
	      SETS section below for more details.

       -hfs-unlock
	      By  default,  mkisofs  will create an HFS volume that is locked.
	      This option leaves the volume unlocked so	 that  other  applica‐
	      tions  (e.g.  hfsutils) can modify the volume. See the HFS PROB‐
	      LEMS/LIMITATIONS section below for  warnings  about  using  this
	      option.

       -hfs-bless folder_name
	      "Bless" the given directory (folder). This is usually the System
	      Folder and is used in creating HFS bootable CDs. The name of the
	      directory	 must  be the whole path name as mkisofs sees it. e.g.
	      if the given pathspec is ./cddata and  the  required  folder  is
	      called System Folder, then the whole path name is "./cddata/Sys‐
	      tem Folder" (remember to use quotes if the  name	contains  spa‐
	      ces).

       -hfs-parms PARAMETERS
	      Override	certain parameters used to create the HFS file system.
	      Unlikely to be  used  in	normal	circumstances.	See  the  lib‐
	      hfs_iso/hybrid.h source file for details.

       --cap  Look  for	 AUFS  CAP  Macintosh files. Search for CAP Apple/Unix
	      file formats only. Searching for the other  possible  Apple/Unix
	      file  formats  is disabled, unless other double dash options are
	      given.

       --netatalk
	      Look for NETATALK Macintosh files

       --double
	      Look for AppleDouble Macintosh files

       --ethershare
	      Look for Helios EtherShare Macintosh files

       --ushare
	      Look for IPT UShare Macintosh files

       --exchange
	      Look for PC Exchange Macintosh files

       --sgi  Look for SGI Macintosh files

       --xinet
	      Look for XINET Macintosh files

       --macbin
	      Look for MacBinary Macintosh files

       --single
	      Look for AppleSingle Macintosh files

       --dave Look for Thursby Software Systems DAVE Macintosh files

       --sfm  Look for Microsoft's Services  for  Macintosh  files  (NT	 only)
	      (Alpha)

       --osx-double
	      Look for MacOS X AppleDouble Macintosh files

       --osx-hfs
	      Look for MacOS X HFS Macintosh files

CHARACTER SETS
       mkisofs	processes  file	 names	in a POSIX compliant way as strings of
       8-bit characters.  To represent all codings for	all  languages,	 8-bit
       characters  are	not  sufficient. Unicode or ISO-10646 define character
       codings that need at least 21 bits to represent	all  known  languages.
       They  may  be  represented with UTF-32, UTF-16 or UTF-8 coding.	UTF-32
       uses a plain 32-bit coding but seems to be uncommon.  UCS-2 is used  by
       Microsoft with Win32.  This coding is similar to UTF-16 with the disad‐
       vantage that it only supports a 16 bit subset of	 all  codes  and  that
       16-bit  characters  are	not compliant with the POSIX filesystem inter‐
       face.

       Modern UNIX operating systems may use UTF-8 coding for filenames.  This
       coding  allows to use the complete Unicode code set.  Each 32-bit char‐
       acter is represented by one or more 8-bit characters.  If  a  character
       is  coded  in  ISO-8859-1 (used in Central Europe and North America) is
       maps 1:1 to a UTF-32 or UTF-16 coded Unicode character.	If a character
       is  coded  in 7-Bit ASCII (used in USA and other countries with limited
       character set) is maps 1:1 to a UTF-32, UTF-16 or UTF-8	coded  Unicode
       character.  Character codes that cannot be represented as a single byte
       in UTF-8 (typically if the value is > 0x7F) use escape  sequences  that
       map to more than one 8-bit character.

       If all operating systems would use UTF-8 coding, mkisofs would not need
       to recode characters in file names.   Unfortunately,  Apple  uses  com‐
       pletely nonstandard codings and Microsoft uses a Unicode coding that is
       not compatible with the POSIX filename interface.

       For all non UTF-8 coded operating systems, the  actual  character  that
       each byte represents depends on the character set or codepage (which is
       the name used by Microsoft) used by the local operating system in use -
       the  characters	in  a character set will reflect the region or natural
       language used by the user.

       Usually	character  codes  0x00-0x1f  are  control  characters,	 codes
       0x20-0x7f  are  the  7  bit  ASCII  characters  and (on PC's and Mac's)
       0x80-0xff are used for other characters.	 Unfortunately even this  does
       not  follow  ISO standards that reserve the range 0x80-0x9f for control
       characters and only allow 0xa0-0xff for other characters.

       As there is a lot more than 256 characters/symbols in use, only a small
       subset are represented in a character set. Therefore the same character
       code may represent a different character in different  character	 sets.
       So  a  file  name generated, say in central Europe, may not display the
       same character when viewed on a machine in, say eastern Europe.

       To make matters more complicated, different operating systems use  dif‐
       ferent character sets for the region or language. For example the char‐
       acter code for "small e with acute accent" may be character  code  0x82
       on a PC, code 0x8e on a Macintosh and code 0xe9 on a UNIX system.  Note
       while the codings used on a PC or Mac are  nonstandard,	Unicode	 codes
       this character as 0x00000000e9 which is basically the same value as the
       value used by most UNIX systems.

       As long as not all operating systems and applications will use the Uni‐
       code  character set as the basis for file names in a unique way, it may
       be necessary to specify which character set your file names use in  and
       which character set the file names should appear on the CD.

