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PS(1)			     BSD Reference Manual			 PS(1)

NAME
     ps - process status

SYNOPSIS
     ps [-aCehjlmrSTuvwx] [-E user] [-M core] [-N system] [-O fmt] [-o fmt]
	[-p pid] [-t tty] [-U user] [-W swap]
     ps [-L]

DESCRIPTION
     Ps displays a header line followed by lines containing information about
     your processes that have controlling terminals.  This information is
     sorted by process ID.

     The information displayed is selected based on a set of keywords (see the
     -L, -O and -o options).  The default output format includes, for each
     process, the process' ID, controlling terminal, cpu time (including both
     user and system time), state, and associated command.

     The options are as follows:

     -a	     Display information about other users' processes as well as your
	     own.

     -C	     Change the way the cpu percentage (%cpu) is calculated by using a
	     ``raw'' cpu calculation that ignores ``resident'' time.

     -E	     Display information about processes with the specified effective
	     uid.  The specified uid may be numeric or symbolic.  The -E op-
	     tion implies the -x option.

     -e	     Display the environment as well.

     -h	     Repeat the information header as often as necessary to guarantee
	     one header per page of information.

     -j	     Print information associated with the following keywords: user,
	     pid, ppid, pgid, sess, jobc, state, tt, time and command.

     -L	     List the set of available keywords.

     -l	     Display information associated with the following keywords: uid,
	     pid, ppid, cpu, pri, nice, vsz, rss, wchan, state, tt, time and
	     command.

     -M	     Extract values associated with the name list from the specified
	     core instead of the default ``/dev/kmem''.

     -m	     Sort by memory usage, instead of by process ID.

     -N	     Extract the name list from the specified system instead of the
	     default ``/bsd''.

     -O	     Add the information associated with the space or comma separated
	     list of keywords specified, after the process ID, in the default
	     information display.  Keywords may be appended with an equals
	     (``='') sign and a string.	 This causes the printed header to use
	     the specified string instead of the standard header.

     -o	     Display information associated with the space or comma separated
	     list of keywords specified.  Keywords may be appended with an
	     equals (``='') sign and a string.	This causes the printed header

	     to use the specified string instead of the standard header.

     -p	     Display information associated with the specified process ID. The
	     -p option implies the -x option.

     -r	     Sort by current cpu usage, instead of by process ID.

     -S	     Change the way the process time is calculated by summing all ex-
	     ited children to their parent process.

     -T	     Display information about processes attached to the device asso-
	     ciated with the standard input.

     -t	     Display information about processes attached to the specified
	     terminal device.

     -U	     Display information about processes with the specified real uid.
	     The specified uid may be numeric or symbolic.  The -U option im-
	     plies the -x option.

     -u	     Display information associated with the following keywords: user,
	     pid, %cpu, %mem, vsz, rss, tt, state, start, time and command.
	     The -u option implies the -r option.

     -v	     Display information associated with the following keywords: pid,
	     state, time, sl, re, pagein, vsz, rss, lim, tsiz, %cpu, %mem and
	     command.  The -v option implies the -m option.

     -W	     Extract swap information from the specified file instead of the
	     default ``/dev/swap''.

     -w	     Use 132 columns to display information, instead of the default
	     which is your window size.	 If the -w option is specified more
	     than once, ps will use as many columns as necessary without re-
	     gard for your window size.

     -x	     Display information about processes without controlling termi-
	     nals.

     A complete list of the available keywords are listed below.  Some of
     these keywords are further specified as follows:

     %cpu    The cpu utilization of the process; this is a decaying average
	     over up to a minute of previous (real) time.  Normally, the cpu
	     percentage is scaled by resident time.  This scaling produces a
	     higher percentage for recently-resident programs (such as those
	     that have been started recently), as they have accumulated their
	     cpu time over a shorter period.  The -C option disables this
	     scaling.  Since the time base over which this is computed varies
	     (since processes may be very young) it is possible for the sum of
	     all %CPU fields to exceed 100%.

