HIER(7) BSD Miscellaneous Information Manual HIER(7)NAMEhier — layout of filesystems
DESCRIPTION
A sketch of the filesystem hierarchy.
/ root directory of the filesystem
/bin/ user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user
environments
/boot/ programs and configuration files used during operating system
bootstrap
defaults/ default bootstrapping configuration files; see
loader.conf(5)
kernel pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded
into memory at boot time).
modules/ loadable kernel modules; see kldstat(8)
/dev/ block and character device files
fd/ file descriptor files; see fd(4)
/etc/ system configuration files and scripts
bluetooth/ bluetooth configuration files
defaults/ default system configuration files; see rc(8)
dma/ dma(8) configuration files
isdn/ isdn4bsd configuration files; see isdnd(8)
localtime local timezone information; see ctime(3)
mail/ Sendmail control files
mtree/ mtree configuration files; see mtree(8)
pam.d/ configuration files for the Pluggable Authentica‐
tion Modules (PAM) library
periodic/ scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly,
via cron(8); see periodic(8)
ppp/ ppp configuration files; see ppp(8)
rc.d/ System and daemon startup/control scripts; see
rc(8)
ssh/ OpenSSH configuration files; see ssh(1)
ssl/ OpenSSL configuration files
upgrade/ Files relevant to system upgrades
uucp/ uucp configuration files; see uucp(1)
/home/ HOME directories of non-root users
/mnt/ empty directory commonly used by system administrators as a
temporary mount point
/pfs/ pseudo file system directory (on hammer(5) root file systems)
/proc/ process file system; see procfs(5), mount_procfs(8)
/root/ root's HOME directory
/sbin/ system programs and administration utilities fundamental to
both single-user and multi-user environments
/sys/ the kernel's source code (usually a symbolic link to
/usr/src/sys)
/tmp/ temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across sys‐
tem reboots
/usr/ contains the majority of user utilities and applications
bin/ common utilities, programming tools, and applica‐
tions
games/ useful and semi-frivolous programs
include/ standard C include files
arpa/ C include files for Internet service
protocols
c++/ C++ include files
cam/ C include files for the Common Access
Methods Layer
scsi/ The SCSI device on top of CAM
dev/ C include files for programming various
DragonFly devices
emulation/ Include Files for various emulation lay‐
ers
fs/
smbfs/ SMB/CIFS filesystem
isofs/
cd9660/ iso9660 filesystem
libmilter/ C include files for libmilter, the send‐
mail mail filter API
libprop/ C include files for libprop
machine/ machine-specific C include files
msdosfs/ MS-DOS file system
net/ misc network C include files
netatalk/ Appletalk protocol
netatm/ ATM include files; see atm(8)
netinet/ C include files for Internet standard
protocols; see inet(4)
netinet6/ C include files for Internet protocol
version 6; see inet6(4)
netipx/ IPX/SPX protocol stacks
netkey/ kernel key-management service
netnatm/ NATM include files; see natm(4)
netsmb/ SMB/CIFS requester
nfs/ C include files for NFS (Network File
System)
objc/ Objective C include files
openssl/ OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) head‐
ers
pcap/ Packet Capture (libpcap) headers; see
pcap(3)
pccard/ PC-CARD controllers
protocols/ C include files for Berkeley service
protocols
readline/ get a line from a user, with editing;
see readline(3)
rpc/ remote procedure calls; see rpc(3)
rpcsvc/ definition of RPC service structures;
see rpc(3)
security/ PAM; see pam(8)
sys/ system C include files (kernel data
structures)
ufs/ C include files for UFS (The U-word File
System)
ffs/ Fast filesystem
mfs/ memory file system; see
mount_mfs(8)
ufs/ UFS filesystem
vm/ virtual memory; see vmstat(8)
lib/ archive libraries
aout/ a.out archive libraries
compat/ shared libraries for compatibility
aout/ a.out backward compatibility
libraries
engines/
OpenSSL dynamic engines
libdata/ misc. utility data files
doscmd/ files used by doscmd (drivers, fonts,
etc.); see doscmd(1)
fonts/ fonts used by doscmd
lint/ various prebuilt lint libraries; see
lint(1)
stallion/ holds the download firmware images
libexec/ system daemons & system utilities (executed by other
programs)
binutils220/
ldscripts/ linker scripts; see ld(1)
binutils221/
ldscripts/ linker scripts; see ld(1)
lpr/ utilities and filters for LP print
system; see lpr(1)
sendmail/ the sendmail binary; see
mailwrapper(8) and sendmail(8)
sm.bin/ restricted shell for sendmail; see
smrsh(8)
uucp/ uucp utilities; see uucp(1)
local/ local executables, libraries, etc. Within local/,
the general layout sketched out by hier(7) for /usr
should be used. Exceptions are the man/ directory
(directly under local/ rather than under
local/share/), documentation (in share/doc/<app>/),
and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc).