       There are four options to specify the character sets you want to use:

       -input-charset
	      Defines  the  local  character  set  you	are using on your host
	      machine.	Any character set conversions that take place will use
	      this character set as the staring point. The default input char‐
	      acter sets are cp437 on DOS based systems and iso8859-1  on  all
	      other systems.

	      If  the  -J option is given, then the Unicode equivalents of the
	      input character set will be used in the Joliet directory.	 Using
	      the -jcharset option is the same as using the -input-charset and
	      -J options.

       -output-charset
	      Defines the character set that will be used with	for  the  Rock
	      Ridge names on the CD. Defaults to the input character set. Only
	      likely to be useful if used on a non-Unix platform.  e.g.	 using
	      mkisofs  on  a Microsoft Win32 machine to create Rock Ridge CDs.
	      If you are using mkisofs on a Unix machine, it  is  likely  that
	      the output character set will be the same as the input character
	      set.

       -input-hfs-charset
	      Defines the HFS character set used for HFS  file	names  decoded
	      from  any	 of  the  various Apple/Unix file formats. Only useful
	      when used with -mac-name option.	See  the  HFS  MACINTOSH  FILE
	      NAMES for more information. Defaults to cp10000 (Mac Roman).

       -output-hfs-charset
	      Defines the HFS character set used to create HFS file names from
	      the input character set in use. In most cases this will be  from
	      the character set given with the -input-charset option. Defaults
	      to the input HFS character set.

       There are a number of character sets built in to	 mkisofs.   To	get  a
       listing, use mkisofs -input-charset help.

       Additional  character  sets  from iconv(1) may be used on systems, that
       support iconv(1).  In this case, call iconv -l to get a list  of	 valid
       character  sets	from  this  coding method.  To force an iconv(1) based
       coding, use iconv:name instead of name for the character set.

       If using non iconv(1) based character sets, additional  character  sets
       can  be read from file for any of the character set options by giving a
       filename as the argument to the options. The given file	will  only  be
       read if its name does not match one of the built in character sets.

       The  format of the character set files is the same as the mapping files
       available from  http://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS  The  format  of
       these files is:

	    Column #1 is the input byte code (in hex as 0xXX)
	    Column #2 is the Unicode (in hex as 0xXXXX)
	    Rest of the line is ignored.

       Any  blank line, line without two (or more) columns in the above format
       or comments lines (starting with the # character) are  ignored  without
       any  warnings.  Any  missing  input code is mapped to Unicode character
       0x0000.

       Note that there is no support for 16 bit UNICODE	 (UTF-16)  or  32  bit
       UNICODE	(UTF-32)  coding  because  this coding is not POSIX compliant.
       There should be support for UTF-8 UNICODE coding which is compatible to
       POSIX  filenames	 and  supported	 by moder UNIX implementations such as
       Solaris.

       A 1:1 character set mapping can be defined by using the keyword default
       as the argument to any of the character set options. This is the behav‐
       iour of older (v1.12) versions of mkisofs.

       The ISO-9660 file names generated from the input filenames are not con‐
       verted  from  the  input character set. The ISO-9660 character set is a
       very limited subset of the ASCII characters, so any conversion would be
       pointless.

       Any  character that mkisofs can not convert will be replaced with a '_'
       character.

HFS CREATOR/TYPE
       A Macintosh file has two properties associated  with  it	 which	define
       which  application created the file, the CREATOR and what data the file
       contains, the TYPE.  Both are (exactly) 4 letter strings. Usually  this
       allows  a  Macintosh user to double-click on a file and launch the cor‐
       rect application etc. The CREATOR and TYPE of a particular file can  be
       found by using something like ResEdit (or similar) on a Macintosh.

       The  CREATOR  and  TYPE	information  is	 stored	 in  all  the  various
       Apple/Unix encoded files.  For other files it is possible to  base  the
       CREATOR	and TYPE on the filename's extension using a mapping file (the
       -map option) and/or using the magic number (usually a signature in  the
       first  few  bytes) of a file (the -magic option). If both these options
       are given, then their order on the command line is  important.  If  the
       -map  option  is	 given	first,	then  a	 filename  extension  match is
       attempted before a magic number match. However, if the -magic option is
       given  first,  then a magic number match is attempted before a filename
       extension match.

       If a mapping or magic file is not used, or no match is found  then  the
       default	CREATOR	 and  TYPE  for	 all regular files can be set by using
       entries in  the	.mkisofsrc  file  or  using  the  -hfs-creator	and/or
       -hfs-type  options,  otherwise  the default CREATOR and TYPE are 'unix'
       and 'TEXT'.

       The format of the mapping file is the same afpfile format  as  used  by
       aufs.   This file has five columns for the extension, file translation,
       CREATOR, TYPE and Comment.  Lines starting with the '#'	character  are
       comment lines and are ignored. An example file would be like:

       # Example filename mapping file
       #
       # EXTN	XLate	CREATOR	  TYPE	   Comment
       .tif	Raw	'8BIM'	  'TIFF'   "Photoshop TIFF image"
       .hqx	Ascii	'BnHq'	  'TEXT'   "BinHex file"
       .doc	Raw	'MSWD'	  'WDBN'   "Word file"
       .mov	Raw	'TVOD'	  'MooV'   "QuickTime Movie"
       *	Ascii	'ttxt'	  'TEXT'   "Text file"

       Where:

	      The  first column EXTN defines the Unix filename extension to be
	      mapped. The default mapping  for	any  filename  extension  that
	      doesn't match is defined with the "*" character.