     %mem    The percentage of real memory used by this process.

     flags   The flags (in hexadecimal) associated with the process as in the
	     include file <sys/proc.h>:

	     P_ADVLOCK	    0x00001	   holds advisory lock
	     P_ASYNCDAEMON  0x40000	   VM paging assistant daemon
	     P_CONTROLT	    0x00002	   has control tty
	     P_EXEC	    0x04000	   process called exec(2)
	     P_INMEM	    0x00004	   u. area locked in core
	     P_NOCLDSTOP    0x00008	   no SIGCHLD when children stop
	     P_NOSWAP	    0x08000	   a flag to prevent swap out
	     P_OWEUPC	    0x20000	   owe process an addupc() call at

					   next ast
	     P_PHYSIO	    0x10000	   doing physical I/O
	     P_PPWAIT	    0x00010	   parent waiting in a vfork(2)
	     P_PROFIL	    0x00020	   process being profiled
	     P_SELECT	    0x00040	   selecting; wakeup/waiting danger
	     P_SINTR	    0x00080	   sleep is interruptible
	     P_SUGID	    0x00100	   had privileges since last exec
	     P_SYSTEM	    0x00200	   swapper or pager process
	     P_TIMEOUT	    0x00400	   timing out during sleep
	     P_TRACED	    0x00800	   process is being traced
	     P_WAITED	    0x01000	   tracer has seen child stop
	     P_WEXIT	    0x02000	   working on exiting

     lim     The soft limit on memory used, specified via a call to
	     setrlimit(2).  (This is not yet implemented.)

     lstart  The time the command started, using the format ``%a %b %e
	     %H:%M:%S %Y'' (i.e. the format used by ctime(3) and asctime(3),
	     described in strftime(3)).

     nice    The process scheduling increment (see setpriority(2)).

     rss     The real memory (resident set) size of the process (in 1024 byte
	     units).

     start   The time the command started.  If the command started less than
	     24 hours ago, the start time is displayed using the ``%l:%M%p''
	     format described in strftime(3).  If the command started less
	     than 7 days ago, the start time is displayed using the ``%a%I%p''
	     format.  Otherwise, the start time is displayed using the
	     ``%e%b%y'' format.

     state   The state is given by a sequence of letters, for example,
	     ``RWNA''. The first letter indicates the run state of the pro-
	     cess:

	     D	     Marks a process in disk (or other short term, un-inter-
		     ruptible) wait.
	     I	     Marks a process that is idle (sleeping for longer than
		     about 20 seconds).
	     R	     Marks a runnable process.
	     S	     Marks a process that is sleeping for less than about 20
		     seconds.
	     T	     Marks a stopped process.
	     Z	     Marks a dead process (a ``zombie'').

	     Additional characters after these, if any, indicate additional
	     state information:

	     +	     The process is in the foreground process group of its
		     control terminal.
	     <	     The process has raised CPU scheduling priority.
	     E	     The process is trying to exit.
	     L	     The process has pages locked in core (for example, for
		     raw I/O).
	     N	     The process has reduced CPU scheduling priority (see
		     setpriority(2)).
	     s	     The process is a session leader.
	     V	     The process is suspended during a vfork.
	     W	     The process's kernel stack is pageable.
	     X	     The process is being traced or debugged.

     tt	     An abbreviation for the pathname of the controlling terminal, if
	     any.  The abbreviation consists of the three letters following
	     ``/dev/tty'', or, for the console, ``co'', or for any other de-
	     vice, the first three letters.  This is followed by a ``-'' if
	     the process can no longer reach that controlling terminal (i.e.,
	     it has been revoked).

     wchan   The event (an address in the system) on which a process waits.
	     When printed numerically, the initial part of the address is
	     trimmed off and the result is printed in hex, for example,
	     0x80324000 prints as 324000.