obj/ architecture-specific target tree produced by build‐
ing the /usr/src tree
pkg/ default destination directory for the pkgsrc(7) col‐
lection. Within pkg/, the general layout sketched
out by hier(7) for /usr should be used. Exceptions
are the man/ directory (directly under pkg/ rather
than under pkg/share/), documentation (in
share/doc/<pkg>/), and /usr/pkg/etc (mimics /etc).
pkgsrc/ The pkgsrc(7) collection (optional).
sbin/ system daemons & system utilities (executed by
users)
share/ architecture-independent files
calendar/ a variety of pre-fab calendar files;
see calendar(1)
dict/ word lists; see look(1)
web2 words from Webster's 2nd
International
words common words
papers/ reference databases; see
refer(1)
doc/ miscellaneous documentation
legal/ License files for vendor sup‐
plied firmwares
examples/ various examples for users and program‐
mers
games/ ASCII text files used by various games
groff_font/ device description file for device name
i18n/ internationalization databases; see
iconv(3)
info/ GNU Info hypertext system
isdn/ ISDN
libg++/ libg++'s genclass prototype/template
class files
locale/ localization files; see setlocale(3)
man/ manual pages
me/ macros for use with the me macro pack‐
age; see me(7)
misc/ misc system-wide ASCII text files
termcap terminal characteristics data‐
base; see termcap(5)
mk/ templates for make; see make(1)
nls/ national language support files; see
mklocale(1)
openssl/
man/ OpenSSL manual pages
sendmail/ sendmail configuration files; see
sendmail(8)
skel/ example . (dot) files for new accounts
syscons/ files used by syscons(4)
fonts/ console fonts; see
vidcontrol(1) and vidfont(1)
keymaps/ console keyboard maps; see
kbdcontrol(1) and kbdmap(1)
scrnmaps/ console screen maps
tabset/ tab description files for a variety of
terminals; used in the termcap file;
see termcap(5)
tmac/ text processing macros; see nroff(1)
and troff(1)
vi/ localization support and utilities for
vi(1)
zoneinfo/ timezone configuration information; see
tzfile(5)
src/ BSD, third-party, and/or local source files
bin/ source code for files in /bin
contrib/ source code for contributed software
crypto/ source code for contributed cryptography
software
etc/ source code for files in /etc
games/ source code for files in /usr/games
gnu/ Utilities covered by the GNU General Pub‐
lic License
include/ source code for files in /usr/include
lib/ source code for files in /usr/lib
libexec/ source code for files in /usr/libexec
nrelease/ files required to produce a DragonFly
release
sbin/ source code for files in /sbin
secure/ build directory for files in
/usr/src/crypto
share/ source for files in /usr/share
sys/ kernel source code
tools/ tools used for maintenance and testing of
DragonFly
usr.bin/ source code for files in /usr/bin
usr.sbin/ source code for files in /usr/sbin
/var/ multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files
account/ system accounting files
acct execution accounting file; see acct(5)
at/ timed command scheduling files; see at(1)
jobs/ directory containing job files
spool/ directory containing output spool files
backups/ misc. backup files
crash/ default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see
crash(8) and savecore(8)
cron/ files used by cron; see cron(8)
tabs/ crontab files; see crontab(5)
db/ misc. automatically generated system-specific data‐
base files
empty/ empty directory used by sshd(8) for privilege sepa‐
ration
games/ misc. game status and score files
hammer/ per PFS (pseudo file system) snapshots directory
for hammer(5) file systems
log/ misc. system log files
wtmp login/logout log; see wtmp(5)
mail/ user mailbox files
msgs/ system messages database; see msgs(1)
preserve/ temporary home of files preserved after an acciden‐
tal death of an editor; see ex(1)
quotas/ filesystem quota information files
run/ system information files describing various info
about system since it was booted
ppp/ writable by the “network” group for command
connection sockets; see ppp(8)
utmp database of current users; see utmp(5)
rwho/ rwho data files; see rwhod(8), rwho(1), and
ruptime(1)
spool/ misc. printer and mail system spooling directories
clientmqueue/ undelivered submission mail queue;
see sendmail(8)
dma/ undelivered mail queue; see dma(8)
ftp/ commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp
root directory
mqueue/ undelivered mail queue; see
sendmail(8)
output/ line printer spooling directories
uucp/ uucp spool directory
uucppublic/ commonly ~uucp; public uucp tempo‐
rary directory
tmp/ temporary files that are kept between system
reboots
vi.recover/ the directory where recovery files are
stored
yp/ the NIS maps
NOTES
This manual page documents the default DragonFly filesystem layout, but
the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system adminis‐
trator's discretion. A well-maintained installation will include a cus‐
tomized version of this document.
SEE ALSOapropos(1), find(1), finger(1), grep(1), ls(1), whatis(1), whereis(1),
which(1), fsck(8)HISTORY
A hier manual page appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX.
BSD April 2, 2011 BSD