	      The  Xlate  column  defines the type of text translation between
	      the Unix and Macintosh file it is ignored	 by  mkisofs,  but  is
	      kept  to	be compatible with aufs(1).  Although mkisofs does not
	      alter the contents of a file, if a binary file has its TYPE  set
	      as  'TEXT', it may be read incorrectly on a Macintosh. Therefore
	      a better choice for the default TYPE may be '????'

	      The CREATOR and TYPE keywords must  be  4	 characters  long  and
	      enclosed in single quotes.

	      The  comment  field is enclosed in double quotes - it is ignored
	      by mkisofs, but is kept to be compatible with aufs.

       The format of the magic file is almost identical to the	magic(4)  file
       used by the Linux file(1) command - the routines for reading and decod‐
       ing the magic file are based on the Linux file(1) command.

       This file has four tab separated columns for  the  byte	offset,	 type,
       test  and  message.   Lines starting with the '#' character are comment
       lines and are ignored. An example file would be like:

       # Example magic file
       #
       # off   type	 test	    message
       0       string	 GIF8	    8BIM GIFf  GIF image
       0       beshort	 0xffd8	    8BIM JPEG  image data
       0       string	 SIT!	    SIT! SIT!  StuffIt Archive
       0       string	 \037\235   LZIV ZIVU  standard unix compress
       0       string	 \037\213   GNUz ZIVU  gzip compressed data
       0       string	 %!	    ASPS TEXT  Postscript
       0       string	 \004%!	    ASPS TEXT  PC Postscript with a ^D to start
       4       string	 moov	    txtt MooV  QuickTime movie file (moov)
       4       string	 mdat	    txtt MooV  QuickTime movie file (mdat)

       The format of the file is described in the magic(4) man page. The  only
       difference  here	 is that for each entry in the magic file, the message
       for the initial offset must be 4 characters for the CREATOR followed by
       4  characters  for the TYPE - white space is optional between them. Any
       other characters on this line are ignored.  Continuation lines  (start‐
       ing with a '>') are also ignored i.e. only the initial offset lines are
       used.

       Using the -magic option may significantly increase processing  time  as
       each file has to opened and read to find its magic number.

       In  summary,  for  all  files,  the  default  CREATOR is 'unix' and the
       default TYPE is 'TEXT'.	These can be changed by using entries  in  the
       .mkisofsrc file or by using the -hfs-creator and/or -hfs-type options.

       If the a file is in one of the known Apple/Unix formats (and the format
       has been selected), then the CREATOR and TYPE are taken from the values
       stored in the Apple/Unix file.

       Other  files  can  have their CREATOR and TYPE set from their file name
       extension (the -map option), or their magic number (the -magic option).
       If  the	default	 match	is used in the mapping file, then these values
       override the default CREATOR and TYPE.

       A    full     CREATOR/TYPE     database	   can	   be	  found	    at
       http://www.angelfire.com/il/szekely/index.html

HFS MACINTOSH FILE FORMATS
       Macintosh  files	 have  two  parts  called  the Data and Resource fork.
       Either may be empty. Unix (and many other OSs) can only cope with files
       having  one part (or fork). To add to this, Macintosh files have a num‐
       ber of attributes associated with them - probably  the  most  important
       are  the	 TYPE and CREATOR. Again Unix has no concept of these types of
       attributes.

       e.g. a Macintosh file may be a JPEG image where the image is stored  in
       the  Data  fork and a desktop thumbnail stored in the Resource fork. It
       is usually the information in the data fork that is useful across plat‐
       forms.

       Therefore  to store a Macintosh file on a Unix filesystem, a way has to
       be found to cope with the two forks and the extra attributes (which are
       referred	 to  as	 the finder info).  Unfortunately, it seems that every
       software package that stores Macintosh files on Unix has chosen a  com‐
       pletely different storage method.

       The Apple/Unix formats that mkisofs (partially) supports are:

       CAP AUFS format
	      Data  fork  stored  in  a	 file.	Resource  fork in subdirectory
	      .resource with same filename as data fork. Finder info in .find‐
	      erinfo subdirectory with same filename.

       AppleDouble/Netatalk
	      Data  fork stored in a file. Resource fork stored in a file with
	      same name prefixed with "%". Finder info also stored in same "%"
	      file. Netatalk uses the same format, but the resource fork/find‐
	      erinfo stored in subdirectory .AppleDouble  with	same  name  as
	      data fork.

       AppleSingle
	      Data  structures	similar to above, except both forks and finder
	      info are stored in one file.

       Helios EtherShare
	      Data fork stored in  a  file.  Resource  fork  and  finder  info
	      together in subdirectory .rsrc with same filename as data fork.

       IPT UShare
	      Very  similar  to	 the EtherShare format, but the finder info is
	      stored slightly differently.

       MacBinary
	      Both forks and finder info stored in one file.

       Apple PC Exchange
	      Used by Macintoshes to store Apple files	on  DOS	 (FAT)	disks.
	      Data  fork  stored  in  a	 file.	Resource  fork in subdirectory
	      resource.frk (or RESOURCE.FRK). Finder info  as  one  record  in
	      file  finder.dat	(or  FINDER.DAT). Separate finder.dat for each
	      data fork directory.

	      Note: mkisofs needs to know the native FAT cluster size  of  the
	      disk  that  the  PC  Exchange  files are on (or have been copied
	      from). This size is given	 by  the  -cluster-size	 option.   The
	      cluster or allocation size can be found by using the DOS utility
	      CHKDSK.