     When printing using the command keyword, a process that has exited and
     has a parent that has not yet waited for the process (in other words, a
     zombie) is listed as ``<defunct>'', and a process which is blocked while
     trying to exit is listed as ``<exiting>''.	 Ps makes an educated guess as
     to the file name and arguments given when the process was created by ex-
     amining memory or the swap area.  The method is inherently somewhat unre-
     liable and in any event a process is entitled to destroy this informa-
     tion, so the names cannot be depended on too much.	 The ucomm (account-
     ing) keyword can, however, be depended on.

KEYWORDS
     The following is a complete list of the available keywords and their
     meanings.	Several of them have aliases (keywords which are synonyms).

     %cpu	percentage cpu usage (alias pcpu)
     %mem	percentage memory usage (alias pmem)
     acflag	accounting flag (alias acflg); see /sys/sys/acct.h.
     command	command and arguments
     cpu	short-term cpu usage factor (for scheduling)
     flags	the process flags, in hexadecimal (alias f)
     inblk	total blocks read (alias inblock)
     jobc	job control count
     ktrace	tracing flags
     ktracep	tracing vnode
     lim	memoryuse limit (currently unimplemented)
     logname	login name of user who started the process (alias login)
     lstart	time started
     majflt	total page faults (currently unimplemented)
     minflt	total page reclaims (currently unimplemented)
     msgrcv	total messages received (reads from pipes/sockets)
     msgsnd	total messages sent (writes on pipes/sockets)
     mapent	total VM map entries
     nice	nice value (alias ni)
     nivcsw	total involuntary context switches
     nsigs	total signals taken (alias nsignals)
     nswap	total swaps in/out (currently unimplemented)
     nvcsw	total voluntary context switches
     nwchan	wait channel (as an address)
     oublk	total blocks written (alias oublock)
     p_ru	resource usage (valid only for zombie)
     paddr	address of proc structure
     pagein	pageins (same as majflt)
     pgid	process group number
     pid	process ID
     ppid	parent process ID
     pri	scheduling priority
     re		core residency time (in seconds; 999 = infinity)
     rgid	real group ID
     rlink	reverse link on run queue, or 0
     rss	resident set size
     rsz	resident set size + (text size / text use count) (alias rs-
		size)
     ruid	real user ID
     ruser	user name (from ruid)
     sess	session pointer
     sig	pending signals (alias pending)

     sigcatch	caught signals (alias caught)
     sigignore	ignored signals (alias ignored)
     sigmask	blocked signals (alias blocked)
     sl		sleep time (in seconds; 999 = infinity)
     start	time started
     state	symbolic process state (alias stat)
     svgid	saved gid from a setgid executable
     svuid	saved uid from a setuid executable
     tdev	control terminal device number (major/minor)
     time	accumulated cpu time, user + system (alias cputime)
     tpgid	control terminal process group ID
     tsess	control terminal session pointer
     tsiz	text size (in Kbytes)
     tt		control terminal name (two letter abbreviation)
     tty	full name of control terminal
     ucomm	name to be used for accounting
     uid	effective user ID
     upr	scheduling priority on return from system call (alias usrpri)
     user	user name (from uid)
     vsz	virtual size in Kbytes (alias vsize)
     wchan	wait channel (as a symbolic name)
     xstat	exit or stop status (valid only for stopped or zombie process)

FILES
     /dev		 special files and device names
     /dev/drum		 default swap device
     /dev/kmem		 default kernel memory
     /var/run/dev.db	 /dev name database
     /var/db/kvm_bsd.db	 system namelist database
     /bsd		 default system namelist

SEE ALSO
     systat(1),	 w(1),	kvm(3),	 strftime(3),  pstat(8)

BUGS
     Since ps cannot run faster than the system and is run as any other sched-
     uled process, the information it displays can never be exact.

     If the symbol _KERNBASE is not found in the kernel, ps will attempt to
     guess at a likely value; if this value happens to be incorrect, behavior
     can be surprising.	 If this prevents symbolic interpretation of the wchan
     field, it will be truncated to the six least-significant hexadecimal dig-
     its and printed numerically.

4th Berkeley Distribution	April 18, 1994				     5
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