	      May not work with PC Exchange v2.2 or  higher  files  (available
	      with  MacOS 8.1).	 DOS media containing PC Exchange files should
	      be mounted as type msdos (not vfat) when using Linux.

       SGI/XINET
	      Used by SGI machines when they mount HFS disks. Data fork stored
	      in  a  file. Resource fork in subdirectory .HSResource with same
	      name. Finder info as one record in file  .HSancillary.  Separate
	      .HSancillary for each data fork directory.

       Thursby Software Systems DAVE
	      Allows  Macintoshes  to  store Apple files on SMB servers.  Data
	      fork  stored  in	a  file.   Resource   fork   in	  subdirectory
	      resource.frk.  Uses  the	AppleDouble  format  to store resource
	      fork.

       Services for Macintosh
	      Format of files stored by NT Servers on NTFS  filesystems.  Data
	      fork  is	stored	as  "filename". Resource fork stored as a NTFS
	      stream called "filename:AFP_Resource". The finder info is stored
	      as  a  NTFS  stream called "filename:Afp_AfpInfo". These streams
	      are normally invisible to the user.

	      Warning: mkisofs only partially supports the SFM format.	If  an
	      HFS  file	 or folder stored on the NT server contains an illegal
	      NT character in its name, then NT converts these	characters  to
	      Private  Use Unicode characters. The characters are: " * / < > ?
	       | also a space or period if it is the  last  character  of  the
	      file name, character codes 0x01 to 0x1f (control characters) and
	      Apple' apple logo.

	      Unfortunately, these private Unicode characters are not readable
	      by  the  mkisofs	NT executable. Therefore any file or directory
	      name containing these characters will be ignored - including the
	      contents of any such directory.

       MacOS X AppleDouble
	      When  HFS/HFS+ files are copied or saved by MacOS X on to a non-
	      HFS file system (e.g. UFS, NFS etc.), the files  are  stored  in
	      AppleDouble  format.   Data fork stored in a file. Resource fork
	      stored in a file with same name prefixed with "._". Finder  info
	      also stored in same "._" file.

       MacOS X HFS (Alpha)
	      Not  really an Apple/Unix encoding, but actual HFS/HFS+ files on
	      a MacOS X system. Data fork stored  in  a	 file.	Resource  fork
	      stored  in  a  pseudo  file  with	 the same name with the suffix
	      '/rsrc'. The finderinfo is only available via a MacOS X  library
	      call.

	      Notes: (also see README.macosx)

	      Only works when used on MacOS X.

	      If  a  file  is found with a zero length resource fork and empty
	      finderinfo, it is assumed not to have any Apple/Unix encoding  -
	      therefore a TYPE and CREATOR can be set using other methods.

       mkisofs	will attempt to set the CREATOR, TYPE, date and possibly other
       flags from the finder info. Additionally, if it exists,	the  Macintosh
       filename	 is  set from the finder info, otherwise the Macintosh name is
       based on the Unix filename - see the HFS MACINTOSH FILE	NAMES  section
       below.

       When  using  the	 -apple option, the TYPE and CREATOR are stored in the
       optional System Use or SUSP field in the ISO-9660 Directory Record - in
       much  the  same	way  as the Rock Ridge attributes are. In fact to make
       life easy, the Apple extensions are  added  at  the  beginning  of  the
       existing	 Rock  Ridge  attributes (i.e. to get the Apple extensions you
       get the Rock Ridge extensions as well).

       The Apple extensions require the resource  fork	to  be	stored	as  an
       ISO-9660	 associated  file. This is just like any normal file stored in
       the ISO-9660 filesystem except that the associated file flag is set  in
       the  Directory  Record (bit 2). This file has the same name as the data
       fork (the file seen by non-Apple machines). Associated files  are  nor‐
       mally ignored by other OSs

       When  using  the	 -hfs  option,	the TYPE and CREATOR plus other finder
       info, are stored in a  separate	HFS  directory,	 not  visible  on  the
       ISO-9660	 volume.  The  HFS  directory  references  the	same  data and
       resource fork files described above.

       In most cases, it is better to use  the	-hfs  option  instead  of  the
       -apple  option,	as  the latter imposes the limited ISO-9660 characters
       allowed in filenames. However, the Apple extensions do give the	advan‐
       tage  that the files are packed on the disk more efficiently and it may
       be possible to fit more files on a CD - important when the  total  size
       of the source files is approaching 650MB.

HFS MACINTOSH FILE NAMES
       Where possible, the HFS filename that is stored with an Apple/Unix file
       is used for the HFS part of the CD. However,  not  all  the  Apple/Unix
       encodings  store	 the HFS filename with the finderinfo. In these cases,
       the Unix filename is used - with escaped	 special  characters.  Special
       characters include '/' and characters with codes over 127.

       Aufs  escapes  these  characters by using ":" followed by the character
       code as two hex digits. Netatalk and EtherShare have a similar  scheme,
       but uses "%" instead of a ":".

       If mkisofs can't find an HFS filename, then it uses the Unix name, with
       any %xx or :xx characters (xx == two hex digits) converted to a	single
       character code. If "xx" are not hex digits ([0-9a-fA-F]), then they are
       left alone - although any remaining ":" is converted to "%" as colon is
       the  HFS	 directory  separator. Care must be taken, as an ordinary Unix
       file with %xx or :xx will also be converted. e.g.

       This:2fFile   converted to This/File

       This:File     converted to This%File

       This:t7File   converted to This%t7File

       Although HFS filenames appear to support upper and lower case  letters,
       the  filesystem is case insensitive. i.e. the filenames "aBc" and "AbC"
       are the same. If a file is found in a directory with the same HFS name,
       then  mkisofs  will  attempt,  where possible, to make a unique name by
       adding '_' characters to one of the filenames.

       If an HFS filename exists for a file, then mkisofs can use this name as
       the  starting  point  for the ISO-9660, Joliet and Rock Ridge filenames
       using the -mac-name option. Normal Unix files without an HFS name  will
       still use their Unix name.  e.g.

       If  a MacBinary (or PC Exchange) file is stored as someimage.gif.bin on
       the Unix filesystem, but contains a HFS file called someimage.gif, then
       this  is the name that would appear on the HFS part of the CD. However,
       as mkisofs uses the Unix name as	 the  starting	point  for  the	 other
       names,  then  the ISO-9660 name generated will probably be SOMEIMAG.BIN
       and the Joliet/Rock Ridge would	be  someimage.gif.bin.	 Although  the
       actual data (in this case) is a GIF image. This option will use the HFS
       filename as the starting point and the ISO-9660 name will  probably  be
       SOMEIMAG.GIF and the Joliet/Rock Ridge would be someimage.gif.

       Using the -mac-name option will not currently work with the -T option -
       the Unix name will be used in the TRANS.TBL  file,  not	the  Macintosh
       name.

       The  character  set  used to convert any HFS file name to a Joliet/Rock
       Ridge file name defaults to cp10000 (Mac	 Roman).   The	character  set
       used  can be specified using the -input-hfs-charset option. Other built
       in HFS character sets are: cp10006 (MacGreek),  cp10007	(MacCyrillic),
       cp10029 (MacLatin2), cp10079 (MacIcelandic) and cp10081 (MacTurkish).

       Note: the character codes used by HFS file names taken from the various
       Apple/Unix formats will not be converted as they are assumed to	be  in
       the  correct  Apple  character  set.  Only  the Joliet/Rock Ridge names
       derived from the HFS file names will be converted.

       The existing mkisofs code will filter out any  illegal  characters  for
       the ISO-9660 and Joliet filenames, but as mkisofs expects to be dealing
       directly with Unix names, it leaves the Rock Ridge names as is.	But as
       '/'  is	a  legal HFS filename character, the -mac-name option converts
       '/' to a '_' in Rock Ridge filenames.

       If the Apple extensions are used, then only the ISO-9660 filenames will
       appear on the Macintosh. However, as the Macintosh ISO-9660 drivers can
       use Level 2 filenames, then you can use	options	 like  -allow-multidot
       without	problems  on a Macintosh - still take care over the names, for
       example this.file.name will be converted to THIS.FILE  i.e.  only  have
       one  '.', also filename abcdefgh will be seen as ABCDEFGH but abcdefghi
       will be seen as ABCDEFGHI.  i.e. with a '.' at the end - don't know  if
       this  is a Macintosh problem or mkisofs/mkhybrid problem. All filenames
       will be in upper case when viewed on a Macintosh. Of course, DOS/Win3.X
       machines will not be able to see Level 2 filenames...

HFS CUSTOM VOLUME/FOLDER ICONS
       To  give	 a HFS CD a custom icon, make sure the root (top level) folder
       includes a standard Macintosh volume icon file. To give a volume a cus‐
       tom  icon  on  a	 Macintosh, an icon has to be pasted over the volume's
       icon in the "Get Info" box of the volume.  This	creates	 an  invisible
       file  called  'Icon\r' ('\r' is the 'carriage return' character) in the
       root folder.

       A custom folder icon  is	 very  similar	-  an  invisible  file	called
       'Icon\r' exits in the folder itself.

       Probably	 the easiest way to create a custom icon that mkisofs can use,
       is to format a blank HFS floppy disk on a Mac, paste  an	 icon  to  its
       "Get Info" box. If using Linux with the HFS module installed, mount the
       floppy using something like:

		  mount -t hfs /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy

       The floppy will be mounted as a CAP file system by  default.  Then  run
       mkisofs using something like:

		  mkisofs --cap -o output source_dir /mnt/floppy

       If  you	are not using Linux, then you can use the hfsutils to copy the
       icon file from the floppy. However, care has to be taken, as  the  icon
       file contains a control character. e.g.

		  hmount /dev/fd0
		  hdir -a
		  hcopy -m Icon^V^M icon_dir/icon

       Where  '^V^M'  is  control-V followed by control-M. Then run mkisofs by
       using something like:

		  mkisofs --macbin -o output source_dir icon_dir

       The procedure for creating/using custom folder icons is very similar  -
       paste  an  icon	to  folder's "Get Info" box and transfer the resulting
       'Icon\r' file to the relevant directory in the mkisofs source tree.

       You may want to hide the icon files from the ISO-9660 and Joliet trees.

       To give a custom icon to a Joliet CD, follow the instructions found at:
       http://www.fadden.com/cdrfaq/faq03.html#[3-21]

HFS BOOT DRIVER
       It may be possible to make the hybrid CD bootable on a Macintosh.

       A  bootable  HFS	 CD requires an Apple CD-ROM (or compatible) driver, a
       bootable HFS partition and the necessary System, Finder, etc. files.

       A driver can be obtained from any other Macintosh bootable CD-ROM using
       the  apple_driver  utility.  This  file	can  then  be  used  with  the
       -boot-hfs-file option.

       The HFS partition (i.e. the hybrid disk in our  case)  must  contain  a
       suitable System Folder, again from another CD-ROM or disk.

       For  a  partition  to be bootable, it must have its boot block set. The
       boot block is in the first two  blocks  of  a  partition.  For  a  non-
       bootable	 partition  the	 boot block is full of zeros. Normally, when a
       System file is copied to partition on a Macintosh disk, the boot	 block
       is  filled  with	 a number of required settings - unfortunately I don't
       know the full spec for the boot block, so I'm guessing that the follow‐
       ing will work OK.

       Therefore,  the	utility apple_driver also extracts the boot block from
       the first HFS partition it finds on the given CD-ROM and this  is  used
       for the HFS partition created by mkisofs.

       PLEASE NOTE
	      By using a driver from an Apple CD and copying Apple software to
	      your CD, you become liable to obey Apple Computer, Inc. Software
	      License Agreements.

EL TORITO BOOT INFORMATION TABLE
       When the -boot-info-table option is given, mkisofs will modify the boot
       file specified by the -b option by inserting a 56-byte  "boot  informa‐
       tion  table" at offset 8 in the file.  This modification is done in the
       source filesystem, so make sure you use a copy if this file is not eas‐
       ily  recreated!	This file contains pointers which may not be easily or
       reliably obtained at boot time.

       The format of this table is as follows; all  integers  are  in  section
       7.3.1 ("little endian") format.

	 Offset	   Name		  Size	    Meaning
	  8	   bi_pvd	  4 bytes   LBA of primary volume descriptor
	 12	   bi_file	  4 bytes   LBA of boot file
	 16	   bi_length	  4 bytes   Boot file length in bytes
	 20	   bi_csum	  4 bytes   32-bit checksum
	 24	   bi_reserved	  40 bytes  Reserved

       The 32-bit checksum is the sum of all the 32-bit words in the boot file
       starting at byte offset 64.  All	 linear	 block	addresses  (LBAs)  are
       given in CD sectors (normally 2048 bytes).

CONFIGURATION
       mkisofs	looks  for  the	 .mkisofsrc file, first in the current working
       directory, then in the user's home directory, and then in the directory
       in which the mkisofs binary is stored.  This file is assumed to contain
       a series of lines of the form TAG=value , and in this way you can spec‐
       ify  certain  options.	The  case of the tag is not significant.  Some
       fields in the volume header are not settable on the command  line,  but
       can  be	altered through this facility.	Comments may be placed in this
       file, using lines which start with a hash (#) character.

       APPI   The application identifier should describe the application  that
	      will be on the disc.  There is space on the disc for 128 charac‐
	      ters of information.  The related Joliet entry is limited to  64
	      characters.  May be overridden using the -A command line option.

       COPY   The  copyright information, often the name of a file on the disc
	      containing the copyright notice.	There is space in the disc for
	      37  characters of information.  The related Joliet entry is lim‐
	      ited to 18 characters.  May be overridden using  the  -copyright
	      command line option.

       ABST   The  abstract  information, often the name of a file on the disc
	      containing an abstract.  There is space in the disc for 37 char‐
	      acters  of  information.	The related Joliet entry is limited to
	      18 characters.  May be overridden using  the  -abstract  command
	      line option.

       BIBL   The  bibliographic  information, often the name of a file on the
	      disc containing a bibliography.  There is space in the disc  for
	      37  characters of information.  The related Joliet entry is lim‐
	      ited to 18 characters.  May be overridden using the -bilio  com‐
	      mand line option.

       PREP   This  should  describe the preparer of the CDROM, usually with a
	      mailing address and phone number.	 There is space	 on  the  disc
	      for  128 characters of information.  The related Joliet entry is
	      limited to 64 characters.	 May be overridden using the  -p  com‐
	      mand line option.

       PUBL   This  should describe the publisher of the CDROM, usually with a
	      mailing address and phone number.	 There is space	 on  the  disc
	      for  128 characters of information.  The related Joliet entry is
	      limited to 64 characters.	 May be	 overridden  using  the	 -pub‐
	      lisher command line option.

       SYSI   The  System Identifier.  There is space on the disc for 32 char‐
	      acters of information.  May be overridden using the -sysid  com‐
	      mand line option.

       VOLI   The  Volume Identifier.  There is space on the disc for 32 char‐
	      acters of information.  May be overridden using the  -V  command
	      line option.

       VOLS   The Volume Set Name.  There is space on the disc for 128 charac‐
	      ters of information.  The related Joliet entry is limited to  64
	      characters.   May	 be  overridden using the -volset command line
	      option.

       HFS_TYPE
	      The default TYPE for Macintosh files. Must be exactly 4  charac‐
	      ters.   May  be  overridden  using  the  -hfs-type  command line
	      option.

       HFS_CREATOR
	      The default CREATOR for Macintosh files. Must be exactly 4 char‐
	      acters.	May  be overridden using the -hfs-creator command line
	      option.

       mkisofs can also be configured at compile time with defaults  for  many
       of these fields.	 See the file defaults.h.

EXAMPLES
       To create a vanilla ISO-9660 filesystem image in the file cd.iso, where
       the directory cd_dir will become the  root  directory  of  the  CD  ISO
       image, call:

       % mkisofs -o cd.iso cd_dir

       To  create  a  CD  with	Rock  Ridge extensions of the source directory
       cd_dir:

       % mkisofs -o cd.iso -R cd_dir

       To create a CD with Rock	 Ridge	extensions  of	the  source  directory
       cd_dir  where all files have at least read permission and all files are
       owned by root, call:

       % mkisofs -o cd.iso -r cd_dir

       To write a tar archive directly to a CD that will later contain a  sim‐
       ple ISO-9660 filesystem with the tar archive call:

       % star -c . | mkisofs -stream-media-size 333000 | \
       cdrecord dev=b,t,l -dao tsize=333000s -

       To  create a HFS hybrid CD with the Joliet and Rock Ridge extensions of
       the source directory cd_dir:

       % mkisofs -o cd.iso -R -J -hfs cd_dir

       To create a HFS hybrid CD from the source directory  cd_dir  that  con‐
       tains Netatalk Apple/Unix files:

       % mkisofs -o cd.iso --netatalk cd_dir

       To  create a HFS hybrid CD from the source directory cd_dir, giving all
       files CREATOR and TYPES based on just their filename extensions	listed
       in the file "mapping".:

       % mkisofs -o cd.iso -map mapping cd_dir

       To create a CD with the 'Apple Extensions to ISO-9660', from the source
       directories cd_dir and another_dir.  Files in all the known  Apple/Unix
       format are decoded and any other files are given CREATOR and TYPE based
       on their magic number given in the file "magic":

       % mkisofs -o cd.iso -apple -magic magic -probe \
	       cd_dir another_dir

       The following example puts different files on the CD that all have  the
       name  README, but have different contents when seen as a ISO-9660/Rock‐
       Ridge, Joliet or HFS CD.

       Current directory contains:

       % ls -F
       README.hfs     README.joliet  README.unix    cd_dir/

       The following command puts the contents of the directory cd_dir on  the
       CD  along  with the three README files - but only one will be seen from
       each of the three filesystems:

       % mkisofs -o cd.iso -hfs -J -r -graft-points \
	       -hide README.hfs -hide README.joliet \
	       -hide-joliet README.hfs -hide-joliet README.unix \
	       -hide-hfs README.joliet -hide-hfs README.unix \
	       README=README.hfs README=README.joliet \
	       README=README.unix cd_dir

       i.e. the file README.hfs will be seen as README on the HFS CD  and  the
       other  two  README  files  will be hidden. Similarly for the Joliet and
       ISO-9660/RockRidge CD.

       There are probably all sorts of strange results possible with  combina‐
       tions of the hide options ...

AUTHOR
       Eric  Youngdale	<ericy@gnu.ai.mit.edu> or <eric@andante.org> wrote the
       first versions (1993 ... 1998) of the mkisofs utility.	The  copyright
       for old versions of the mkisofs utility is held by Yggdrasil Computing,
       Incorporated.  Joerg Schilling wrote the SCSI transport library and its
       adaptation layer to mkisofs and newer parts (starting from 1997) of the
       utility.	 Joerg Schilling is the primary maintainer  since  1999,  this
       makes mkisofs Copyright (C) 1997-2010 Joerg Schilling.

       HFS hybrid code Copyright (C) James Pearson 1997 ... 2001.

       libhfs code Copyright (C) 1996, 1997 Robert Leslie.

       libfile	code Copyright (C) Ian F. Darwin 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991,
       1992, 1994, 1995.

NOTES
       Mkisofs may safely be installed suid root. This may be needed to	 allow
       mkisofs	to  read  the  previous	 session when creating a multi session
       image.

       mkisofs is not based on the standard mk*fs tools for unix,  because  we
       must  generate  a  complete copy of an existing filesystem on a disk in
       the  ISO-9660 filesystem.  The name mkisofs is probably a bit of a mis‐
       nomer,  since it not only creates the filesystem, but it also populates
       it as well.  However, the appropriate tool name for a  UNIX  tool  that
       creates populated filesystems - mkproto - is not well known.

       If  mkisofs  is	creating a filesystem image with Rock Ridge attributes
       and the directory nesting level of the source  directory	 tree  is  too
       much  for  ISO-9660,  mkisofs  will do deep directory relocation.  This
       results in a directory called RR_MOVED in the root directory of the CD.
       You  cannot  avoid this directory in the directory tree that is visible
       with ISO-9660 but it it automatically hidden in the Rock Ridge tree.

       The sparc boot support that is implemented with the -sparc-boot options
       completely  follows  the	 official  Sparc CD boot requirements from the
       Boot prom in Sun Sparc systems. Some Linux distributions for Sparc sys‐
       tems  use  a boot loader called SILO that unfortunately is not Sparc CD
       boot compliant.	It is annoyingly to see that the Authors of SILO don't
       fix  SILO  but instead provide a completely unneeded "patch" to mkisofs
       that incorporates far more source than the fix for SILO would need.

BUGS
       ·      Does not properly read relocated	directories  in	 multi-session
	      mode when adding data.

	      Any relocated deep directory is lost if the new session does not
	      include the deep directory.

	      Repeat by: create first session with deep	 directory  relocation
	      then add new session with a single dir that differs from the old
	      deep path.

       ·      Does not re-use RR_MOVED when doing multi-session from TRANS.TBL

       There may be some other ones.  Please, report them to the author.

HFS PROBLEMS/LIMITATIONS
       I have had to make several assumptions on how  I	 expect	 the  modified
       libhfs  routines to work, however there may be situations that either I
       haven't thought of, or come across when these assumptions fail.	There‐
       fore  I	can't guarantee that mkisofs will work as expected (although I
       haven't had a major problem yet). Most of the HFS features  work	 fine,
       however, some are not fully tested. These are marked as Alpha above.

       Although	 HFS filenames appear to support upper and lower case letters,
       the filesystem is case insensitive. i.e. the filenames "aBc" and	 "AbC"
       are the same. If a file is found in a directory with the same HFS name,
       then mkisofs will attempt, where possible, to make  a  unique  name  by
       adding '_' characters to one of the filenames.

       HFS file/directory names that share the first 31 characters have _N' (N
       == decimal number) substituted for the last few characters to  generate
       unique names.

       Care must be taken when "grafting" Apple/Unix files or directories (see
       above for the method and syntax involved). It is not possible to use  a
       new name for an Apple/Unix encoded file/directory. e.g. If a Apple/Unix
       encoded file called "oldname" is to added to the CD, then you  can  not
       use the command line:

	      mkisofs -o output.raw -hfs -graft-points newname=oldname cd_dir

       mkisofs	will  be  unable  to  decode "oldname". However, you can graft
       Apple/Unix encoded files or directories as long as you do  not  attempt
       to give them new names as above.

       When  creating  an HFS volume with the multisession options, -M and -C,
       only files in the last session will be in the HFS volume. i.e.  mkisofs
       can not add existing files from previous sessions to the HFS volume.

       However,	 if  each  session is created with the -part option, then each
       session will appear as separate volumes when mounted on a Mac. In  this
       case,  it  is worth using the -V or -hfs-volid option to give each ses‐
       sion a unique volume name, otherwise each "volume" will appear  on  the
       Desktop with the same name.

       Symbolic	 links	(as with all other non-regular files) are not added to
       the HFS directory.

       Hybrid volumes may be larger than pure ISO-9660 volumes containing  the
       same data. In some cases (e.g. DVD sized volumes) the hybrid volume may
       be significantly larger. As an HFS volume  gets	bigger,	 so  does  the
       allocation block size (the smallest amount of space a file can occupy).
       For a 650Mb CD, the allocation block is 10Kb, for a 4.7Gb DVD  it  will
       be about 70Kb.

       The  maximum number of files in an HFS volume is about 65500 - although
       the real limit will be somewhat less than this.

       The resulting hybrid volume can be accessed on a Unix machine by	 using
       the hfsutils routines. However, no changes can be made to the volume as
       it is set as locked.  The option	 -hfs-unlock  will  create  an	output
       image  that is unlocked - however no changes should be made to the con‐
       tents of the volume (unless you really know what you are doing) as it's
       not a "real" HFS volume.

       Using the -mac-name option will not currently work with the -T option -
       the Unix name will be used in the TRANS.TBL  file,  not	the  Macintosh
       name.

       Although	 mkisofs  does	not  alter the contents of a file, if a binary
       file has its TYPE set as 'TEXT', it may be read incorrectly on a Macin‐
       tosh. Therefore a better choice for the default TYPE may be '????'

       The -mac-boot-file option may not work at all...

       May not work with PC Exchange v2.2 or higher files (available with Mac‐
       OS 8.1).	 DOS media containing PC Exchange files should be  mounted  as
       type msdos (not vfat) when using Linux.

       The  SFM	 format	 is  only partially supported - see HFS MACINTOSH FILE
       FORMATS section above.

       It is not possible to use the the -sparc-boot or -generic-boot  options
       with the -boot-hfs-file the -prep-boot or -chrp-boot options.

       mkisofs	should	be able to create HFS hybrid images over 4Gb, although
       this has not been fully tested.

SEE ALSO
       cdrecord(1), mkzftree(1), magic(5), apple_driver(8).

FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS
       Some sort of gui interface.

AVAILABILITY
       mkisofs	is  available  as  part	  of   the   cdrecord	package	  from
       ftp://ftp.berlios.de/pub/cdrecord/

       hfsutils from ftp://ftp.mars.org/pub/hfs

       mkzftree	 is  available	as  part  of  the  zisofs-tools	 package  from
       ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/zisofs/

MAILING LISTS
       If you want to actively take part on the development  of	 mkisofs,  you
       may join the developer mailing list via this URL:

       http://lists.berlios.de/mailman/listinfo/cdrecord-developers

MAINTAINER
       Joerg Schilling
       Seestr. 110
       D-13353 Berlin
       Germany

HFS MKHYBRID MAINTAINER
       James Pearson

       j.pearson@ge.ucl.ac.uk

       If you have support questions, send them to:

       cdrecord-support@berlios.de

       If you definitely found a bug, send a mail to:

       cdrecord-developers@berlios.de
       or joerg.schilling@fokus.fraunhofer.de

       To subscribe, use:

       http://lists.berlios.de/mailman/listinfo/cdrecord-developers
       or http://lists.berlios.de/mailman/listinfo/cdrecord-support

INTERFACE STABILITY
       The  interfaces	provided by mkisofs are designed for long term stabil‐
       ity.  As mkisofs depends on interfaces provided by the underlying oper‐
       ating  system,  the  stability  of  the	interfaces  offered by mkisofs
       depends on the interface stability  of  the  OS	interfaces.   Modified
       interfaces in the OS may enforce modified interfaces in mkisofs.

Version 3.0			  2011/06/05			    MKISOFS(8)
[top]

List of man pages available for Haiku

Copyright (c) for man pages and the logo by the respective OS vendor.

For those who want to learn more, the polarhome community provides shell access and support.

[legal] [privacy] [GNU] [policy] [cookies] [netiquette] [sponsors] [FAQ]
Tweet
Polarhome, production since 1999.
Member of Polarhome portal.
Based on Fawad Halim's script.
....................................................................
Vote for polarhome
Free Shell Accounts :: the biggest list on the net